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Head and Neck Block
Clinical Correlations
37
Anatomy
2nd Grade
09/22/2012

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Cards

Term
Craniosynostosis types, appearance, and causes
Definition
-Caused by premature closing of cranial sutures.
-Scaphoncephaly; long head, caused by the sagittal suture closing
-Oxycephaly; tall head, caused by coronal suture closing
-Plagiocephaly; flat on one side, not sure, but probably the squamous suture
Term
Tentorial Herniation
Definition
-The tentorial notch is the opening for the midbrain.
-Tumors of the supratentorial compartment can push part of the temporal lobe through the notch.
-CNIII often gets compressed or stretched in the process.
Term
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Definition
-AKA Tic neuralgia
-Sensory disorder of CNV
-Results in sudden sharp pain, often from touching, chewing, infections etc.
-Happens in V2>V3, and less often in V1 (i.e. usually pain around midface and mandible)
-Often caused by pressure from an artery
-Often fixed by simply cutting the nerve
Term
Scalp Infections
Definition
-From 4th layer (loose connective tissue layer) ->emissary veins -> parietal foramina (in calvaria) -> sinuses
-Watch that hair dye ladies
Term
Lesion of trigeminal nerve.
Definition
-Ipsilateral anesthesia and paralysis of muscles of mastication
-Mandible deviates toward ipsilateral side
-Lose corneal reflex and sneezing reflex
Term
Fracture of pterion
Definition
-Can rupture middle meningeal artery causing an epidural hematoma that will push contralateral side of brain into the brain case.
- Patient presents as having lost consciousness briefly after fracture, then a lucid period of some hours, followed by drowsiness, coma, and death.
-May cause death in a few hours
-Treat by draining
Term
Hypoglossus Lesion
Definition
-Tongue deviates to ipsilateral side
-Caused by unopposed genioglossus muscle.
Term
What side does the uvula deviate towards with vagus nerve lesion?
Definition
-Contralateral
Term
Subdural/dural border hematoma
Definition
-a venous hemorrhage that results from fast movement of the brain in the cranium, such as during boxing, an automobile accident, or shaken baby syndrome.
-Often it results from tearing of the superior cerebral vein as it enters the superior sagittal sinus, but can result from tearing of any bridging vein.
Term
Cerebral concussion and time limit on brain damage
Definition
-Cerebral concussion is an abrupt loss of consciousness after head injury.
-If coma last longer than 6 hours, there is usually brain damage.
Term
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Definition
-AKA punchdrunk syndrome
-From repeated acceleration and deceleration of brain relative to cranium that stretches axons
-Causes slow speech and thinking, hand tremors, and weakness of lower limbs
Term
Cerebral Contusion
Definition
-Basically just bruising of the brain
-Can result in tearing of the pia and possible bleading into subarachnoid space
-Caused by a sudden whack to the head
Term
Cisternal puncture space and membrane names
Definition
-From cerebellomedullary cistern
-Goes through the post. atlanto-occipital membrane
-It is the preferred site for infants
Term
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
Definition
-From blockage of SSF flow, usually at either the cerebral aqueduct, or the interventricular foramen
-This results in dilation of the ventricles superior to the point of obstruction (remember 1st ventricle is on left)
-Causes cranial expansion in infants, which can be corrected by putting in artificial drainage to the abdominal cavity where the peritoneum reabsorbs the CSF
Term
Communicating hydrocephalus
Definition
-The flow is good, but the reabsorption into the venous system is inhibited (i.e. at the level of the arachnoid granulations)
-This can be caused by a congenital absence of arachnoid granulations, or a subarachnoid hemorrhage (RBCs block reabsorption)
Term
Strokes
Definition
Ischemic stroke;
-From block of blood flow, usually from a cerebral embolism (typically a blood clot)
-The anastomoses at the circle of Willis not good enough to keep up with sudden blockage, but may help in gradual obstruction
Hemorrhagic stroke;
-Results from rupture of an artery or saccular aneurism (usually at a bifurcation such as that of the basilar a.)
Term
Coloboma of Iris
Definition
-Absence of a section of iris
-often cause when choroid fissure fails to close properly, or from an injury to the eye
Term
Pupillary light reflex test for what?
Definition
-ipsilateral compression/lesion of the oculomotor nerve.
-it is a parasympathetic reflex test
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
-pressure buildup in eye because of blocked flow of aqueous out of eye
-Open-angle glaucoma is blockage at trabeculae or scleral venous sinus (open angle is more common)
-Closed angle is when the iris folds over the trabeculae and sinus and doesn't allow any flow
-If the pressure becomes too great it can compress the neural and arterial structures, resulting in partial or total vision loss
Term
Corneal response
Definition
-Touch cornea with cotton to elicit a blink
-Tests V1
Term
Horner's Syndrome
Definition
-Caused by lesion of sympathetics to head
-Results in droopy eyelid (ptosis), closed pupil, redness from vasodialtion, and loss of sweating on ipsilateral side
Term
Cleft lip
Definition
-Usually from maxillary prominence not fusing with medial nasal prominence, but many variations exist
-More common in males because the fusion happens a bit later in females
Term
Gag Reflex
Definition
-Tests CN 9 (afferent) & 10 (efferent)
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
-Fancy-pants for nosebleed
Term
Otitis Media
Definition
-Middle ear infection
-Causes swelling of tympanic membrane and often closure of the eustachian tube (pharyngotympanic tube)
-Often secondary to upper respiratory infection
-Left untreated may cause impaired hearing due to scarring of the auditory ossicles
Term
Three symptoms of peripheral auditory injuries
Definition
-Hearing loss (usually conductive)
-Vertigo
-Tinnitus (buzzing)
Term
Conductive vs. Sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
-Conductive hearing loss results from anything in middle or external ear that interferes with conductance of sound or movement of oval or round windows. Can be fixed with hearing aid or surgery
-Sensorineural hearing loss is from a defect in the pathway from the cochlea to the brain. Cochlear implants help somewhat, but do not provide much improvement.
Term
Meniere Syndrome
Definition
-From blockage of the cochlear aqueduct
-Causes tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo
-Halmark is ballooning of the cochlear duct, utricke, and saccule
Term
Recurrent Laryngeal Lesion
Definition
-Often from thyroid surgery
-The right recurrent is more susceptible because of it's less vertical ascent (doesn't loop around aorta)
-It's a branch of the vagus
Term
Facial Nerve Lesion
Definition
-The most common
-Can result from temporal bone breaking, or from compression due to virus etc. in facial canal
-May or may not involve loss of tears, taste, and salivary innervation depending on level;
>--x--greater petrosal(tears)---x---chorda tympani(salivary & taste)---x---terminal branches(motor)
-Think great tears before you eat Thai (of happiness of course lol)
-Also, instead of greater petrosal, they might say geniculate ganglion, which have the same placement
Term
Occulomotor Lesion
Definition
-Produces down and out syndrome on ipsilateral side
-Also pupil dilation
Term
Acoustic Neuroma
Definition
-Slow growing tumor that begins on the vestibular nerve (from CN8)
-Results in gradual hearing loss
Term
Spina bifida occulta
Definition
-Occurs when the neural arches of LV5 and/or S1 fail to fuse (they are what fuse and form the posterior boundary of the spinal canal)
-It is very common (>10%), but asymptomatic
Term
Spina Bifida cystica
Definition
-One or more of the vertebral arches don't fuse and the meninges herniate out producing a large cyst
-Severe forms are from neural tube defects such as failed closure during week 4 of embryonic development
Term
Lumbar Puncture
Definition
-Spinal cord ends between L1 & L2, so we usually do the puncture between L3 & L4 (or lower).
-Can use to detect meningitis, blood in CSF, or abnormal fluid pressure (should drip out of stylet at 1 drop/sec)
-Never do one with increased intracranial pressure (can cause brain herniation through foramen magnum)
Term
Spinal vs. epidural anestesia location?
Definition
Spinal is in arachnoid (into CSF), epidural is into epidural space.
Term
What vessels are typically involved in ichemia of spinal cord?
Definition
-Usually it's the segmental medullary arteries
-Most commonly it's the great anterior segmental medullary artery.
-The segmental medullary arteries are basically communicating branches between the posterior intercostal branches of the aorta, and the vertebral arteries
-So, if you ligate the aorta for surgery, there is a likelihood of spinal cord ichemia and resultant paralysis
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