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Head and Neck Circulation
Cole 6/10/11 lecture 1 hr
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Term
right brachiocephalic trunk
middle: left common carotid
left: left subclavian
Definition
list the branches off the aortic arch from right to left
Term
the left
Definition
which common carotid artery is longer?
Term
left common carotid
Definition
what is the primary blood source for the head and neck?
Term
common carotid
Definition
what vessel lies just anterior to the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?
Term
C4
Definition
what spinal level does the carotid artery bifurcate at?
Term
external carotid artery(it is also more superficial)
Definition
which carotid artery is more anterior? internal or external?
Term
internal
Definition
which carotid artery does not have any branches in the neck?
Term
1) superior thyroid artery
2) ascending pharyngeal artery
3) lingual artery
4) facial artery (may share a trunk with the lingual)
5) occipital artery
6) posterior auricular
7) maxillary
8) superficial temporal
Definition
list the branches of the external carotid artery inferiorly to superiorly
Term
superior thyroid artery
Definition
this artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland and the larynx from above, and is the first branch off the external carotid artery
Term
ascending pharyngeal artery
Definition
tiny artery that runs deep and parallel to the external carotid artery that supplies the muscular pharynx, some dura, and the palate
Term
lingual artery
Definition
blood supply to the tongue, comes off the external carotid between the ascending pharyngeal and the facial artery
Term
facial artery
Definition
most important blood supply to superficial face. It starts deep to the mandible at first then runs inferior and in front of the masseter behind the corner of the mouth, then terminating at the medial corner of the eye
Term
1)lower face
2) lips
3) nose
4) eyelids
5) deep branch does oral cavity structures
Definition
what is supplied by the facial artery?
Term
occipital artery
posterior auricular artery
Definition
these 2 arteries come off the back surface of the external carotid right after the facial artery branches off
Term
occipital artery, C2 dorsal ramus has same area (greater occipital nerve)
Definition
this artery branches off the external carotid artery from behind and supplies skin to the posterior scalp and neck after running deep to the mastoid process (what nerve has the same distribution?)
Term
posterior auricular artery
Definition
this artery runs behind the external ear and supplies skin on the scalp and side of head
Term
DEPTH

occipital comes off first, and goes
deep to the mastoid process, and only gets superficial when it reaches the scalp.

The posterior auricular is just under the skin
Definition
how can you distinguish the posterior auricular and the occipital artery if you cannot see their origin from the external carotid?
Term
ends at the division between maxillary artery(deep) and the superficial temporal artery
Definition
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery? (where does the external carotid end?)
Term
maxillary artery
Definition
what artery goes deep to the neck of the mandible then ends up in the infra temporal fossa, and sends many branches from there to supply the muscles of the infra temporal fossa, tissues of the nasal cavity, and oral cavity
Term
superficial temporal artery
Definition
this artery runs directly vertical anterior to the external ear (can be felt pulsing over the zygomatic arch) to supply some of the face and most of the side of the head/scalp
Term
(NOT)common carotid, it is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk
1) vertebral artery
2) internal thoracic artery
3) thyrocervical trunk
4) costocervical trunk
Definition
list the branches off the subclavian artery (until it becomes axillary)
Term
the margin of the first rib
Definition
where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Term
vertebral artery
Definition
first branch of the subclavian, runs vertically through transverse foramina to enter the skull at the foramen magnum and supply the brain and spinal cord
Term
not usually
Definition
does the vertebral artery branch in the neck?
Term
internal thoracic artery
Definition
second branch off of the subclavian artery that turns downward to supply anterior thoracic wall and eventually anterior abdominal wall
Term
thyrocervical trunk
Definition
3rd branch off the subclavian, lateral to the origin of the vertebral artery, supplies the thyroid and neck via 4 branches
Term
1) suprascapular
2) transverse cervical artery
3) ascending cervical artery
4) inferior thyroid artery
Definition
what are the 4 branches of the thyrocervical trunk, in the order that they branch
Term
inferior thyroid artery
Definition
largest branch of the thyrocervical trunk, turns medially
Term
ascending cervical artery
Definition
branch of the inferior thyroid artery usually, supplies muscles of the side of the neck (scalenes) and posterior triangle muscles
Term
transverse cervical artery
Definition
branch of the thyrocervical trunk that supplies back and shoulder muscles, runs LATERALLY then wraps and turns posteriorly, has a superficial and deep branch
Term
dorsal scapular artery
Definition
deep branch of the transverse cervical artery, supplies the rhomboids and levator scapulae
Term
superficial cervical artery
Definition
superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery, supplies the trapezius, and runs with the accessory nerve
Term
suprascapular artery
Definition
important in collateral circulation of the neck, runs just above the clavicle, branch of the thyrocervical trunk, supplying infraspinatus, and supraspinatus
Term
suprascapular is INFERIOR
Definition
how do you distinguish the transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries?
Term
costocervical trunk
Definition
goes from the subclavian then splits to supreme intercostal and deep cervical artery
Term
supreme intercostal artery
Definition
supplies the first intercostal space with blood
Term
deep cervical artery
Definition
supplies deep neck muscles after branching off the costocervical trunk
Term
carotid canal
Definition
where does the internal carotid artery enter the temporal bone?
Term
1) internal carotid via carotid canal
2)off the common carotid
3) off brachiocephalic trunk on the right or off the aortic arch on the left

1) vertebral via foramen magnum
2) through the AO membrane
3) through the transverse foramina
4) off the subclavian
Definition
describe the two major arteries that enter the endocranial cavity and their origins
Term
C7
Definition
what cervical veretbrae is bypassed by the vertebral artery because it has an undersized transverse foramen with only a vein?
Term
anterior to the brain stem
Definition
where do the carotid and vertebral arteries enter the skull in relation to the brain stem?
Term
2, then they CONVERGE right after they enter the foramen magnum to make the basilar
Definition
how many vertebral arteries enter the skull? what do they become?
Term
the vertebral arteries turn into basilar after passing through the foramen magnum
Definition
where is there a CONVERGENCE of arteries (WEIRD!!)
Term
petrous temporal bone
Definition
contains the middle ear, inner ear, and carotid canal
Term
the IC plexus (sympathetics)
Definition
what nerve plexus travels up through the carotid canal with the internal carotid artery?
Term
medially
Definition
the carotid artery turns 90 degrees then turns which way after passing through the carotid canal?
Term
foramen lacerum
Definition
what does the IC bridge over before entering the cavernous sinus?
Term
ICA
Definition
what vessel goes through the cavernous sinus, and is surrounded by venous blood?
Term
cavernous sinus
Definition
what is the last passage for the ICA before it enters the endocranial cavity?
Term
internal carotid
Definition
which is more anterior, internal carotid arteries or vertebral arteries?
Term
posterior communicating arteries in the circle of willis
Definition
what connects the ICA to the vertebral(basilar) arteries?
Term
the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)
Definition
what branches off the vertebral arteries before they converge, but after they enter the skull?
Term
the circle of willis
Definition
what is the cerebral arterial circle?
Term
circle of Willis
Definition
where ICA's are connected at the midline anteriorly, and posterioly to branches of the vertebral arteries
Term
anterior spinal artery
Definition
connects the vertebral arteries together before they converge and runs anteriorly along the spinal cord
Term
opthalmic artery
Definition
branch of the ICA that supplies the eye, orbit, and parts of the nasal cavity
Term
middle cerebral artery
Definition
biggest, lateral branch of the ICA, that supplies cerebral cortex in the middle of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
anterior cerebral arteries (posterior comes off vertebral arteries also)
Definition
branches anteriorly off the ICA to supply frontal lobe brain tissue, they come towards the midline and run side by side toward the nose
Term
anterior communicating artery
Definition
connects the anterior cerebral arteries, that functions as a side to side anastamoses (how blood from 1 ICA crosses the midline)
Term
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Definition
first bilateral branches off the basilar artery
Term
2 sets of inferior (1 of basilar, 1 of vertebral), 1 set of superior(off basilar)
Definition
how many inferior cerebellar arteries are there? superior cerebellar?
Term
superior cerebellar artery
Definition
last branch off the basilar artery below the tentorium cerebelli
Term
posterior cerebral arteries
Definition
what arteries form from the bifurcation of the basilar artery to supply the occipital lobes
Term
posterior communicating arteries
Definition
these arteries connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotid arteries
Term
1) anterior spinal artery
2) posterior inferior cerebellar
(becomes basilar)
3) anterior inferior cerebellar
4) superior cerebellar
5) posterior cerebral
6) posterior communicating artery
7) internal carotids
8) middle cerebral arteries
9) opthalmic arteries
10) anterior cerebral artery
11) anterior communicating artery
Definition
list the branches of the vertebral arteries from inferior to superior
Term
posterior communicating to middle cerebral from vertebral

-anterior communicating from the left ICA
Definition
if there is a plaque blocking the right common carotid, how does the blood cross over to reach the things supplied on the right side?
Term
facial vein
Definition
superficial venous drainage of the face occurs primarily though this vein
Term
facial vein
Definition
this vein starts in medial corner of eye, alongside nose, corner of mouth, and crosses the mandible to get to the neck
Term
angular vein
Definition
beginning of the facial vein
Term
retromandibular vein
Definition
drains scalp above the ear and posterior face by coursing straight down anterior to the external ear behind the angle od the mandible
Term
occipital vein(follows same path as the artery)
Definition
runs along side the occipital artery and drains the skin, muscle, CT of the posterior head and scalp, running deep to the mastoid process
Term
posterior auricular vein
Definition
drains skin from the side of the head and runs behind the external ear, and runs superficially downward and forward superficial to sternocleidomastoid
Term
anterior jugular vein
Definition
this vein drains the anterior triangle of the neck (under the chin)
Term
external jugular vein
Definition
posterior auricular and retromandibular veins drain to this vein that runs over sternocleidomastoid
Term
the retromandibular vein
Definition
what vein divides posteriorly into the external jugular and anteriorly to the common facial vein?
Term
facial and anterior division of the retromandibular
Definition
what veins form the common facial vein?
Term
posterior auricular, and posterior division of retromandibular
Definition
what veins form the external jugular?
Term
the great auricular nerve (sensory branch of cervical plexus)
Definition
what nerve runs along side the external jugular vein?
Term
on the anterior inferior border of SCM
Definition
where does the common facial vein go from superficial to deep?
Term
anterior communicating vein
Definition
goes between common facial and anterior jugular vein inferiorly on front edge of SCM
Term
to the external jugular then subclavian
Definition
what does the anterior jugular vein drain to? then where?
Term
internal jugular vein
Definition
main route of blood drainage from the brain that forms from the sigmoid sinus through the jugular foramen.
Term
1) inferior petrosal sinus
2) occipital vein
3) pharyngeal plexus
4) common facial
5) lingual
6) superior thyroid vein
7) middle thyroid vein
8)
4)
5)
6)
Definition
list the branches of veins that drain to the internal jugular from superior to inferior
Term
superior bulb
Definition
swelling of the internal jugular as it comes out of the skull
Term
inferior bulb
Definition
swelling of the internal jugular that has a valve in it
Term
brachiocephalic vein -> coverge from each side to make superior vena cava
Definition
what vein does the internal jugular drain to? what does this vein drain to?
Term
inferior petrosal sinus
Definition
dural sinus that doesn't drain to the signmoid sinus before the formation of the internal jugular, and instead forms a vein alongside the internal jugular outside the skull
Term
pharyngeal plexus of veins
Definition
plexus of veins associated with the pharynx that drains to the internal jugular
Term
lingual vein
Definition
vein that drains the tongue and oral cavity and drains to internal jugular near the facial vein
Term
superior thyroid vein
Definition
this vein follows the superior thyroid artery
Term
brachiocephalic vein
Definition
where do the inferior thyroid veins drain?
Term
middle thyroid vein, drains thyroid laterally into the internal jugular
Definition
name the extra thyroid vein, where does it drain?
Term
subclavian(most common) or brachiocephalic
Definition
external jugular drains into the ____?
Term
external jugular
Definition
where does the anterior jugular vein drain?
Term
thyroid gland, esophagus, trachea, recurrent laryngeal n. and lateral to the thyroid:

lateral: internal jugular vein
posterior/middle: vagus n.
medial: common carotid artery
Definition
what is found in the carotid sheath?
Term
just deep to SCM is the carotid sheath
Definition
what muscle marks the carotid sheath?
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