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Head and Brain
N/A
149
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2013

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Term
Neurocranium (8 Bones)
Definition
Protects the brain. Frontal, 2 Parietal, 2 Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
Term
Facial Bones (14)
Definition
2 Zygomatic, 2 Maxilla, 2 Lacrimal, 2 Palatine, 2 Nasal, 2 Inferior Nasal Conchae, Vomer, Mandible
Term
Coronal Suture
Definition
Separates frontal and parietal bones
Term
Sagittal Suture
Definition
separates the two parietal bones
Term
Lamboidal Suture
Definition
separates occipital and parietal bones
Term
Squamosal Suture
Definition
separates temporal and parietal bones, as well as sphenoid and parietal
Term
Frontal Crest
Definition
ridge in midline of frontal bone. Juts superiorly
Term
Crista Galli
Definition
Superior ridge of ethmoid bone
Term
Cribiform Plate
Definition
Perforated, on either side of crista galli. Involved in transmission in olfactory system.
Term
Sella Turcica
Definition
Where the pituitary gland sits in the sphenoid bone.
Term
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Definition
Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid bones.
Term
Middle Cranial Fossa
Definition
Sphenoid and Temporal bones
Term
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Definition
Temporal and Occipital bones
Term
Medial and Lateral Pterygoid Plates
Definition
Lateral gives rise to pterygoid muscles. Part of the sphenoid.
Term
Pterygoid Fossa
Definition
divergence between lateral and medial pterygoid plates
Term
Zygomatic Arch
Definition
Gives room for temporalis tendon to run through. Formed by temporal and zygomatic bones.
Term
Mandibular Fossa
Definition
Articulates with the condylar process of the mandible. On the temporal bones.
Term
Styloid Process
Definition
Projection of temporal bone that is the attachment of the stylohyoid
Term
Mastoid Process
Definition
Projection of the temporal bone that is the insertion point of the sternocleidomastoid.
Term
Occipital Condyle
Definition
Articulates with atlas, anterior to foramen magnum.
Term
Inion
Definition
AKA external occipital protuberance. Projection from base of skull
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal and maxillary. Openings within these bones for things to pass through. Maxillary is the largest.
Term
Optic Foramen
Definition
Transmits CN 2, the optic nerve.
Term
Superior and Inferior Orbital Fissues
Definition
Transmit CN's 3-6, nerves that help move the muscles to move the eye.
Term
Foramen Ovale
Definition
CN 5.3, the mandibular nerve passes through it.
Term
Foramen Rotundum
Definition
CN 5.2, the maxillary nerve passes through it.
Term
Supra and Infraorbital foramina
Definition
Transmit nerves
Term
Foramen Lacerum
Definition
Term
Carotid Canal
Definition
Internal carotid passes through to carry blood to the brain.
Term
Foramen Magnum
Definition
Brain and spinal cord pass through and join the vertebral arteries. CN 11 exits through here.
Term
Jugular Foramen
Definition
Internal jugular vein, and CN's 9-11 pass through it.
Term
Internal Auditory Meatus
Definition
CN's 7 and 8 pass through it.
Term
External Auditory Meatus
Definition
deep to the ear, leads to internal auditory meatus.
Term
Condyloid Process
Definition
On the mandible, articulates with temporal bone and forms TMJ.
Term
Coronoid Process
Definition
Anterior to the condyloid process on the mandible.
Term
Mandibular Foramen
Definition
Near the base of the ramus, nerves run through it.
Term
Mental Foramen
Definition
Nerves that supply the skin of the cheeks pass through it.
Term
Genoid Tubercule
Definition
Little bumps near the mandibular foramen that are the insertion of the geniohyoid.
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Prosencephelon. Has superfical gray matter and deep white matter. Contains cerebrum, basal ganglia, hippocampus annd amygdala.
Term
C
Definition
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Telencephelon. 5 lobes. Has 2 hemispheres separated by the corpus callosum.
Term
Gray Matter of cerebral cortex
Definition
Superficial, made up of nerve cells.
Term
White Matter
Definition
Deep, contains fiber pathways (axons)
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Precentral gyrus, and holds the motor and premotor areas.
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Sensory and association areas. Postcentral gyrus
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
Contains the auditory areas of the brain.
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Contains the visual and association areas of the brain.
Term
Insular lobe
Definition
deep to the lateral fissure
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
divides frontal and parietal lobe. Dividing line between motor and sensory areas of brain.
Term
Lateral Fissure
Definition
divides frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
Term
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Definition
divides parietal and occipital lobe
Term
Calcarine fissure
Definition
bisects the occipital lobe. Primary visual cortex is here.
Term
Precentral gyrus
Definition
in front of central sulcus, primary motor area of brain. Affects opposite side of body.
Term
Postcentral gyrus
Definition
behind central sulcus. Primary sensory area of the brain. Affects opposite side of the body.
Term
Temporal Gyri (superior, middle, inferior)
Definition
Primary auditory cortex is here
Term
Cingulate gyrus
Definition
surrounds corpus callosum, deals with emotional processing.
Term
Parahippocampal gyrus
Definition
Above the brainstem. Involved in memory.
Term
Diencephelon
Definition
Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Mesencephelon. Contains red nucleus, origin of CN's 3and 4.
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Rhombencephelon. Contains pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Term
Metencephelon
Definition
Part of hindbrain. Pons and cerebellum
Term
Pons
Definition
origin and conduit of many ascending and descending fibers. interconnected with cerebellum and is the origin of CN's 5-7.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Processes propioceptive information. Coordinates motor activity. Has folds similar to gyri, has 3 lobes, 2 fissures and 3 peduncles.
Term
Myelencephelon
Definition
part of the hindbrain, contains the medulla oblongata.
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
contains cells of origin of multiple fiber tracts. Important in sensory relay. Origin of CN's 9-12.
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Made up of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum is not included.
Term
Dura mater
Definition
Superficial meningeal layer. Double layer in skull, single around spinal cord, thick and tough.
Term
Arachnoid
Definition
middle layer. spider-web like, transparent and delicate. No space between dura mater and arachnoid unless fluid fills space. There is a subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater that holds CSF.
Term
Arachnoid granulations
Definition
extensions of arachnoid through the dura into the venous sinus, which allows CSF to enter venous circulation.
Term
Pia mater
Definition
Deep layer of meninges. Thin and delicate, adheres closely to surfaceof brain. Goes into grooves between gyri.
Term
Falx cerebri
Definition
Dural curtain between 2 cerebral hemispheres.
Term
Falx cerebelli
Definition
dural curtain involving the cerebellum
Term
Tentroium cerebelli
Definition
Forms a tent over the top of the cerebellum.
Term
Diaphragma sellae
Definition
holds the pituitary gland in place.
Term
Dural Venous Sinuses.
Definition
venous channels found between dura mater.
Term
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Definition
Near the top, allows blood to eventually flow laterally.
Term
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
Definition
near the bottom, eventually becomes straight sinus
Term
Straight Sinus
Definition
Continuation of the sup. sagittal sinus. Leads to transverse sinuses.
Term
Transverse Sinus
Definition
Supplied from straight sinus, blood goes laterally.
Term
Sigmoid Sinus
Definition
S shaped, receives blood from transverse sinus and drains into the internal jugular vein.
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
highly vascularized connective tissue covered with an ependymal layer that supplies CSF in the ventricular system
Term
Lateral Ventricle
Definition
Cavity of the telencephelon.
Term
Intraventricular foramen of Monro
Definition
connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle.
Term
3rd Ventricle
Definition
cavity of the diencephelon
Term
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
Definition
Cavity of the mesencephelon, and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
Term
4th Ventricle
Definition
cavity of the metencephelon and myelencephelon
Term
Forman of Magendie and foramens of Luschka
Definition
continuous with subarachnoid space, and connect the 4th ventricle to the central canal.
Term
Central Canal
Definition
cavity of the spinal cord.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
2-4 mm thick, highly convoluted, gray, comprises about half the brain's volume. Two divisions are the Isocortex and the Allocortex.
Term
Isocortex
Definition
about 95% of the cortex, has 6 layers
Term
Molecular Layer
Definition
Layer 1. Superficial layer that is rich in fibers, and there are relatively few axons.
Term
External Granular Layer
Definition
Layer 2. Mostly small neurons and some pyramidal neurons and receives inputs from Layer 3.
Term
External Pyramidal Layer
Definition
Layer 3. Medium-sized pyramidal cells that have an apical dendrite and several basal dendrites. These cells give rise to association and commissural fibers. Output layer.
Term
Internal Granular Layer
Definition
Layer 4. Composed mainly of star-shaped neurons and some pyramidal neurons. They are the major recipient of thalamic inputs, especially in the primary somatosensory cortex.
Term
Internal Pyramidal Layer
Definition
Layer 5. Medium, large and giant (Betz) pyramidal cells. These cells give rise to projections in subcortical areas , become projection fibers that perform motor functions. Ouput
Term
Multiform Layer
Definition
Layer 6. Contains a variety of cell types, including star shaped and pyramidal neurons. The pyramidal neurons project to the thalamus.
Term
Association Fibers
Definition
Interconnect portions of the cortex in the same hemisphere. The axons of neurons located mainly in Layer 3. The fibers may be short or long.
Term
Commissural Fibers
Definition
Interconnect hemispheres. Majority are found in the corpus callosum, while some are found in the anterior and posterior commissures. Go from Layer 3 to Layer 2.
Term
Projection Fibers
Definition
project downstream to the thalamus, deep forebrain, brainstem, or spinal cord. All arise from pyramidal neurons in Layer 5, except for the projections to the thalamus which come from Layer 6.
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
Bottom of the spinal cord
Term
Dorsal Columns
Definition
Carry general sensory information, such as touch, pressure and joint movement. Contains the Fasciculus Gracilis which is from the lower limb and lower trunk below T6 and Fasciculus Cuneatus, which is from the upper limb and upper trunk above T6. 1st neuron is in the DRG, 2nd Neuron is in is in the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus. They cross in the midbrain within the spinal cord. 3rd neuron is in the VPL of the thalamus, which then projects to the somatosensory cortex.
Term
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Definition
Conveys pain and temperature information. 1st neuron is in the DRG. 2nd neuron is in the dorsal horn, and the fibers cross. 3rd neuron is in the VPL of the thalamus, and projects to the cerebral cortex.
Term
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
Definition
conveys propioceptive information to the cerebellum. 1st neuron is in the DRG. 2nd neuron is in the dorsal horn(nucleus dorsalis). DO NOT CROSS OVER. 3rd neuron is in the cerebellum.
Term
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Definition
Axons from Layer 5 pryamidal cells in precentral gyrus and descends through internal capsule, midbrain, pons and medulla. 90% cross over and descend. 10% do not cross until the bottom of the spinal cord.
Term
Rubrospinal Tract
Definition
Comes from the red nucleus and is important in muscle precision. Fibers cross over and are a motor tract.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Major relay center for sensory functions, others than smell. Sits on top of brainstem.
Term
Ventral Anterior and Posterior Tiers
Definition
Important in relay for motor function in the thalamus.
Term
Ventral Posterior Median Tier
Definition
Involved in sensory relay from the face in the thalamus.
Term
Ventral Posterior Lateral tier
Definition
Involved in sensation from multiple sensory locations. Two sensory spinal tracts end here.
Term
Medial Geniculate Tier
Definition
Sensory relay for all audition.
Term
Lateral Geniculate Tier
Definition
Sensory relay for all vision.
Term
Centromedian Tier
Definition
Part of the intralaminal nucleus that divides the thalamus. Source of input to the striatum.
Term
CN 1
Definition
Olfactory Nerve, sensory only. Receptor cells course from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb, passing through the cribiform plate. They project to the olfactory cortex and NOT the thalamus.
Term
CN 2
Definition
Optic Nerve, sensory only. Cell bodies enter skull through optic foramen. Half of the fibers cross at optic chiasm, involved in peripheral vision. Fibers continue to optic tract and synapse at the thalamus. Lateral geniculate cells then project optic radiation to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
Term
CN 3
Definition
Oculomotor Nerve, motor only. Emerges from midbrain, exits skull through superior orbital fissure, and innervates most extraocular muscles. Superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae.
Term
Superior Rectus
Definition
Tilts eye upwards
Term
Inferior Rectus
Definition
Tilts eye downwards
Term
Medial Rectus
Definition
Tilts eye in.
Term
Lateral Rectus
Definition
Tilts eye outwards.
Term
Inferior oblique muscle
Definition
tilts eye upwards.
Term
Superior oblique muscle
Definition
Tilts eye down and outward.
Term
Levator Palpebrae
Definition
Holds eyelids open.
Term
CN 4
Definition
Trochlear Nerve, motor only. Emerges from midbrain and exits skull through superior orbital fissure and innervates superior oblique muscle.
Term
CN 5.
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve, both motor and sensory, exits from pons.
Term
CN 5.1
Definition
Opthalmic nerve, sensory information from upper face, enters through superior orbital fissure.
Term
CN 5.2
Definition
Maxillary nerve, sensory info from nose, face and upper teeth. Enters through foramen rotundum.
Term
CN 5.3
Definition
Mandibular Nerve, both motor and sensory. Sensory from lower face, tongue and lower teeth. Carries motor fibers to muscles of mastication. Enter skull through formaen ovale.
Term
CN 6
Definition
Abducens nerve, motor only. Originates in pons, exits through superior orbital fissure and innervates the lateral rectus.
Term
CN 7
Definition
Facial Nerve, both sensory and motor. emerges from pons and carries Sensory taste fibers from anterior 2/3rd of tongue through the internal auditory meatus. Carries Motor fibers to muscles of facial expression, that exit skull through the stylomastoid foramen.
Term
CN 8
Definition
Vestibulocochlear or Acoustic Nerve, sensory only. Carries sensory info for hearing and equilibrium from the cochlea and semicircular canals to the pons. Fibers enter through internal auditory meatus. Impulses for audition are relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes.
Term
CN 9
Definition
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, both sensory and motor. Carries sensory taste info from posterior 1/3rd of tongue. Carries motor fibers from medulla to muscles of pharynx and exits through the jugular foramen.
Term
CN 10
Definition
Vagus nerve, both sensory and motor. Largest CN. Sensory info from neck, thorax, abdomen, and motor fibers to muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx. Enters skull through jugular foramen.
Term
CN 11
Definition
Spinal Accessory Nerve, motor only. Part of medulla combines with cervical rootlets to form a nerve that innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, and then exits through jugular foramen.
Term
CN 12
Definition
Hypoglossal Nerve, motor only. From medulla and innervates muscles of tongue. Exits through hypoglossal canal.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Regulates internal environment in body, vegetative nervous system. Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
Thoracolumbar origin. Responds to needs requiring mobilization, fight or flight. Comes from nerves between T1 and L2. Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, shuts down digestion, releases adrenaline.
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Comes from CN's 3,7,9 and 10, and 3 sacral nerves. Craniosacral origin. Decreases heart rate and starts up digestion.
Term
Striatum
Definition
Made up of the caudate and putamen.
Term
Lentiform Nucleus
Definition
Made up of the putamen and global pallidus
Term
Corpus Striatum
Definition
Made up of caudate, putamen and global pallidus.
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
Comprised of Putamen, Caudate, Global Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra. Involved in motor programming and relays back to motor related cortical areas in the thalamus.
Term
Striatal Afferents
Definition
1. Neocortex
2. Intralaminar thalamus
3. Substantia Nigra
Term
Striatal Efferents
Definition
1. Internal Global Pallidus(GPi) / Substantia nigra
2. External Global Pallidus (GPe)
Term
Globus Pallidus Afferents
Definition
GPi: striatum and subthalamic nucleus.
GPe: striatum
Term
Globus Pallidus Efferents
Definition
GPi/SNr: VA and VL of thalamus
GPe: subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Term
STN efferents
Definition
GPi
Term
Thalamic (VA/VL) projections
Definition
1. Primary motor cortex
2. Premotor cortex
3. Supplementary motor area
Term
Cell types in cerebellar cortex
Definition
1. Granule cells
2. Golgi cells
3. Purkinje Cells
4. basket cells
5. stellate cells
Term
Layers in cerebellar cortex
Definition
1. Granular Layer
2. Purkinje cell layer
3. Molecular layer
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