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HDS 3 - MONDAY
monday before test
41
Anatomy
Graduate
12/02/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Three basic functions of the Larynx

Definition
  • protect airway during swallowing
  • intrathoracic pressure (coughing)
  • sound production
  • passive (respiration)
Term

 

 

 

3 unpaired cartilages of larynx

Definition
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
Term

 

 

 

3 paired cartilages

of larynx

Definition
  • arytenoids
  • corniculates
  • cuneiforms
Term

 

 

 

Arytenoid Cartilage

Definition
  • artenoid cartilages have vocal proccess and muscle process
  • vocal process is anterior and attaches vocal ligaments
Term

 

 

 

Thyrohyoid membrane

Definition
  • goes from thyroid to hyoid
  • has two thickened parts, medial thyrohyoid ligament and lateral thyrohyoid ligament
  • has hole that allows passage of internal laryngeal nerve (sensory) and artery
Term

 

 

 

Cricothyoid ligament

Definition
  • runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
  • has a thickened middle part called medial cricothyroid ligament
Term

 

 

 

Vocal Folds

Definition
  • vocal process forward to thyroid cartilage
  • top edge of cricothyroid ligament on inside
Term

 

 

 

Quadrangular Membrane

Definition
  • tube that comes from the edge of teh arytenoid and wraps around to the epiglottis 
  • tube with in the tube of the thyroid cartilage
  • top is opening into larynx itself
  • bottom edge is called vestibular ligament and sits right about the vocal ligaments
Term

 

 

 

Ventricle of Larynx

Definition
  • space between false (sup) and true (inf) vocal folds
  • false vocal fold in vestibule of larynx
  • sometimes called glottis? 
  • so epiglottis is above it
Term

 

 

 

Cricothyroid muscle

Definition
  • from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
  • rotates thyroid cartilage on top of cricoid cartilage
  • has effect of stretching the vocal folds
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Definition
  • goes from cricoid to musclular process of arytenoid
  • closes rema glottis ( space between vocal folds)
Term

 

 

 

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Definition
  • from back posterior side of of cricoid to musclular proccess of arytenoid
  • pivots arytenoid, opening up the rima glottis (space between vocal folds?
Term

 

 

 

Transverse Arytenoids

and

Oblique Arytenoids

Definition
  • goes from muscular process of one arytenoid to the other (transverse)
  • muscular process of one to the apex of the other (oblique)
  • both of these slide the arytenoids together, closing vocal folds
Term

 

 

 

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Definition
  • relaxes the folds by sliding them arytenoids forward
  • provides substrate for vocalis muscle (thyroaretynoid muscle to folds themself)
  • responsible for pitch(high and low)
Term

 

 

 

Innervation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Definition
  • superior laryngeal does cricothyroid
  • recurrent laryngeal does all other motor
  • sensation is divided between the 2 at the vocal folds
Term

 

 

 

Vascular system of larynx

Definition
  • superior laryngeal artery off superior thyroid artery(external carotid)
  • inferior laryngeal artery off inferior thyroid artery(subclavian)
Term

 

 

 

4 Steps of speech

Definition
  • respiration (generation of energy)
  • phonation (creation of sound)
  • resonation (filtering and enhancing of sound)
  • articulation (taking sound and turning into language)
Term

 

 

 

Respiration

Definition
  • energy production as you inhale/exhale
  • normal respiration is about 1:1 inhale/exhale
  • speach is about 1:8 inhale/exhale seconds
  • controled by different parts of brain 
  • rhythm and rate and neural control is different
Term

 

 

 

Phonation

Definition
  • sound production
  • vocal fold vibration from exhaled air
  • vibration of airwaves is sound (mechanoreceptor)
  • pitch=frequency of vibrations
  • males have deep voices because thyroid cartilage is bigger making vocal folds longer
  • change w/ age (womens folds get longer)
  • pathology (tissue level make up of folds)
  • hoarsness is tissue around folds becomeing swallen
  • damage to recurent laryngeal nerve would damage voice (left more often)
  • thyroid surgery can also damage nerves
Term

 

 

 

Resonation

Definition
  • amplification and enhancement (inaudible to audible)
  • makes voices unique
  • adds energy and volume
  • use sinuses, nasal and oral cavity, vestibule of larynx and pharynx
  • also can use surfaces (opera and back pharyngeal wall)
  • vibrations of solid matter and air within a cavity
Term

 

 

 

Articulation

Definition
  • anatomical articulators: change/modify airflow, create speech
  • joining of two structures
  • tongue, teeth, cheeks and soft palate working together, lips
  • unvoiced sounds dont need vocal chord vibration
Term

 

 

 

Bacterial Pnomonia

Definition
  • caused by food getting into the airway
  • common for really old and really young
Term

 

 

 

Liquid Swallow

Definition
  • done mostly by tongue 
  • tongue works as pump
  • eppiglottis covers larynx
Term

 

 

 

Process model of swallowing

Definition
  • stage I transport
  • Processing
  • Stage II transport
  • Swallowing
Term

 

 

 

Stage I Transport 

(swallowing)

Definition
  • tongue carries food to molar region "pullback" mechanism
  • tongue rotates to place food on the occlusal surfaces of lower teeth
Term

 

 

 

Food Processing

Definition
  • food particles: softened adn reduced in size
  • chemical and physical processing
  • jaws and tongue in constant motion
  • food constantly repositioned
  • tongue movt critical in mastication
  • soft palate motion linked to jaw motion
Term

 

 

 

Stage II Transport

(swallowing)

Definition
  • food propelled into the oropharynx
  • squeeze back mechanism
  • processing continues
  • tongue and jaw motions linked
  • happens at same time as chewing
  • bolus accumulates in the oropharynx and valleculae
Term

 

 

 

Swallowing 

(solids)

Definition
  • bolus propelled primarily by posterior thrust of tongue
  • pharyngeal clearance-sequential contraction of constrictor muscles
  • assisted by gravity
  • requires opening of Upper Esophageal Sphincter
Term

 

 

 

Traditional Model of Human

Swallowing

Definition
  • spaces separate: seal btw oral cavity and oropharynx
  • activities/stages separate: analyze each behavior independently
  • food held in mouth until swallow onset
Term

 

 

 

Disordered Oropharyngeal Swallowing

Definition
  • difficulty initiating swallow (not enough sensory signal) (give up and airway opens)
  • Nasopharyngeal regurgitation (soft palate doesnt block and liquid goes up nose)
  • pulmonary aspiration
  • residual is not moving all food out
Term

 

 

 

Neurohypophysis

Definition
  • pars nervosa and infundibular stalk, light staining
  • resident cell is pituicyte, a support cell that expresses glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and associates with neuronal axons from hypothalmus
  • Paraventriular nucleus (close to ventricule above supraoptic and most superior) produces oxytocin
  • supraoptic nucleus (just above optic chiasm) produces ADH
  • neural hormones stored in herring boddies
Term

 

 

 

Oxytocin

Definition
  • paraventricular nucleus of neurohypophysis
  • promotes milk letdown from mammary gland by stimulating contraction of myoepithelial cells
  • stimulates myometrial smooth muscle cells in the uterus to contract during parturition
  • love/bonding connection
Term

 

 

 

ADH

Definition
  • also called vasopressin
  • supraoptic nucleus
  • increases water reabsorption by collecting ducts in kidney
  • prootes contraction of vascular smooth muscles
Term

 

 

 

Hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system

Definition
  • starts out at superior hypophyseal artery
  • ends at hypophyseal veans
  • between hypothalmus and adenohypothesis
Term

 

 

 

Median Eminence

Definition
  • arcuate or tuberal nucleus produce physiotropic hormones
  • releasing or inhibiting hormones
  • transported in portal system
  • protein peptide hormones (bind to cell surface)
Term

 

 

 

Acidophils

Definition
  • in pars distalis
  • somatotrophs (growth hormones) and lactotrophs (prolactin)
Term

 

 

 

Basophils

Definition
  • in pars distalis
  • produce corticotrophs (adrenal cortex hormone), gonadotrophs(FSH and LH) and thyrotrophs (thyroid stimulating hormones)
Term

 

 

 

Pineal Gland

Definition
  • from epithalmus
  • produces melatonin (sleep hormone)
  • less light, more melatonin produced
  • causes gonadotropin and Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone might be inhibited by melatonin
  • pinealocytes found in chords produce melatonin
  • find accumulations of brain sand
Term

 

 

 

Melatonin signliling pathway

Definition
  • light sensitive cells in glanglion layer utilize photosensitve pigment melanopsin
  • retinohypothalmic tract to cell odies of suprachiasmic nucleus of hypothalmus
  • travel down spinal chord in hypothalmo-spinal tract
  • synapse with sympathetic preganglionc in IML
  • pre ganglionic axons to superior cervical ganglion
  • post ganglion axon to pineal gland 
Term

 

 

 

Thyroid gland cells

Definition
  • parafollicular cells produce calcatonin
  • folicular cells produce thyroid (T3 and T4) cells
  • uses atp to move iodide into cell to make thyroid hormones, enzyme then gets rid of electron (makes iodine)
  • thyroglobulin and tyrosine?
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