Term
| How does the diagnostic performance of the direct immunofuorsecence flow cytometry assay compared with the direct anti globulin test/coombs for diagnosing IMHA in dogs? |
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Definition
| More sensitive, less specific |
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Term
| What are four potential causes of false positive coombs test? |
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Definition
clotted sample (activates complement)
sample collected through lines used to administer dextrose sample run in cold temp (naturally occurring cold agglutinin ab)
hyper gamma globulinemia |
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Term
| What molecules are often blood group antigens? |
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Definition
| the carbohydrate components of membrane associated glycolipids and glycoproteins |
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Term
| What RBC alloantigens are soluble (produced by other tissues and adsorbed onto RBC from the plasma)? |
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Definition
DEA-7 (Tr) in dogs
J in cattle
R in sheep
A and O in pigs |
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Term
| In what circumstances is blood typing prior to mating a good idea? |
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Definition
Mares that have a had foals with NI
Queens in breeds of cats that have a higher prevalence of Type B blood
**blood type female and male to ensure they have the same blood types prior to mating, minimize the risk of NI |
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Term
| Describe the major vs. minor cross match |
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Definition
Major- donor RBC, recipient serum
Minor- donor serum, recipient RBC
*look for agglutination or hemolysis, the absence of either reaction doesn't indicate that the animals have the same blood type, rather, no preexisting antibodies are present and an acute transfusion reaction is highly unlikely. Delayed transfusion reaction could still occur. |
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Term
| What isotope is most common in antinuclear antibodies in dogs? |
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Definition
IgG
*antibodies are heterogeneous and may be direct against histone and nonhistone antigen components of the nucleus but NOT against double stranded DNA |
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Term
| What staining patterns are most consistent with SLE in dogs using the ANA IFA? |
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Definition
homogenous nuclear staining and positive chromosomal staining (in mitotic cells) are most consistent with SLE
**ANA may be present in some healthy dogs and cats, as well as those with a variety of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions (this are more likely to have speckled nuclear staining and no chromosomal staining however, compared to dogs with SLE) |
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Term
| What disorder in dogs may be associated with positive ANA in the absence of SLE? |
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Definition
| symmetrical lupoid onychodystophy and black hair follicular dysplasia in Gordon Setters |
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Term
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Definition
Leukocyte (usually a neutrophil) with a single large, reddish purple amorphous inclusion that nearly fills the cytoplasm, represents phagocytosed nuclear material that has been opsinized by ANA and complement
*can occasionally form in vitro in stored anti-coagulated blood, bone marrow, and joint fluid |
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Term
| What transfusion reactions are associated with Dal blood type in dogs? |
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Definition
| delayed reactions can occur when Dal negative dogs (i.e. many dalmations) receive transfusions from Dal positive dogs (most other breeds) |
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Term
| What transfusion reactions are associated with Mik blood type in cats? |
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Definition
acute hemolytic reactions can occur when Mik negative cats receive blood transfusions from Mik positive donors
*Mik ag has been identified in DSH. The antibodies are naturally occurring and can result in a transfusion reaction the first time a transfusion is administers (e.g. no sensitization required). |
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Term
| What are the most immunogenic alloantigens in horses? |
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Definition
Aa and Qa
*most likely to cause hemolytic transfusion reactions |
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Term
| What is the most immunogenic alloantigen in pigs? |
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Definition
Type A
*acute hemolytic reaction when Type A negative pigs are transfused with Type A positive blood. The antibodies are naturally occurring and can result in a transfusion reaction the first time a transfusion is administers (e.g. no sensitization required). |
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Term
| What alloantibodies are strongest in cats (A or B)? |
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Definition
Anti-A alloantibodies are very strong (Type B or AB cats given type A blood will have severe acute hemolytic reactions)
Anti-B alloantibodies are weaker (Type A or AB cat given type B blood don't typically have acute transfusion reactions, but the transfused blood has a shortened half life and is more rapidly removed by reticuloenothelial system) |
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Term
| Although Aa and Qa are the most common antigens associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals, what other blood group antigens can be associated with this disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What blood group antigen is most often associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis in pigs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the most common diseases associated with IMHA in cats? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What isotype of antibody is most commonly observed in canine IMHA and ITP? |
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Definition
IgG
*for IMHA: when there is intravascular hemolysis or agglutination IgM and/or complement are more likely to be involved |
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Term
| What assays are more sensitive for detecting anti-platelet antibodies (direct or indirect)? |
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Definition
Direct
**Most antiplatelet antibody is bound to platelets not free in serum so direct assays using an affected patient's platelets are more sensitive than indirect assays using a patient's serum. That being said platelets naturally have some immunoglobulin adored to their surface, and this can increase with increased sample storage time, so direct assays are prone to false positives. |
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Term
| In what species has neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia been reported? |
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Definition
horses, mules, pigs
**colostrum contains antibodies against neonates PLT |
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Term
| What three organ systems are most often affected in dogs with SLE? |
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Definition
kidney (glomerulonephritis)
Hematopoietic (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia)
Polyarthritis |
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Term
| In what dog breeds have SLE-related diseases been diagnosed? |
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Definition
Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers
German Shepherd
**SLE-related diseases are muskuloskeletal diseases with high ANA titers (although dogs with SLE may have musculoskeletal disease (e.g. polyarthritis, myositis) as well there also have at least one other of these major signs: glomerulonephritis, skin lesion, cytopenias of one or more lineage) |
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Term
| What test can be used to assess neutrophil oxidative burst function? |
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Definition
| nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test and chemiliminesence test |
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Term
| What types of infections are most common with B lymphocyte deficiencies? T lymphs? neutrophil defects? |
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Definition
B lymphs: bacterial infections
T lymphs: fungal, viral, protozoal infections
neutrophil defects: cutaneous and systemic infections with pyogenic bacteria |
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Term
| What gene is affected in Arabian foals and Jack russel terriers with severe combined immunodeficiency? |
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Definition
mutation in DNA-dependant protein kinase
**this gene is required for the gene rearrangement process that produces the lymphocyte (B and T) antigen receptors. Both inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. |
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Term
| What immunoglobulins are not detected in the blood of dogs with X-linked SCID? |
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Definition
IgG, IgA
X-linked SCID --> marked depletion of T lymphs and NK cells, normal to increased B lymphs. B lymphs need T lymphs to be able to undergo isotype switching so affected dogs (basset hound, welsh corgi) have plasma cells that can only produce IgM. |
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Term
| Mutations to which gene is associated with X-linked SCID in dogs (basset hound, Welsh Corgi)? |
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Definition
| Mutations of the common gamma-chain gene that encodes essential components of several interleukin receptors. |
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Term
| What what species has common variable immunodeficiency been reported? What is the hematologic and clinical phenotype of this disorder? |
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Definition
CVID has been reported in adults horses and dogs (Shar-pei), and young dachshunds *typically later onset in humans as well*
Associated with defects (unidentified) in B lymphocyte differentiation, maturation, and/or function --> reduced serum [immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and/or IGM)]. In horses and dogs there may also be abnormalities in T lymphocytes.
hemtologic phenotype: persistent lymphopenia, often neutrophilia
Clinical phenotype: small lymphoid organs, recurrent/multifocal infections |
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Term
| Describe the features of Fell pony syndrome? |
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Definition
recurrent infections in young Fell ponies
Markedly decreased B lymphs, low IgA, IgM +/- IgG
Lymphopenia and marked NNN anemia (with NM erythroid hypoplasia) |
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Term
| In what species has selective IgG deficiency been reported? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In what species has selective IgM deficiency been reported? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In what species has selective IgM deficiency been reported? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In what species has selective IgA deficiency been reported? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What immune deficiency is present in English bull terriers with lethal acrodermatitis? |
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Definition
T lymphocyte depletion
**impaired absorption and metabolism of zinc --> retarded growth, skin disease, diarrhea and pneumonia. Low serum [Zn], [Cu], but not responsive to exogenous supplementation. Typically fatal by 15 months. |
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Term
| What immuneficiency has been reported in Brittany spaniels? |
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Definition
C3 deficiency
**homozygous individuals have recurrent infections, effective humoral responses to T lymphocyte dependent AND independent antigens |
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Term
| What inherited immunodeficiencies have been reported in weimeraner dogs? |
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Definition
Immunodefficiency: IgG +/- IgM, IgA deficiencies (often also HOD)
T lymphocyte and growth hormone deficiency: normal B lymphocyte function and serum [immunoglobulin], concurrent growth abnormalities and recurrent infections |
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Term
| What is the clinical and hematologic outcome of FIV infection in cats? |
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Definition
typically asymptomatic for months to years --> develop severe chronic inflammatory or neoplastic dz
Associated with decreased numbers of CD4+T lymphs (lymphopenia) and neutropenia.
**SIV is similar in nonhuman primates |
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Term
| How does FeLV affect the immune system? |
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Definition
| FeLV is a potent immunosuppressive virus. Initially low of Th lymphs with progressive CD4+ lymph depletion, followed by panlymphocyte depletion (although affected individuals are not typically lymphopenia) |
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Term
| What viral agents are associated with secondary immune deficiencies of T and/or B lymphocytes? |
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Definition
Cats: FIV (T), FeLV (T 1st --> all lymphs)
Dogs: distemper
Horses: fetal equine herpes virus 1
Cows: BVD (calves) |
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