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Head and Neck
LECOM Anatomy Test 4 Review (Weeks 8-9)
186
Anatomy
Professional
10/08/2011

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Term
Which three fontanelles are found in the infant skull? Which other suture is unique to the infant skull?
Definition
anterior fontanelle
anteriolateral fontanelle
posterolatearl fontanelle
**metopic (frontal) suture
Term
From which artery does the middle meningeal artery branch
Definition
from maxillary artery <-- external carotid
Term
Through which foramen does the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery pass? With which nerve?
Definition
foramen spinosum
with meningeal branch of V3
Term
What passes through the foramen ovale?
Definition
mandibular nerve (before it splits)
accessory meningeal artery
Term
from where are flat bones derived?
Definition
neural crest --> become mesenchyme
Term
By which processes are flat and irregular bones of the skull formed?
Definition
flat = intramembranous ossification
irregular = endochondral ossification
Term
What is dipole?
Definition
layer of spongy bone in the skull that is in between the two layers of dense compact bone in the flat bones of the calvaria

function = transmits diploic veins that communicate with the cranial dural sinuses via emissary veins

**contains red marrow early in life
Term
Three layers of the calvaria
Definition
1) external layer (outer table) of compact bone
2) Dipole layer
3) internal layer (inner table) of compact bone
Term
what is craniosynostosis?
Definition
premature closure of the cranial sutures in life. leads to cranial malformations
Term
wormian bones
Definition
sutural bones that occur around the lambdoid suture
Term
common symptoms of epidural hematoma
Definition
limb weakness
dilated pupil (from compression of oculomotor nerve)
deterioration of cardiovascular and respiratory function
Term
contents of superior orbital fissure
Definition
above common tendinous ring:
- lacrimal nerve
- frontal nerve
- trochlear nerve
- superior ophthalmic artery

in common tendinous ring:
- oculomotor nerve (superior and inferior branches)
- nasociliary nerve
- abducent nerve

below CTR:
- inferior ophthalmic vein
Term
passes through jugular foramen
Definition
CN IX, X, and XI
inferior pertrosal and sigmoid sinuses
posterior meningeal artery
Term
passes through incisive foramen
Definition
nasopalatine nerve (from nasal branches of maxillary nerve, V2)
Term
pass through stylomastoid foramen
Definition
facial nerve
Term
anosmia
Definition
loss of smell
can be caused by trauma to the cribiform plate or chronic exposure to toxins
Term
innervation of levator palpebrae superioris
Definition
superior branch of CN III
Term
symptoms:
- diplopia
- patient tilts head down and away from the affected eye
Definition
trochlear nerve palsy
will tilt head down and to opposite side of affected eye
(right eye affected --> will tilt head down and to the left)
Term
from where are the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve are derived?
Definition
1st branchial arch
Term
from where are the muscles innervated by the facial nerve are derived?
Definition
2nd branchial arch
Term
from where are the muscles innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve are derived?
Definition
3rd branchial arch
Term
symptoms:
- attacks of excruciating pain over the distribution of one or more branches of trigeminal nerve
- lightening-like stabs of pain in face
Definition
tic douloureux
(trigeminal neuralgia)
Term
symptoms:
- lateral gaze deficit
Definition
6th nerve palsy
Term
symptoms:
- loss of sensation to muscle of facial expression
- spontaneous onset over hours or days
- gradual recovery
Definition
Bell's Palsy
Term
layers of the scalp
Definition
skin
connective tissue (dense)
aponeurotic layer
loose connective tissue
pericranium
Term
innervation of anterior scalp
Definition
CN V (all three divisions)
V1 = supratrochlear and supraorbital
V2 = zygomaticotemporal
V3 = auricotemporal
Term
innervation of posterior scalp
Definition
cervical plexus = dorsal and ventral rami of C2-3
Term
where do scalp infections usually occur?
Definition
loose CT layer of the scalp
Term
from where are muscles of facial expression derived?
Definition
2nd branchial arch
Term
innervation of the platysma
Definition
cervical branch of facial nerve (motor)
C2-3 (sensory)
Term
structures that pass through the parotid gland
Definition
facial nerve and its branches
retromandibular vein
external carotid artery (superficial temporal and transverse facial arteries)
lymphatic vessels
auriculotemporal nerve
aur
Term
innervation of parotid gland
Definition
sensory = great auricular and auriculotemporal nerves
vasomotor = sympathetic fivers from external carotid plexus
secretion = parasympathetic fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve (carried in auriculotemporal nerve)
Term
from where is the brain derived?
Definition
neural tube rostral to the 4th pair of somites
Term
three primary vesicles of the brain
Definition
forebrain = prosencephalon
midbrain = mesencephalon
hindbrain = rhombencephalon
Term
five secondary vesicles of the brain and what parts of the brain does each form?
Definition
prosencephalon:
- telencephalon = cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, basal ganglion, lateral ventricles
- diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, third ventricle
Mesencephalon = midbrain, cerebral aqueduct
Rhombencephalon:
- metencephalon = pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle
- myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
Term
four sections of the cortex
Definition
precentral gyrus = primary motor
postcentral gyrus = sensory
superior gyrus of temporal lobe = audition (hearing)
occipital lobe = vision
Term
Brodmann's area 4
Definition
precentral gyrus
Term
crossing and innervation of lateral and anterior (medial) corticospinal tracts
Definition
lateral corticospinal tract = cross in pyramidal decussation, innervate motor neurons in limbs

anterior (medial) corticospinal tract = uncrossed; innervates trunk muscles
Term
Brodmann's areas 1-3
Definition
postcentral gyrus
Term
types of sensation of dorsal columns sensory path
where does it cross?
Definition
discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense
cross in brainstem
Term
types of sensation provided byanteriorlateral (spinothalamic) sensory system
where does it cross?
Definition
crude touch, pain, temperature
crosses in spinal cord
Term
upper motor neuron injury symptoms
Definition
contralateral paralysis
Term
lower motor neuron injury
Definition
- ipsilateral paralysis below lesions
- loss of pain and temperature sense on contralateral side below lesion
- loss of discriminative touch, proprioception and vibration on the ipsilateral side
Term
striate arteries
Definition
small branches in the brain off the internal carotid and other larger branches of the circle of Willis
blockage of these arteries can cause a stroke
Term
common sites for aneurysms
Definition
anterior communicating artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
basilar tip aneurysm
fusiform basilar aneurysm
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral artery
Term
symptoms:
- ipsilateral blown pupil
- hemiplegia
- coma
Definition
uncal herniation
Term
transtentorial herniation
Definition
nerniation of hte medial temporal lobe and uncus through the tentoral notch
Term
innervation of the dura mater
Definition
mostly innervated by the trigeminal nerve
except posterior fossae = innervated by C2-3
Term
symptoms:
- trivial fall
- slow and insidious decline of function
**usually older folks
- crescent-shaped bleed on CT
Definition
subdural bleed
Term
halo of blood on a CT scan of head
Definition
subarachnoid bleed
Term
tonsilar herniation
Definition
herniation of the cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum
**not compatible with life
Term
central herniation
Definition
downward herniation of the brainstem
Term
subfalcine herniation
Definition
under the falx cerebri
Term
symptoms:
- diplopia
- painful ophthamoplegia (eye hurts)
- possible trigeminal sensory loss
Definition
cavernous sinus syndrom
- spread of cancer or infection
carotid artery aneurysm
Term
causes of hydrocephalus
Definition
- congenital obstruction of aqueduct of sylvius
- tumors that can block aqueduct
- tumors of choroid plexus (make too much)
Term
layers of the eyelid
(anterior to posterior)
Definition
skin
subcutaneous tissue
voluntary muscle
orbital septum
tarsus (plates of dense CT)
conjuctiva (thin membrane)
Term
which layer of the eyelid separates the skin from the voluntary muscle? Why is this layer clinically important?
Definition
subcutaneous tissue
made of loosely arranged CT = fluid and blood can build up in this layer when there is an eye injury
Term
which ligaments anchor the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi on the medial and lateral sides
Definition
medial palpebral ligament
lateral palpebral ligament
Term
where are levator palpebrae and Muller's muscles located?
Definition
in the upper eyelid
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
lacrimal gland
lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
Term
flow of tears through the lacrimal apparatus
Definition
tears accummulate in lacrimal lake --> lacrimal caniculi --> lacrimal punctum --> lacrimal sac --> nasolacrimal sac --> inferior nasal meatus
Term
bones broken in a blow-out fractures of the orbit
Definition
maxillary or ethmoid bone
can involve ethmoidal sinus or maxillary sinuses
also frontal bone --> frontal lobe of the brain
Term
exopthalmos
Definition
protruding of the eyes
Term
damage to which artery of the eye would cause instant blindness
Definition
central artery of the retina
Term
what do postganglionic sympathetic fivers innervate?
Definition
dilator pupillae muscles
Term
from the where is the lens derived?
Definition
neuroectoderm
Term
from where is cornea derived?
Definition
mesoderm (except corneal epithelium = ectoderm)
Term
three layers of the eye
Definition
1) fibrous layer = sclera and cornea
2) vascular coat = choroid, ciliary body and iris
3) Retina
Term
limbous cornea
Definition
the area between the sclera the cornea
Term
ora serrata
Definition
area of transition from the 10-layered sensory retina to the 2-layered non-sensory retina
marks the anterior limit of the neuroretina
Term
layers of the eyeball (superficial to deep)
Definition
cornea
anterior compartment
iris and pupil (ciliary bodies)
lens
vitreous chamber
retina
Term
five layers of the cornea
Definition
corneal epithelium
Bowman's layer
stroma
Descemet's membrane
corneal endothelium
Term
corneal endothelium
Definition
layer of epithelium where there is no blood
permeable to oxygen so oxidative reactions take place here and glucose is metabolized
Term
myelinated vs. nonmyelinated neurons in the cornea
Definition
myelinated = in stroma
nonmyelinated = in the corneal epithelium
Term
stroma of the cornea
Definition
contain:
collagen lamellae
fibroblasts
myelinated nerves
NO BLOOD VESSELS
Term
choroid of eye
Definition
spongy, brownish layer between the sclera and the retina
lots of pigmentation
formed from loose mesenchyme
Term
four layers of choroid
Definition
lamina elastic = Brush's membrane
choricocapillaris = contains capillaries
vessel layer = larger vessels
epichoroid = nearest to the sclera
Term
layers of Bruch's membrane
Definition
basal lamina
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
basal lamina of the choroidal capillaries
Term
ciliary bodies
Definition
controls the width of the lens
Term
zonule of Zinn
Definition
zonule fibers that suspend the lens
Term
two functions of the ciliar bodies
Definition
produce aqueous humor
control the width of the lens
Term
dilator muscles of the eye
Definition
made of myoephithelial cells
location = just anterior to the posterior pigmented epithlium
Term
symptoms:
- ptosis
- anhidrosis (loss of sweating on one side)
- miosis (small, constricted pupil)
Definition
Horner's syndrome
Term
accommodation reflex
Definition
parasympathetic contraction of the ciliary muscles --> reduces tension on the zonule fibers --> lens thickens --> pupils constrict as well --> helps you read close up
Term
presbyopia
Definition
far-sighted (can't see close up)
lens can no longer thicken because it loses flexibility with age
Term
3 histological parts of the lens
Definition
lens capsule
subcapsular epithelium
lens substance
Term
two layers of total retina
Definition
optic part = pigmented layer and neuronal layer
nonvisual part
Term
which two layers of the optic retina separate in the case of a detached retina
Definition
neural layer separates from the pigmented layer of the optic layer of the retina
Term
ten layers of the neuroretina
Definition
1) pigmented epithelium
2) layer of rods and cones
3) external limiting membrane
4) external nuclear layer
5) external plexiform layer
6) internal nuclear layer
7) internal plexiform layer
8) ganglion cell layer
9) optic nerve fiber layer
10) inner limiting membrane
Term
macula lutea
Definition
lateral to the optic disc (blind spot); small area of yellowish coloration

thinnest area of the retina = best visual acuity here
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
the central depression that the macula lutea sits in
Term
pigmented layer
Definition
has pigmented epithelium = polygonal cells
functions:
- absorbs light and prevents reflection
- stores vitamin A
- phagocytose the turned-over membrane from the photoreceptor lamellae
Term
retinitis pigmentosa
Definition
disease in which pigmented epithelium does not effectively remove membranous debris from the photoreceptor lamellae
hereditary retinal dystrophy
Term
rods
Definition
in neuroretina
twilight vision
contains rhodopsin
more rods than cones
Term
cones
Definition
most concentrated in fovea centralis
visual acuity
have more tapered outer segment
less than rods
Term
Dry vs. Wet age related macular degeneration
Definition
Dry = more common, drusen accumulates between Brush's membrane of the choriod layer and the pigmented epithelium of retina
Wet = less common, more severe, blood vessels push up on the Drusen (separating retina even more from its blood supply)
Term
papilladema
Definition
bulging of the optic disc (or papilla) into the eye
Term
canal of Schlemm
Definition
canal on the lateral border on the anterior chamber where aqueous humor is drained
Term
primary open-angle glaucoma
Definition
most common
angle of the anterior chamber appears normal
caused by slow blockage of the canal of Schlemm
slow and insidious problem
defects can be detected in the visual field
Term
close-angled glaucoma
Definition
more rare
angle of the anterior chamber is blocked by the iris
quick onset and rapid progression
Term
symptoms:
- ocular pain
- blurred vision and appearance of halos or rings around lights
- quick onset and rapid progression
Definition
close-angle glaucoma
Term
symptoms:
- increased ocular pressure
- pale optic disc
- disc appears enlarged
Definition
optic cupping
**can lead to retinal atrophy and neuronal death
Term
components of vitreal body
Definition
homogeneous gel (99& water)
collagen
glycosaminoglycans
Term
innervation of the muscles of the auricle
Definition
facial nerve (CN VII)
Term
sensory innervation of auricle
Definition
superficial parts:
- great auricular and lesser occipital (from cervical plexus)
Deeper parts:
- facial nerve
- some vagus (auricular branch)
Term
lymphatic drainage to the nodes
Definition
auricle --> parotid nodes (anterior) and mastoid nodes (posterior) --> upper deep cervical nodes
Term
glands of the external auditory meatus
Definition
sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands (secrete cerumen = ear wax)
NO eccrine sweat glands
Term
innervation of external auditory meatus
Definition
mainly auriculotemporal nerve
some vagal branches
minor innervation of facial nerve
Term
innervation of the tympanic membrane
Definition
outer surface = auriculotemporal nerve (V2) and small contribution from vagus (auricular branch)
inner surface = glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
otitis media
Definition
bulging of the red tympanic membrane
Term
where should tympanostomy tubes be place specifically?
Definition
posterior inferior part of the tympanic membrane
**careful to avoid injuring chorda tympani
Term
tegmen tympani
Definition
makes up the roof of the middle ear
located on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone
Term
pyramidal eminence
Definition
elevation on the posterior wall of the middle ear where the tendon of the stapedius muscle enters the middle ear
Term
promotory
Definition
round bulge in the medial wall of the middle ear from the cochlea in the inner ear
Term
innervation (nervous supply) of the tympanic plexus
Definition
glossopharyngeal nerve
internal carotid plexus
Term
innervation of the middle ear
Definition
tympanic nerve (from CN IX)
Term
hyperacusis
Definition
hypersensitivity to sounds in a certain frequency
**can be caused by Bell's palsy
Term
mastoiditis
Definition
inflammation of the mastoid antrum
usually develops from otitis media and can easily spread the infection to the middle cranium
Term
embryonic origin of the ossicles
Definition
malleus and incus = 1st arch cartilage (Meckel's cartilage)
stapes = 2nd arch cartilage (Reichart cartilage)
Term
from where is the cochlea derived?
Definition
otic placode of the ectoderm
Term
components of the vestibular apparatus
Definition
semicircular ducts/canals
utricle
saccule
Term
utricle maculae
Definition
sense organ that detects centrifugal and vertical acceleration
Term
saccule maculae
Definition
sense organ that detects linear acceleration
Term
crista ampullaris
Definition
the "maculae" of the semicircular ducts that sense movement in any direction (angular acceleration)
Term
where are statoconia located?
Definition
in the sensory organs of the saccule, utricle and semicircular ducts
Term
nystagmus
Definition
involuntary eye movement that allows you to focus on one object at the same velocity that it is moving, then snap back to another object quickly
**controlled by vestibular nuclei in the brain stem --> occulomotor nuclei
Term
Symptoms:
- Recurrent attacks of vertigo
- hearing loss
- Tinnitus (ringing in ears)
- may be accompanied with nystagmus
Definition
Meniere's syndrome
Term
frequency detection of the organ of corti
Definition
high frequency = detected at the base of the basilar membrane
low frequency = detected at he apex of the basilar membrane
Term
function of the round window
Definition
vibrates with the opposite frequencies as the oval window so that the hair cells can be hyperpolarized to stop them from firing all the time
Term
stria vascularis
Definition
only vacularized epithelium in the body
makes endolymph for scala media (cochlear duct)
Term
pillar cells
Definition
in the organ of Corti
stiff cells with lots of microtubules
act as a fulcrum for the tentoral membrane
Term
Symptoms:
- hearing loss
- vertigo
- tinnitis
- loss of sensation to face and mouth
Definition
Schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)
Term
parasympathetic ganglion associated with the trigeminal nerve
Definition
ciliary ganglion = nasociliary nerve (V1)
pterygopalatine ganglion = maxillary nerve (V2)
otic ganglion = mandibular nerve (V3)
submandibular ganglion = lingula nerve (V3)
Term
superior cervical ganglion
Definition
receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers from T1
sends postganglionic fibers to:
internal carotid plexus
external carotid plexus
C1-4 spinal nerves
pharynx
Term
Symptoms:
- ptosis of eye
- small pupil
- diplopia
- anhidrosis
- face and neck flush
Definition
Horner's syndrome
damage to sympathetic ganglion of head and neck
Term
pupillary light reflex
Definition
shine light in eye --> pupil constricts
tests integrity of parasympathetic innervation of pupil
afferent neurons in superior colliculus
Term
concensual reflex
Definition
the constriction of the pupil (from pupillary light reflex) is seen to a lessor extent on the contralateral side
Term
accommodation reflex
Definition
if patient loos at a near object, pupils with constrict bilaterally
ciliary muscles contract to let lens thicken for near vision
**parasympathetics are activated
Term
nerve that may be implicated in the dislocation of the jaw
Definition
auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
Term
three ligaments of the TMJ
Definition
sphenomandibular ligament
stylomandibular ligament
lateral ligament
Term
openings of the infratemporal fossa
Definition
foramen rotumdum and spinosum
alveolar foramen
inferior orbital fissure
pterygotympanic fissure
pterygomaxillary fissure
Term
openings of pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
inferior orbital fissure
sphenopalatine foramen
palatovaginal canal
foramen rotundum
pterygoid canal
palatine canal
Term
contents of the pterygopalatine foramen
Definition
maxillary nerve
pterygopalatine ganglion
greater petrosal nerve (facial nerve)
postganglionic parasympathetic nerves going to lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
Term
contents of infratemporal fossa
Definition
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
masseter?
mandibular nerve and branches
1st and 2nd branches of maxillary artery
chorda tympani nerve
pterygoid plexus of nerves
sphenomandibular ligament
3rd branch of maxillary nerve
Term
epithelium of oral mucosa
Definition
strat squam non-keratinized
Term
layers of oral mucosa
Definition
epithelium
basal lamina
lamina propria
submucosa
Term
tissue that makes up the lamina propria
Definition
loose connective tissue
areas with lots of chewing action = dense CT
Term
where in the oral cavity does the oral mucosa NOT have a submucosa?
Definition
in areas where food is crushed or rubbed (gums and hard palate)
mucosa is tightly adherent to the underlying periosteum
Term
leukoplasia
Definition
metaplasia of the oral mucosa
risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma
Term
what is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity?
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma
Term
innervation of the lips
Definition
motor = facial nerve
sensory:
upper lip = superior labial branch (infraorbital nerve, from V2))
lower lip = inferior labial branches (from mental nerve, from V3)
Term
epithelium of the vermillion zone
Definition
strat squam keritinized
no hair follicles or sweat glands
sometimes sebaceous glands
highly vascularized = appears red
Term
labial glands
Definition
glands found in the lips
looks like purple patches on the histo slide of the lips
Term
innervation of the teeth
Definition
upper teeth = superior alveolar nerve (from infraorbital nerve, V2)
lower teeth = inferior alveolar nerve (from V3)
Term
contents of pulp cavity/root canal
Definition
loose CT
lympatics
NERVES
a layer of odontoblasts
**covered by dentin
Term
from where are odontoblasts derived?
Definition
neural crest
Term
periodontal ligament
Definition
made of dense collagenous CT
specialized tissue that attaches the cementum of the root to the surrounding alveolar bone
highly vascularized
Term
alveolar bone
Definition
made up of immature, woven bone
very movable and plastic
contains alveoli = tooth sockets
Term
Gottlieb
Definition
thick basal lamina (cuticle) that connects the epithelium of the gums to the tooth enamel
Term
composition of dentin
Definition
calcified tissue
harder than bone
organic matrix = type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
Term
tomes fibers
Definition
the long slender processes of odontoblasts found in the dentin
tomes fibers are located in the dentinal tubules
Term
ameloblasts
Definition
cells that arise from the ectodermal enamel organ
secrete the enamel matrix during tooth develop (die in adulthood)
Term
cementocytes
Definition
found in the thicker apical region of the root
sit in lacunae
Term
contents of cementum
Definition
type I collagen
proteoglycans
glycoproteins
**similar to dentin
Term
sulcus terminalis
Definition
V-shaped boundary on the posterior aspect of the tongue that divides the innervation of the tongue (anterior 2/3 from posterior 1/3)
Term
foramen caecum
Definition
embrological location of the thyroid diverticulum
found on the sulcum terminalis
Term
from where do the two parts of the tongue originate?
Definition
anterior 2/3 = 1st branchial arch
posterior 1/3 = 3rd - 4th branchial arches
Term
Wharton's duct
Definition
submandibular duct
located just lateral to the frenulum of the tongue
Term
ventral surface of the tongue
Definition
strat squam non-keratinized epithelium
lamina propria
NO SUBMUCOSA
Term
papillae of the tongue that have taste buds
Definition
fungiform (dorsal surface, scattered throughout tongue)
foliate (side of tongue)
circumvallate (along sulcus terminalis)
Term
serous glands of von Ebner
Definition
found alongside the circumvallate papillae of the tongue
create serous secretions that run into the "moats" around the papillae and "wash off" the papillae
Term
which type of papillae has an "odd-ball" innervation?
Definition
circumvallate = innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (and not facial)
Term
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Definition
genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
Term
extrinsic muscle of the tongue with an "odd-ball" innervation
Definition
palatoglossus = innervated by vagus nerve and not hypoglossal (because it is also a soft-palate muscle)
Term
motor innervation of the geniohyoid muscle
Definition
anterior ramus of C1 via hypoglossal nerve
Term
palatoglossal fold
Definition
anterior pillars on side of uvula
Term
palatopharyngeal folds
Definition
posterior pillars on side of uvula
Term
which muscle of the soft palate functions by opening the tympanic tube?
Definition
tensor veli palatini
Term
innervation of both bellies of the digastric muscle
Definition
anterior belly = nerve to mylohyoid (from V3)
posterior belly = digastric branch of facial nerve
Term
secretions of serous and mucous cells
Definition
serous = protein-rich, watery secretions
mucous = mucin with glycoproteins --> viscous secretion
Term
serous v. mucous cells
Definition
serous cells = pyramidal shaped cells with spherical nuclei, lots of RER
mucous cells = cuboidal or columnar cells with oval or flattened nuclei (pushed to the basal side), mucinogen granules arranged in tubules
Term
serous demilumes
Definition
crescent-shaped caps of serous cells and mucous tubules
most common on sublingual gland
secrete lyzozyme (breaks down bacterial walls)
Term
parotid v. submandibular v. sublingual
Definition
parotid = serous secretions with IgA, looks like pancreas (lots of fat cells)
submandibular = mixed secretion, striated ducts
sublingual = mixed secretion, very few striated ducts
Term
epithelium of tonsils (all three)
Definition
pharyngeal = pseudostratified columnar
palatine = strat squam non-keratinized
lingual = strat squam non-keratinized
Term
muscle that protrudes the tongue
Definition
genioglossus
Term
muscle that elevates the side of the tongue
Definition
palatoglossus (CN X)
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