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Heart
anatomy of the heart
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/16/2009

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Cards

Term
Arteries
Definition

Carry blood away from the heart

 

most arteries carry blood high in oxygen except for the pulmonary arteries

 

Pulmonary arteries are deoxygenated

Pulmoary veins are oxygenated 

Term
Veins
Definition

carry blood low in oxygen

except

for the pulmonary veins

 

pulmonary veins oxygenated blood

pulmonary arteries deoxygenated blood

Term
Pulmonary circulation consists of
Definition

the chambers on the right side of the heart

right atrium

right ventricle

Term
Pulmonary circulation carries blood
Definition
 to the lungs via pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen levels in the blood before returning to the heart in pulmonary veins
Term
Systemic Circulation consists of
Definition

the chambers on the left side of the heart

left atrium

left ventricle

Term
Systemic circulation carries blood
Definition

to all the peripheral organs and tissues of the body

 

The blood is high in oxygen and is pumped from the left side of the heart into the aorta, and then to the smaller systemic arteries

Term
Where is the heart positioned
Definition
the heart is located left of the body midline posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum
Term
Superior and inferior venae cavae drain into which area of the heart
Definition
right atrium
Term
fibrous pericardium
Definition

outer portion of the pericardium it is a tough, dense connective tissue

 

it is attached to the diaphragm and the base of the great vessels

Term
Serous pericardium
Definition

a inner layer that is a thin, double-layered serous membrane

it has two layers the

1)paretal layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium and

2) a visceral layer of serous pericardium that covers the outsided of the heart. 

Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition

a thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericrdium

 

serous fluid is secreted in this area to lubricate and facilitate the continuous movement of the heart when it beats

Term
Pericarditis
Definition
is an inflammation of the pericardium typically caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Term
Epicardium
Definition
the outermost heart layer and is also known as the viseral layer of the serous pericardium.
Term
Myocardium
Definition

the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

The myocardial layer is where myocardial infractions (heart attacks) occur.

Term
Endocardium
Definition

internal surface of the heart and the external surfaces of the heart valves are covered by endocardium.

Composed of a simple squamous epithelum, called an endothelium, and a layer of areolar connective tissue

Term
Fibrous skeleton
Definition

separates the atria and ventricles

 

anchors heart valves

 

provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

 

provides rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue

Term
Right atrium
Definition
receives venous blood from the systemic circulation and the heart muscle itself
Term
What three major vessels empty into the right atrium
Definition

superior vena cava

inferior vena cave

coronary sinus

Term
right atrioventricular opening
Definition
separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
Term
right atrioventriculare (AV) valve
Definition

also called the tricuspid valve because it has three triangular cusps

 

this valve is forced closed when the right ventricle begins to contract, preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrum

Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium
Term
interventricular septum
Definition

forms a thick wall between the right and left

ventricles

Term
Left Atrium
Definition
once gas exchange occurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
Term
left atrioventricular (AV) valve
Definition

also called the bicuspid valve

 

this valve is also sometimes called the mitral valve, because the two triangular cusps resemble a miter

 

Oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium, through the left atrioventricular opening when the valve is open, into the left ventricle

Term
Left Ventricle
Definition

thicker wall than the right ventricle

forces oxygenated blood that has returned to the heart from the lungs into the aorta and  then through the entire systemic circulation

Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
prevents the right AV valve from everting and flipping into the artium when the right ventricle is contracting
Term
Left and right coronary arteries
Definition
travel within the coronary sulcus of the heart to supply the heart wall with blood
Term
anastomoses
Definition

allow the coronary arteries to shunt a tiny amount of blood from one artery to another.

 

EX:  if a branch of the left coronary artery becomes blocked, the right coronary artery cannot shunt enough blood to the part of the heart supplied by this branch.  As a result that part of the heart will die due to lack of blood supply

Term
Which veins drain into the coronary sinus
Definition

great cardiac vein

middle cardiac vein

small cardiac vein

Term
coronary sinus
Definition
a large vein that lies in the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus.  The coronary sinus drains directly into the right atrium of the heart
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
an increased heart rate that shortens diastole
Term
veins that empty in the coronary sinus
Definition

Great cardiac vein

posterior cardiac vein

middle cardiac vein

small cardiac vein

Term
Hypotension
Definition
reduces the ability of blood to flow through the ventricular myocardium
Term
Do the coronary arteries fill with blood when the ventricles contract or when they relax
Definition
relaxtion
Term
 autorhythmicity
Definition
the heart itself is responsible for initiating the heartbeat.
Term
Sinoartial (SA) node
Definition

the heartbeat is initiated by the specialized cardiac muscle cells of the sinoartial node

acts as the pacemaker

Term
sinoatrial node is located where
Definition
in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava
Term
atrioventricular (AV) node is located where
Definition
in the floor of the right atrium between the right AV valve and the opening for the coronary sinus
Term
atrioventricular node
Definition
slows the conduction of the impulse as it travels from the atria to the ventricles, providing a delay between activation and contraction of the ventricles
Term
The sympathetic innervation of the heart does what
Definition
increases the rate and the force of heart contractions
Term
The parasympathetic innervation of the heart does what
Definition
decreases the heart rate, but generally tends to have no effect on the force of contractions
Term
Cardiac Cycle
Definition
is the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next
Term
Systole
Definition

the contraction of the heart chamber

the myocardium forces blood either into another chamber or into a blood vessel.

Term
Diastole
Definition

the relaxation phase of a heart chamber

the myocardium of each chamber relaxes, and the chamber fills with blood

Term
Arteries carry blood
Definition

away from the heart

 

Term
Vein that empty into the right atrium
Definition
anterior cardiac vein
Term
Veins_______blood to the heart
Definition
return
Term
Pulmonary circulation conveys blood
Definition
to and from the lungs
Term
Systemic circulation carries
Definition
blood to and from all the organs and tissues
Term
Where is the heart located
Definition
posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum
Term
The base of the heart is
Definition
the posteriorsuperior surface formed primarily by the left atrium
Term
The apex of the heart
Definition
is in the conical, inferior end
Term
The pericardium that encloses the heart has
Definition
an outer fibrous portion and an inner serous portion
Term
The pericardial cavity is a thin space between
Definition
the layers of the serous pericardium.  pericardial fluid produced by the serous membrane lubricates the surface to reduce friction
Term
Heart Wall Structure
Definition

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Myocardium (thick layer of cardiac muscle)

Endocardium (thin endothelium and areolar connective tissue)

Term
Atria of the heart
Definition

 

are receiving chambers of the heart

 

blood enters right atria from superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus

 

blood enters left atria from pulmonary veins

Term
Posterior interventricular artery
Definition
supplies the interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricular walls
Term
Marginal artery
Definition
supplies the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart
Term
Right coronary artery
Definition
supplies the right atrium and nearly all the right ventricle
Term
Vessesl conveying blood away from the heart
Definition

Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

Ascending aorta - three branches

brachiocephalic

left common carotid

subclavian arteries

Term
Vessels returning blood to the heart include
Definition

Superior and inferior vena cava

Right and left pulmonary veins

Term
ventricles of the heart
Definition

ventricles are  the discharging chambers of the heart

 

right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

 

Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

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