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HDS 1 - Anatomy
Anatomy Flashcards for HDS module 1
184
Anatomy
Graduate
09/18/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Vetrebral Centers of 

Ossification

Definition
  • first notechord (becomes vertebral centrum) body
  • later neural arch 
Term

 

 

Anatomical Vertebral Features

Definition
  • vertebral body and vertebral arch
  • pedicles and lamina
  • transverse and spinous process
  • articular process
Term

 

 

Uncinate Process

Definition
  • forms a lip on the superfical, lateral surface of cervical vertebrae
  • limits rotation
Term

 

 

 

Transverse Foreamen 

Definition
  • one on each side of cervical vertabrae
  • vertebral artery runs through
  • C3-C6
Term

 

 

Bifid Spinous Process

Definition
  • Forked Spinous process
  • C3-C6
Term

 

 

Costal Facets

Definition
  • provide articulation for ribs on thoractic vertebrae
  • located on vertebral bodies and on transverse processes
Term

 

 

Sacrum

Definition
  • 5 fused sacral vertebrae 
  • median, intermediate and lateral sacral crests
Term

 

 

Vertebral Discs

Definition
  • consists of inner nucleus pulposus that is surrounded by anulus fibrosus
  • provides flexibility, shock resistance
  • nucleus pulposus is more liquid like and the anulus is more solid 
Term

 

 

 

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Definition
  • broad ligament that runs across the ventral surface and prevents hyperextension
Term

 

 

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Definition
  • small ligament on dorsal side of vertebral collumn 
  • prevents hyperflexion
  • has lots of pain receptors
  • assists in redirecting herniation of pulposus
  • inside the vertebral foreamen on posterior side of body  
Term

 

 

Nunchal Ligament

Definition
  • sheet like ligament that extends from the occipital protruberance to C1-C7 spinous processes
  • limits flexion and serves as attachment point for intrinsic back muscles
  • also supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
Term

 

 

 

Ligamenta Flava

Definition
  • Links togethering vertebral lamina
  • forms continuous roof over vertebral canal
  • can also be seen in between vertebrae on the back of vertebral disks in its linking
  • Lamina of vertebrae are posterior to transverse processes
Term

 

 

 

Kyphosis

Definition
  • primary curvature of the spine
  • thoracic and sacralcocxygeal curve this way
Term

 

 

Lordosis

Definition
  • secondary curvature
  • cervical and lumbar vertabrae curve in this fasion 
Term

 

 

 

The Radius is homologous to what?

Definition
  • tibia
Term

 

 

 

The Fibula is homologous to what?

Definition
  • the ulna in the wrist
Term

 

 

 

Base of Sacrum

Definition
  • the top of the sacrum
Term

 

 

Apex of Sacrum and Coccyx

Definition
  • They are the bottom, smaller point of each bone 
Term

 

 

Zygapophysial Joint

Definition
  • synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes of two vertebrae
  • guides and limits vertebrae motion
Term

 

 

Supraspinous Ligament

Definition
  • Runs along the top of the nunchal ligament and on the ends of the spinous processes
  • Interspinous ligament runs in between the spinous processes
Term

 

 

Multifidus muscle

Definition
  • muscle that fills up the grooves on either side of the spinous processes from axis to sacrum 
  • very thin, deep muscle
  • stabilizes joints at each segment level
Term

 

 

 

Splenius Cervicis

Definition
  • transverse process of cervical vertebrae to spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae
  • back of the neck  muscle
  • extension of cervicle spine and rotation and lateral flexion
Term

 

 

Splenius Capitis 

Definition
  • broad strap like muscle on back of the neck
  • base of skull to vertebrae down to T4
  • head flexion and lateral rotation and flexion of the spine
Term

 

 

Elbow and Knee Orientation

Definition
  • at one point in fetal development both are oriented dorsal
  • however during development the legs rotate so that the knees begin to face ventral (about week 7)
Term

 

 

Clavicle

Definition
  • s-shaped bone located between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
  • also attached to coronoid process of the scapula by the corococlavicular ligament from the deep part of clavicle
  • functions in protection of blood & nerve vessels, suspending the scapula and upper limb and transmission of sudden impact to axial skeleton
Term

 

 

Scapula

Definition
  • posterior side divided into supra and infraspinous fossa by the spine of the scapula
  • anterior concave surface is suprascapular fossa
  • most lateral landmark is acromion and right behind it is the longer corocoid process
Term

 

 

Clavicular Fracture

Definition
  • most frequent bone broken in newborns (22%),top 5 in kids (7%) and top ten in adults (3%)
  • medial segment of clavicle projects superiorly 
  • upper limb depressed, adducted and medially rotated -caused by action of muscles on scapula
Term

 

 

Why do Clavicular Fractures

Present Similarly?

Definition
  • muscles act on upper limb w/o connection to axial skeleton
  • medial fragment displaced upward by sternocleidomastoid
  • weight of upper limb, aduction by pectoralis major and latismus dorsi
  • medial rotation by doris, pec, teres major,subscapularis
  • medial rotator are bigger then lateral 
Term

 

 

 

Humerus 

Definition
  • head(proximal), lateral margin is greater tubercle (3 muscles attatch) 
  • lesser tubercle is anterior (subscalpularis 
  • intertubercular groove(passage of bicep brach.)
  • anatomical and surgical neck
Term

 

 

Most common Humerus 

Fracture

Definition
  • most common fracture is at the surgical neck
  • it is usually an impact fracture
  • an impact fracture is when one fragment is driven into the spongy bone of the other fragment 
Term

 

 

Humerus Greater Tubercle 

Fracture

Definition
  • limb is pulled into medial rotation 
  • this happens to old people who fall on acromion 
  • happens to young people who fall on hand when arm abducted 
  • the axillary, radial, median and ulnar never run near the head
Term

 

 

Sternoclavicular Joint

Definition
  • connects medial end of clavicle to manubrium of sternum 
  • articular surface covered in fibrocartilage and intra-articular disk
  • tough capsule and several ligaments give joint great strength 
Term

 

 

 

Acromioclavicular Joint

Definition
  • connects clavicle to acromion of scapula
  • covered in fibrocartilage
  • loose capsule and weak joint
  • acromioclavicular ligament
  • corococlavicular ligament maintains joint integrity 
Term

 

 

Glenohumeral Joint 

Definition
  • Ball and socket joint
  • connecting glenoid fossa to humeral head
  • The glenoid labrum deepens the shallow fossa
  • loose capsule pierced by long head of biceps 
  • glenohumeral and coracohumeral
  • coracoarmial archs limits superior displacement
Term

 

 

 

Shoulder Seperation 

Definition
  • dislocation of AC join;more severe if coracoclavicular ligament is torn
  • direct, forceful impact to shoulder or from fall on outstretched arm
  • presents w/ prominence on shoulder where clavicle extends above acromion 
Term

 

 

 

Shoulder Dislocation

Definition
  • dislocation of gelnohumeral joint (typically head displaced inferior
  • usually caused by excessive extension and lateral rotation of humerous
  • glenohumeral ligaments weaker inferiorly
  • presents with saging arm and a prominant intact AC joint
Term

 

 

Superior Posterior Axioappendicular

Definition
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus Dorsi 
Term

 

 

 

Trapezius 

Definition
Origin: Skull and C1-T12
Insertion: Scapula
Action: Elevates(upper1/3), Retracts (middle1/3), Depresses(lower1/3) scapula
Inervation: Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Term

 

 

Latissimus Dorsi

Definition

Origin: T6-T12, lumbar vert, Posterior  pelvis

Insertion: Intertubercular grove

Action: Extends, adducts, meddially rotates humerus

Inervation:Thoracodorsal Nerve

Term

 

 

Deep Posterior Axioappendicular

Muscle

Definition
  • attach scapula to axial skelaton
  • Levator Scapulae
  • Rhomboid Major and minor
Term

 

 

Levator Scapulae

Definition

Origin: C1-C4 vertabrae

Insertion: Superior medial border of Scapula

Action: Elevates Scapula and helps depress glenoid

Inervation:Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Term

 

 

Rhomboid Major and Minor

Definition

Origin: C7-T5

Insertion: MEdial Border of Scapula 

-minor is superior to Major

Action: Rotates and helps rotate scapula

Inervation: Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Term

 

 

Pectoralis Major

Definition

Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Ribs

Insertion:Intertubercular Grove of Humerus

Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm

Inervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Term

 

 

 

Pectoralis Minor

Definition

Origin: Ribs 3-5

Insertion: Coracoid Process

Action: Stabilizes scapula

Inervation: Medial Pectoral Nerve

Term

 

 

Subclavius

Definition

Origin: 1st rib

Insertion: Clavicle 

Action: anchors and depresses clavicle

Inervation: Nerve to Subclavius

Term

 

 

 

Serratus Anterior

Definition

Origin: ribs 1-8

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Action: Protract and rotate scapula

Inervation: Long Thoracic Nerve

Term

 

 

Deltoid 

Definition

Origin: Scapula(spine) and clavicle

Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerous

Action: Powerful abductor; Medial and lateral rotation; flexion and extension

Inervation: Axillary nerve

3 parts to muscle

Term

 

 

 

Teres Major

Definition

Origin: Inferior angle of scapula

Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus 

Action: adducts and medially rotates

Inervation: lower subscapular nerve


-superior to latisimus dorsi 

Term

 

 

 

Atrophy of Deltoid

Definition
  • caused by damage to axillary nerve that runs inferior to head of humerus and wraps around surgical neck
  • can be hurt in dislocation or frature of glenohumeral joint
  • causes shoulder to apear flat
Term

 

 

 

Supraspinatus

Definition

Origin: Supraspinous fossa

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus

Action: abduction of arm

Inervation:suprascapular nerve

Term

 

 

 

Infraspinatus

Definition

Origin: Infraspinatus fossa

Insertion:greater tubercle of humerous

Action: laterally rotates arm

Inervation: Suprascapular Nerve

Term

 

 

Teres Minor

Definition

Origin: lateral border Scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Laterally rotates arm

Inervation: Axillary Nerve

Term

 

 

Subscapularis

Definition

Origin: Subscalpular fossa

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: adducts and medially rotates arm

Inervation: Upper and lower subscalpular Nerves

Term

 

 

Rotator Cuff Injury

Definition
  • repetitive use 
  • 4 muscles around glenohumeral joint
  • supraspinatus usually hurt 
  • difficulty abducting the first 10 degrees or adducting smoothly from 90 degree angle
Term

 

 

Conus Medularis

Definition
  • topped lower end of spinal chord
  • around L1-L2
  • from here spinal nerves continue to branch out
Term

 

 

 

Filum Terminales

Definition
  • pia mater that projects downward from the spinal chord
  • connects conus medularis to back of coccyx
  • filament 
Term

 

 

Ventral Vs Dorsal Horn 

Definition
  • ventral horn thicker portion of grey mater 
  • dorsal horn thinner protion
  • together the resemble an H
Term

 

 

Trabeculae 

Definition
  • small tissue/ligaments
  • connect the arachnoid to the pia mater
  • traverse the subarachnoid space
Term

 

 

 

Leptomeninges

Definition
  • term used to described the combined pia and arachnoid mater
Term

 

 

Lumbar Cistern 

Definition
  • enlargement of subarachnoid space around L2
  • contains terminal filuma and caude equina
  • site for lumbar puncture 
Term

 

 

 

Denticulate ligament 

Definition
  • one each side of spinal chord
  • attach to arachnoid ad dura mater
  • teeth like apearance
  • stability of spinal chord against motion within vertebral column
Term

 

 

Efferent Pathway

Definition
  • motor 
  • ventral root
Term

 

 

Afferent Pathway

Definition
  • sensory 
  • dorsal root 
Term

 

 

Segmental Medullary Artery

Definition
  • branch of cervical part of vertebral artery
  • go through intervertebral foreamen 
Term

 

 

 

Meningic Veins

Definition
  • 3 along the anterior 
  • 3 along the posterior
  • 1 artery on each side
Term

 

 

Internal Vertebral

Venous Plexus

Definition
  • lie w/ in epidermal space
  •  plexus is valveless
  • important in metastisis
Term

 

 

 

Brachial Plexus

 Spinal Nerves

Definition
  • C5-C7
  • T1
  • sometimes can include C4 or T2
Term

 

 

 

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Definition
  • from lateral chord of brachial plexus
  • inervates anterior compartment of the arm
  • biceps brachii, chorocobrachialis, brachialis
Term

 

 

 

Median Nerve

Definition
  • from lateral and medial chords of brachial plexus
  • inervates most anterior forearm muscles and the thenar hand muscles
Term

 

 

 

Ulnar Nerve

Definition
  • from medial chord
  • 1 and a half of anterior forearm muscles and most muscles of the hand
Term

 

 

 

Axillary Nerve

Definition
  • from posterior chord
  • innervates deltoid and teres minor
Term

 

 

 

Radial Nerve

Definition
  • posterior chord of brachial plexus
  • innervates posterior compartments of arm and forearm(extensors)
Term

 

 

 

Infraclavicular Segment of

Brachial Plexus

Definition
  • chords and terminal nerves along with ther branchs
Term

 

 

 

Dorsal Scalpular Nerve

Definition
  • direct branch from C5
  • inervates major and minor romboid muscles
  • levator scalpular nerve?
Term

 

 

 

Long Thoracic Nerve

Definition
  • from C5-C6-C7 nerves
  • innervates serratus anterior muscle
  • runs through axilla
Term

 

 

 

Supra Scalpular Nerve

Definition
  • from upper trunk (C5-C6)
  • innervaes infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles
Term

 

 

 

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Definition
  • Medial Chord (C8-T1)
  • innervates pectoralis minor and major
  • runs along backside of major and then penetrates minor
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Definition
  • Lateral Trunk  (C5-C6-C7)
  • Pectoralis Major
Term

 

 

 

Thoracodorsal Nerve

Definition
  • C6-C7-C8 (posterior Chord)
  • innervates Latissimus Dorsi
Term

 

 

 

Lower Subscalpular Nerve

Definition
  • posterior chord (C6)
  • teres major and subscaplularis
Term

 

 

 

Upper Subscalpular Nerve

Definition
  • Posterior chord (C5)
  • subscalpularis muscle
Term

 

 

 

Medial and Lateral Supracondylar

Ridges

Definition
  • on distal end of humerus
  • widening of humeral shaft above epicondyles of humerus
Term

 

 

 

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

Definition
  • damage to C5 and C6 spinal roots(upper plexus)
  • effects axillary, suprascalplar and musculocutaneous nerve
  • patients present with waiters tip
  • adducted shoulder(deltoid,supra.)
  • medially rotated (inf, teres minor
  • pronated hand(biceps)
  • loss of sensation along lateral part of upper limb
  • increase in angle btw back and shoulder
  • excessive stretching of neck during birth
Term

 

 

 

Klumpke Paralysis

Definition
  • injury to C8 and T1
  • all intrinsic muscles of hand inv by C8 and T1
  • interossi, hypothaner and lumbricals
  • presents as claw hand from ulnar nerve damage
  • loss of sensation to medial forarm and digits 4and5
  • when limb is sudenly pulled upwar
  • rarer then superior plexus injury
Term

 

 

 

Medial epicondyle

Definition
  • distal end of humerus
  • provides attachment for flexors of forearm
  • ulnar nerve passes around
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Epicondyle

Definition
  • distal end of humerus
  • provides attachment for extensors of forearm
Term

 

 

 

Trochlea

Definition
  • distal end of humerus
  • spool shaped part of humeral articular surface
  • contacts trochlear notch of ulna
  • has coronoid process and radial notch and trochlear notch
Term

 

 

 

Capitulum

Definition
  • rounded articular surface of humerus that articulates w/ radial head
Term

 

 

 

Radial Tuberosity

Definition
  • distal to neck (radius)
  • distal attachment for biceps brachaii
Term

 

 

 

Colles Fracture

Definition
  • most common distal radius fracture
  • distan end of radius displaced dorsally for a dinner fork appearance
  • ulnar styloid experiences an avulsion fracture
  • often occur in elderly
Term

 

 

 

Radial Head Subluxation

Definition
  • partial dislocation of proximal radial head
  • strong ligaments dont attach to radius because it would restrict supination
  • common in children under 5
Term

 

 

Anterior Forearm Compartment

Muscles

Definition
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor policis longus
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • pronator quadrates
  • pronator teres
Term

 

 

 

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Definition

O: medial epicondyle 

I:radial side of wrist

A:flexes and abducts wrist

In: Median Nerve

 

Term

 

 

Palmaris Longus

Definition

O: medial epicondyle

I:Palmar aponeurosis

A:Wrist flexor

In:Median Nerve

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Definition

O:Medial epicondyle

I: wrist on ulnar side

A:flexes and adducts wrist

In:ulnar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

(Arm)

Definition

O: Medial epicondyle and radial shaft

I:middle phalanges

A:flexes wrist and fingers

In: median nerve

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Policis

Definition

O:radial shaft

I:distal phalanx of thumb

A:flexes all joints it crosses

only muscle for distal thumb joint

In: median nerve

Term

 

 

Flexor Digitorum Profundis

Definition

O:radial and ulanr shafts

I: four tendons go to distal phalanges

A:flexes all joints it crosses

only muscle for distal phalanges

In:Medial and Ulnar Nerve

Term

 

 

 

Pronator Quadratus

Definition

O: attaches to distal ulnar and radius

A:pronates wrist

In: median nerve

Term

 

 

Extensor Carpi Radialis

Longus and Brevis

Definition

O:Proximal radius

I: metacarpels

A: extends and abducts wrist

In:Radial Nerve

Term

 

 

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Definition

O: lateral epicondyle

I:5th metacarpal

A:extends and adducts wrist

In:radial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Extensor Digitorum

(Arm)

Definition

O: lateral epicondyle

I: into extensor expansion

A: extends fingers

In: radial nerve

Term

 

 

Extensor Digiti Minimi 

(Arm)

Definition

O: lateral epicondyle

I:5th digit

A:extends the digit

In: radial nerve

Term

 

 

Extensor Pollicus Longus and Brevis

Definition

O:ulnar shat

I: longus is distal phalanx and breves proximal phalanx of thumb

A:extension of thumb

In: radial nerve

Term

 

 

Abductor policis

Definition

O: radial and ulnar shaft

I: most proximal pollicis

A:primary abductor

In: radial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Axon Hillock

Definition
  • part between body and axon
  • where it is determined if neuron fires or not
  • can be effected by hormones, neurotransmitters and secondary messenges 
  • also acts as tight junction
Term

 

 

 

Epineurium

Definition
  • outer covering of a nerve that covers multiple neuron bundles
  • nerve sheath 
Term

 

 

 

Perineurium

Definition
  • firboblast like cells w/ tight junctions
  • this provides blood to nerve barrier
  • covers collection of reticular fibers (collagen III)(endoneurium) that hold nerve fibers in place
Term

 

 

Synaptic Terminal

Definition
  • contain extensive neurotubles (microtubles)
  • can be chemical or electrical synapses
  • electrical dont use neurotransmitters, just gap junctions (faster)(bi-derectional)
  • chemical has volume amplification
  • also en passant synapse
Term

 

 

 

En Passant Synapse

Definition
  • adrenal medulla
  • have neuron and synapse releases vesicles
  • directly into blood stream to signal as endocrine 
Term

 

 

Axodendritic Synapse

Axosomatic Synapse

Axo-axonal Synapse

Definition
  • attatchment of axon to a dendrite (axoden)
  • attachment directly to neuron body(axoso)
  • attachment to another axon(axoaxon(
  • axoaxonal are usually inhibitory in the message proliferation
Term

 

 

 

White Ramus Communicans

Definition
  • path for sympathetic preganglionic axons into ganglion
  • only at T1-L3 levels
  • sympathetic deals with fight, flight and fuck
Term

 

 

 

Grey Ramus Communicans

Definition
  • passage of postganglionic axons
  • leave unmylinated (dirty)
  • at all vertebral levels
Term

 

 

 

Splanchic Nerve

Definition
  • goes around and attaches to pre-ganglion out in front of spinal chord
Term

 

 

 

Enteric NS

Definition
  • completely autonomous
  • same number of nerves as other nervous system
  • controls gut motility
  • chemoreceptors and stretch receptors
  • mynteric plexus
Term

 

 

 

Mynteric Plexus

Definition
  • enteric nervous system
  • controls mixing and parastalsis
  • parastalsis is squeezing and relaxing
Term

 

 

 

Some Lovers Try Positions

That They Cant Handle

Definition
  • later to medial bottom row then top row
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, Pisiform
  • trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Term

 

 

 

Radiocarpal Wrist Joint

Definition
  • condyloid synovial joint
  • btw raidus and scaphoid, lunate, triquitreum
  • flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and cricumduction
Term

 

 

 

Thumb Carpometacarpal joint

Definition
  • saddle joint unlike normal plane joints of other carpometacarpal joints
  • highly mobile. allows for felxion-extension, abduction-adduction and circumduction
Term

 

 

 

Flexor Retinaculumn 

Definition
  • roof of carpal tunnel
  • attachs to pissiform and hamate  on one side and trapezium and scaphoid on other
  • median nerve and 9 tendons of flexor compartment run through
Term

 

 

 

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Definition
  • inflamation of tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel
  • puts pressure on median nerve
  • cutting of flexor retinaculumn can elivate pressure
  • median nerve does sensory for 3 and 1/2 lateral digits and innervates 2 and 1/2 thenar muscles and 2 lumbricals
Term

 

 

 

Thenar Group

Definition
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis 
  • opponens pollicis
  • all except for deep head of flexor pollicis brevis innervated by median nerve
Term

 

 

Hypothenar Group

Definition
  • act on 5th digit
  • inervated by ulnar nerve
  • abductor digit minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • opponens digiti minimi
Term

 

 

 

Adductor Pollicis 

Definition
  • transverse and oblique head
  • attaches to proximal phalanx of thumb 
  • invervated by ulnar nerve
  • most distal thumb muscle
Term

 

 

 

Lumbricals

(Hand)

Definition
  • four small worm like muscles on digit 2-5
  • attach to extensor expansion on digits
  • 1st two median nerve second two ulnar
  • flex at metacarpophalangeal joint and extend at interphalangeal joint
Term

 

 

 

Interossei

(Hand)

Definition
  • four dorsal abduct (DAB) fingers 
  • three palmar adduct (PAD) fingers
  • metacarpals to proximal phalanx
Term

 

 

Sensory Nerve suply of hand

red: ulnar blue:radial grey: median

Definition

[image]

         dorsal                                      palmar

Term

 

 

 

Nerve Assesment Hand

Motor

Definition
  • radial nerve: extend thumb to make thumbs up
  • median nerve flex thumb and index to make ok sign
  • unlar nerve: cross index and and ring to check interosi
Term

 

 

 

Gluteus Maximus

Definition

O: Ilium, Sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament

I: iliotibial tract and gluteal tubercle of femur

largest and heaviest muscle in body

A: extensor of thight (during runing and stair climbing, and lateral rotation

IN: inferior gluteal nerve (L5/S1-S2)

Term

 

 

Gluteus Medius and Minimus

Definition

O: posterior ilium

I: greater trochanter of femur

A:abduct hip and stabalize trunt during walking

IN:superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

collectivly known as lesser gluteals

Term

 

 

 

Piriformis

Definition

O: anterior surface of sacrum

I:greater trochanter of femur

A:laterally rotate, extend and abduct thigh

proprioceptive

IN:dedicated twigs of S1/S2 rami

pear shaped muscle in gluteal region

Term

 

 

 

Obturator Internus

Superior and inferior Gemelli

Definition

O: internal surface of obturator membrane (obt int.)

O: ischial spine and ischial tuberosity

I: common tendon to greater trochanter of femur

A: laterally rotate thigh

IN: obturator int, sup gemellus ( nerve to obturator internus)(l5,s1)

inferior gemellus (nerve to quadratus femoris (*L5, S1)

known collectivly as triceps coxae

Term

 

 

 

Quadratus Femoris

Definition
O:ischial tuberosity
I:intertorchanteric crest of femur
A:laterally rotates thigh
IN:NErve to quadratus femoris *(L5,S1)
Term

 

 

 

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Definition
O: Ant superior Iliac spine
I:tibial condyle via iliotibial tract
A:hip flexion with some medial rotation
IN:superior gluteal nerve
Term

 

 

Neurovasculature emerging

Superior to piriformis

Definition
  • superior gluteal nerve and artery
Term

 

 

Neurovasculature Emerging 

Inferior to piriformis

Definition
  • inferior gluteal nerve and artery
  • sciatic nerve (union of common fibial and tibial nerve)
  • posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • pudendal nerve, internala pudendal artery and vein 
Term

 

 

 

Piriformis Syndrome

Definition
  • overexertion or hypertrophy of piriformis can result in compression of sciactic nerve, causing pain in the buttock and posterior thigh and muscle weakness
  • stretching and anti-infamatories used as conservative treatment, surgery recomended as last resort
  • more come in 12% of people whose common fibular nerve pierces piriformis
Term

 

 

 

Varicose Veins

Definition
  • great and small saphenous veins
  • lower limb veins have valves that are shaped like cups that catch blood stopping back flow
  • varicose veins caused by valves becomeing lax allowing back flow and distal veins becoming engorged
  • often seen in pregnancy when enlarged utures compressed common iliac veins
Term

 

 

 

Deep vein thrombosis

Definition
  • formation of blood clot(thrombosis) in deep vein, often lower leg
  • caused by venous stagnation, often during elongated period of rest
  • can travel to heart and block pulmonary trunk
Term

 

 

 

Cloquet's Node

Definition
  • most superior of deep inguinal nodes or most inferior of external iliac nodes
  • sampled to test for metastisis traveling proximal from lower leg
  • lymphatic system
Term

 

 

 

Hip bone Avulsion Fractures

Definition
  • muscle tendon pulls away from attachment, removing bone in process
  • most common at illiac spines and ischial tuberosity
  • most common in teenage athletes due to loads upon secondary ossification sites before growth plates seal
Term

 

 

 

Hip Joint

Definition
  • head of femur into acetabulum
  • illiofemoral ligament(strongest in body)
  • pubofemoral and ischialfemoral ligaments
  • spiral course of ligaments allow for tightening and relaxation in every direction
  • ligamentum teres in femur(round ligament)
Term

 

 

 

Pectineus

Definition

O: Superior Pubic ramus

I: post femoral shaft below lesser trochanter

A: adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh

In: femoral nerve and possibly the obturator nerve

Term

 

 

 

Iliopsoas

Definition

formed by union of psoas major and iliacus musc

O: psoas major: centra and ventral transverse process of T12-L5 vert

Iliacus: iliac fossa on anterior ilium

I: combined tendon onto lesser trochanter of femur

A: primary and strongest thigh flexor

In:psoas major-lumbar ventral rami

illiacus: femoral nerve

Term

 

 

 

Sartorius

Definition

O: Anteior superior iliac spine 

I: pes anserinus, fan shaped tendor inf to medial tibial condyle (gracilus and semitendinosus also insert)

A: flex, abduct and medialy rotate thigh

flexes and medialy leg

In:femoral nerve

longest muscle in human body

Term

 

 

Quadriceps femoris

Definition

O:rectus femoris- ASIS and ilium Vasti nearly circumferentialy around shaft of femur

I:common quadriceps tendon to sup patella and then tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

A: extend the knee and flex thigh

In:Femoral nerve L2-L3

-only extensor of leg(largest and most powerful muscle in body)

-four muscles:rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius

 

Term

 

 

 

Articularis Genu

Definition
  • small derivative of V. intermedius of the quadricep muscle
  • inserts on the knee joint synovium
  • may be involved in stabilizing patella during knee extension
Term

 

 

Adductor Longus

Definition

O: body of pubis

I:linea aspera

A: adducts, medially rotates and flexes thigh

In:anterior division of obturator n(L2-L4)

most anterior of the add. muscles of the medial compartment

Term

 

 

 

Adductor Brevis

Definition

O: body and inferior ramus of pubis

I:linea aspera

A: adducts, medially rotates and flexes thigh 

In: anterior division of obsturator n(L2-L4)

-lies deep to both pectineus and adductor longus

Term

 

 

 

Gracilis

Definition

O: body and inferior ramus of pubis 

I: pes anserinus(inf to medial condyle of tibia)

A:adduct thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

In: anterior division of obturator n(L2-L3)

Term

 

 

 

Adductor Magnus

Definition

largest adductor and developmentally and func made up of two muscles

O: pubofemoral port.- inferior ramus of pubis

ischiocondylar(ham) ischial tuberosity

I:pubofemoral port.- gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera of femur

A: pubofemoral portion adducts and flexes thigh, hamstring adducts and extends thigh

In: pubofem.- post. div. of obturator and hamstri- tibial division of sciatic(L4)

adductor hiatus

Term

 

 

 

Obturator Externus

Definition

O: external surface of obturator membrane

I: trochanteric fossa of femur 

A:laterally rotates thigh and stabilizes femoral head

IN: posterior division of obturator nerve

Term

 

 

 

Semitendinosus

Definition

O: ischial tuberosity

I: pes anserinus

A: extends thigh and flexes leg

IN: Tibial division of sciatic n(L5-S2)

half its length made up of long, cord like tendon

Term

 

 

 

Semimembranosus

Definition

O: ischial tuberosity

I: posterior medial condyle of tibia

A: extends thigh and flexes leg

IN: tibial division of sciatic n (L5-S2)

named after broad flat tendon of proximal attachment

Term

 

 

 

Biceps femoris

Definition

O: long head- ischial tuberosity

short head- lenea aspera and lateral supracondylar rider of femur

I:lateral head of fibula(parallels path of common fibular nerve)

A: flexes leg, extends thigh(long head) medialy rotates knee if lexed and fixed

IN: long head tibial division of sciatic nerve

shorth head: common fibular nerve(only mus)

Term

 

 

 

Tibialis Anterior

Definition

 

I: attaches to medial side of foot

A: dorsiflexion of anke and invert foot 

IN: deep fibular nerve

most medial muscle in anterior compartment of leg

 

Term

 

 

 

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Definition

O: tibia and fibula 

I: middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5

A: extends digits 2-5 and dorsiflexion

IN: deep fibular nerve

Term

 

 

 

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Definition

O: fibula and interosseous membrane

I:base of 5th metatarsal

A:dorsiflexion and everting foot

IN: deep femoral nerve

Term

 

 

 

Fibularis Longus

Definition

O: fibula

I: deep through sole of foot to 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

A:everts foot and weakly plantarflexes

IN:superficial fibular nerve

Term

 

 

 

Fibularis Brevis

Definition

O: fibula 

I:base of 5th metatarsal

A:everts foot and weakly plantarflexes

IN:superficial fibular nerve

deeper and shorter then fibularis longus

Term

 

 

 

Gastrocnemius

Definition

O: distal femur

I:calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

medial and lateral heads

A:plantarflexion(extended knee) and raises heel in walking and flexes leg

IN:tibial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Soleus

Definition

O: tibia and fibula

I:calcaneal tendon

located deep to gastrocnemius

A: plantarflexor

IN: tibial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Plantaris

Definition

O: lateral epicondyle of femur

I: calcaneal canal

should be found on top of soleus but is insignificant and variable in each person

IN:tibial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Popliteus

Definition

O: lateral femoral condyle and meniscus

I: distally to proximal tibia

A: weakly flexes knee and medially rotates tibia

IN: tibial nerve

located in deep posterior compartment of leg

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Definition

O: fibual and interosseus membrane

I: base of distal phalanx of hallux(toe)

A: flexes hallux and weak plantarflexor

IN: tibial nerve

 

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Definition

O: tibia and fibula

I:base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

A:flexes digits 2-5 and plantarflexes ankle

IN: tibial nerve

Term

 

 

 

Tibialis posterior

Definition

O: tibia and fibula

I:distally to tarsals and metatarsals on sole of foot

A: plantarflexes and inverts foot 

IN: tibial nerve

Term

 

 

Abductor Hallucis

Definition

O: medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity 

I: medial side of proximal phalanx of the big to

A: abduction of big toe

IN:medial plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

(Leg)

Definition

O: medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity and deep surface of plantar fascia

I: middle phalanges of the lateral four toes

A: flexes digits 2-5

IN: medial plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Abductor Digiti Minimi

(Leg)

Definition

O: medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity

I: lateral side of proximal phalanx

A: abducts 5th digit

IN: lateral plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Quadratus plantae

Definition

O: calcaneal tuberosity deep to flexor digitorum brevis

I: tendons of flexor digitorum longus

A:alxo known as flexor accesorius due to ability to supplent the action of FDL

IN: lateral plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Lumbrical muscles 

(Leg)

Definition

O: tendons of flexor digitorum longus 

I:medial side of extensor expansions of lateral four toes

A: no idea

IN:1st lumbrical medial plantar and other lateral 3 lateral plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Flexor hallucis BRevis

Definition

O: plantar surface of medial cuneiform and adjacent tendons

I: two heads insert on sesamoids and proximal hallucial phalanx on either side of fhl

A:flexes big toe

IN:medial plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Adductor hallucis

Definition

O: base of metatarsals 2-4 for oblique and ligaments MTP joints 3-4 for transverse

I: lateral side of hallucial proximal phalanx

A: adducts hallucis

IN: lateral plantar nerve

Term

 

 

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

(Leg)

Definition

O: base of 5th metatarsal

I:inferolateral aspact of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

A:flexes 5th digit

IN:lateral plantar nerve

Term

 

 

 

Toe DAB and PAD

Definition
  • three plantar interosseous and four dorsal interosseus 
  • 2nd digit forms axis (has 2 dorsal on it)
Term

 

 

 

Extensor digitorum and Hallucis Brevis

Definition

O: lateral side of calcaneus near talar articular

I: long tendons to dorsal aspects of digits 1-4

A: extends digits

IN: deep fibular nerve

ehb is most medial belly of edb

Term

 

 

 

Femur

Definition
  • longest and heaviest bone in the body(25% of body weight)
  • articulates w/ tibia via femoral condyles
Term

 

 

 

Normal Adult human Neck-Shaft Angle

(NSA)

Definition
  • for femur -124-135degrees
  • less active urban populations tned to have higher angle and the older you get the lower the angle
  • coxa vara-NSA too small
  • Coxa velga-NSA to large
Term

 

 

 

Contents of Femoral Triangle

Definition
  • Nerve (Femoral nerve)
  • Artery (femoral artery)
  • Vein (femoral vien)
  • Lymphatics
Term

 

 

 

External Ligaments of Knee

Definition
  • tibial collateral ligament- weaker of two, medial femoral epicondyle to tibial medial shaft, midpoint fibers insert into medial meniscus
  • fibular lateral ligament-stronger of two on lateral side
Term

 

 

 

Internal Knee Ligaments

Definition
  • ACL runs from anterior intercondlye(tibia) to lateral femoral condyl 
  • limits hyperextension and weaker of two
  • PCL anterior intercondyle fossa(tibia) to emdial femoral condyle and limits hyperextension
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Ankle Ligament

Definition
  • anterior talofibular 
  • posterior talofiular
  • calcaneofibular
Term

 

 

 

Medial Ligament of Ankle

Definition
  • anterior and posterior tibiotalar
  • tibionavicualr and tibiocalcaneal
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