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Heart
Medical School Gross Anatomy
45
Anatomy
Graduate
10/13/2011

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Cards

Term
The mediastinum is divided into two compartments at what palpable landmark?
Definition
Sternal angle
Term
What are the two divisions of the mediastinum?
Definition
Superior and Inferior mediastinum
Term
What are the important contents of the superior mediastinum?
Definition
Thymus, Brachiocephalic vein, aortic arch, trachea, esophagus, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk, thoracic duct
Term
How many subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum exist?
Definition
3

Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Term
What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
Definition
heart, superior vena cava, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, phrenic nerve
Term
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Definition
Esophagus, Thoracic aorta, Vagus n, sympathetic trunk, Thoracic duct
Term
Deoxygenated blood is carried into the right atrium via what vessels?
Definition
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Term
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the lungs along what vessels?
Definition
Pulmonary arteries (right and left originating from a pulmonary trunk)
Term
oxygenated blood leaves the lung and enters the left atrium via what vessels?
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart through what blood vessel?
Definition
Aorta
Term
What provides vascularization to the heart?
Definition
Coronary arteries
Term
What type of valves are in place between the right atrium and ventricle?
Definition
Tricuspid valves
Term
What type of valves are in place between the left atrium and ventricle?
Definition
mitral valve
Term
What is the difference between the tricuspid and mitral av valve?
Definition
Tricuspid is three leaflets while mitral is two
Term
The heart of an embryo has a shunt in the atrial septum, what is the name of this shunt?
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
What is the function of the foramen ovale?
Definition
Prevents too much blood from going to underdeveloped (read useless) lungs
Term
umbilical veins carry what type of blood?
Definition
Oxygenated maternal blood
Term
Umbilical arteries carry what kind of blood?
Definition
Deoxygenated fetal blood
Term
What is the ductus arteriosis?
Definition
A connection in place that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into the aortic arch, bypassing the lungs
Term
Why is a post-ductal coarctation not as bad as a pre-ductal coarcation?
Definition
In post-ductal coarctation the internal thoracic provides imperfect but potentially life saving compensatory perfusion. In preductal the internal thoracic is not accustomed to the increased blood flow (not dilated) and therefore cannot cope with the increased demands
Term
What is the clinical presentation, post-partum, that will be seen in an infant with a coarctation?
Definition
Cyanosis due to poor perfusion
Term
What is divided by the coronary sulcus?
Definition
Atria from ventricles
Term
What is divided by the interventricular sulcus?
Definition
Right and left ventricles
Term
What important blood vessels are found in the coronary sulcus?
Definition
Left/right coronary artery, circumflex artery, coronary sinus, and great cardiac vein
Term
What important blood vessels are found in the interventricular sulcus?
Definition
Anterior and posterior interventricular artery, great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein
Term
What are the semi-lunar valves?
Definition
pulmonary and aortic valves
Term
What is the name for the primordial heart tissue in ventricles?
Definition
trabeculae carnea
Term
What muscles pull on the AV valves?
Definition
Papillary muscles
Term
What connects papillary muscles to valves?
Definition
Chordae Tendineae
Term
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right?
Definition
Left ventricle has to push blood throughout the entire body whereas the right ventricle only has to send blood to the lungs
Term
Referred pain from the heart is expressed from which spinal nerves?
Definition
T1-T4
Term
What provides parasympathetic enervation to the heart?
Definition
Vagus nerve
Term
The vagus nerve synapses where when enervating the heart?
Definition
Either on the cardiac plexus or in enteric ganglion
Term
What is the intrinsic enervation to the heart?
Definition
Sinuatrial (SA) node,
Atriventricular (AV) Node,
Atrioventricular Bundle (His)
Left and Right Bundle Branches,
Purkinje Fibers
Term
What should be the state of the heart when you heave the AV valves closing?
Definition
The atria should have finished systole and now be in diastole, the ventricle should be in systole
Term
What should be the state of the heart when you hear the semilunar valves closing?
Definition
The ventricle should have just finished systole and the atria should be in diastole
Term
During ventricular diastole, what should be the state of valves of the heart?
Definition
Semilunar valves closed
AV valves open (or due to open soon)
Term
During ventricular systole, what should be the state of the valves?
Definition
The semilunar valves should be open and the AV valves should be closed
Term
What is the pathology of stenotic valves? When should a heart murmur be heard?
Definition
Stenotic valves are too rigid and therefore do not open completely

murmer should be heard prior to valve closure as blood is rushing through and hitting the valve
Term
What is the pathology of incompetent valves? When should a heart murmur be heard?
Definition
Incompetent valves cannot close well as they are flaccid

Heart murmur should be heart after heart valves "close" as blood backflows back through the valves
Term
If you wanted to listen to sounds from the mitral valve, where would you listen?
Definition
5th intercostal space on the left side
Term
If you want to listen to the tricuspid valve, where is the best place to listen?
Definition
4th intercostal space on the patients right side
Term
Where is the best place to listen to a patients aortic valve sounds?
Definition
second intercostal space on the patients right side
Term
What is the best place to listen to pulmonary valve sounds?
Definition
Second intercostal space on the patients left
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