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H. Anat. Midterm
12/14/12
258
Anatomy
12th Grade
12/11/2012

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Term
anatomy
Definition
A term derived from two Greek words meaning “cutting up.”
Term
physiology
Definition
means the study of the function of living organisms and their parts
Term
pathology
Definition
the scientific study of disease
Term
chemical, cells, tissues, organs, systems
Definition
five levels of organization
Term
supine, prone
Definition
terms used to describe the body position when it is not in anatomical position
Term
transverse
Definition
cuts the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions
Term
frontal
Definition
cuts the body or any of its parts into front and back portions
Term
sagittal
Definition
cuts the body or any of its parts into left and right portions
Term
midsagitall
Definition
cuts the body into EQUAL left and right parts
Term
axial
Definition
body portion consisting of the head, neck, and torso
Term
appendicular
Definition
body portion consisting of upper and lower extremities
Term
dorsal and ventral
Definition
two major cavities of the body
Term
diaphragm
Definition
structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Term
Superior
Definition
Inferior: opposite
Term
Distal
Definition
Proximal: opposite
Term
Anterior
Definition
Posterior: opposite
Term
Lateral
Definition
Medial: opposite
Term
Deep
Definition
Superficial: opposite
Term
matter
Definition
anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
atoms`
Definition
molecules are made up of particles called ___
Term
protons
Definition
positively charged particles within the nucleus of an atom
Term
energy
Definition
electrons inhabit regions of an atom called _______
Term
compounds
Definition
substances with molecules having more than one kind of atom
Term
covalent bond
Definition
occurs when atoms share elctrons
Term
ion
Definition
the symbol K+ represents the potassium _____
Term
electrolyte
Definition
a compound that dissociates in water to form ions
Term
organic
Definition
molecules that have a carbon-carbon bond in them are classified as _______ compounds
Term
solvent
Definition
in saltwater, salt is the solute and water is the ______
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
When water is used to build up small molecules into larger molecules, we call the process __________
Term
acids
Definition
solutions that have an excess of hydrogen ions
Term
buffers
Definition
chemicals that maintain a stable pH in the blood
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
glycogen is a _____
Term
protein
Definition
collagen is a _____
Term
nucleic acid
Definition
RNA is a ____
Term
lipid
Definition
cholesterol is a _____
Term
salt
Definition
NaCl is a _____
Term
base
Definition
NaOH is a _____
Term
acid
Definition
HCl is a _____
Term
electrons are gained or lost
Definition
an ion is formed when...
Term
lipids
Definition
steroid hormones are ____
Term
acid
Definition
pH lower than 7 is a(n) ____
Term
phospholipid, cholesterol
Definition
two fat-based molecules that make up part of the structure of the plasma membrane
Term
organelles
Definition
a term that refers to small structures inside the cell, means "little organs"
Term
active transport
Definition
movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
refers to the movement of fluids or dissolved molecules into the cell by trapping them in the plasma membrane
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
disease caused by the inability of cells to transport Cl- ions
Term
translation
Definition
process in protein synthesis that uses the information in mRNA to build a protein molecule
Term
transcription
Definition
process in protein synthesis that forms the mRNA molecule
Term
gene
Definition
segment of base pairs in a chromosome
Term
genome
Definition
the total genetic information packaged in a cell
Term
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Definition
four types of tissue in the body
Term
passive transport
Definition
movement of substances across a cell membrane without using cell energy
Term
hemophilia
Definition
disease caused by an inherited mistake in the genetic code that prevents production of normal blood clotting proteins
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
an increase in cell size
Term
anaplasia
Definition
the production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells
Term
striated muscle tissue
Definition
tissue that is least likely to regenerate itself
Term
ribosome
Definition
"protein factories" in the cell, made of RNA
Term
endoplasmic
Definition
tubelike passages that carry substances throughout the cell
Term
golgi
Definition
chemically processes and packages substances from the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
mitochondria
Definition
"powerhouse" of the cell; most of the cell's ATP is formed here
Term
lysosomes
Definition
bags of digestive enzymes in the cell
Term
flagella
Definition
a long cell projection used to propel sperm cells
Term
cilia
Definition
short hairlike structures on the free surfaces of some cells
Term
nucleus
Definition
directs protein synthesis, contains DNA; the "brain" of the cell
Term
nucleolus
Definition
small structure in the nucleus that helps in the formation of ribosomes
Term
gastrointestinal tract
Definition
the primary organs of the digestive systems make up this long tube
Term
skeletal/striated
Definition
another name for voluntary muscle
Term
smooth/visceral
Definition
another name for involuntary muscle
Term
nerve impulses
Definition
the nervous system can generate special electrochemical signals called
Term
hair, nails, sense organs
Definition
appendages of the skin (3)
Term
thymus gland
Definition
part of both the lymphatic and endocrine systems
Term
urethra
Definition
part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system
Term
testes; ovaries
Definition
the gonads for the male reproductive system are the ______; for the female reproductive system ________.
Term
cartilage, ligaments
Definition
the skeletal system is composed of bone and these two related tissues: _____ & _____
Term
cochlear implant
Definition
an "artificial ear" used to improve hearing
Term
stem cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells taken from embryonic tissue or cord blood and can be used in "organ engineering"
Term
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, reproductive, respiratiory, digestive, urinary
Definition
11 body systems
Term
integumentary
Definition
protects underlying structures, has sensory receptors, and regulates body temperature
Term
skeletal
Definition
provides a rigid framework for the body and stores minerals
Term
muscular
Definition
provides movement, body posture, and heat
Term
nervous
Definition
uses electrochemical signals to integrate and control body functions
Term
endocrine
Definition
uses hormones to regulate body functions
Term
cardiovascular
Definition
responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the body to another
Term
lymphatic
Definition
transports fatty nutrients for the digestive system into the blood
Term
respiratory
Definition
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide and helps regulate acid-base balance
Term
digestive
Definition
causes physical and chemical changes in nutrients so they can be absorbed into the blood
Term
urinary
Definition
cleans the blood of metabolic waste and regulates water and electrolyte balance
Term
reproductive
Definition
ensures the survival of the species rather than the individual
Term
signs
Definition
objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured
Term
symptoms
Definition
subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient
Term
idiopathic
Definition
a disease with an undetermined cause
Term
pandemic
Definition
affects a larger geographical location than does an epidemic
Term
vaccine
Definition
an attenuated pathogen given to a person to stimulate immunity
Term
malignant
Definition
tumor that tends to spread to other regions of the body
Term
metastasis
Definition
process by which cancer cells are spread by lymphatic or blood vessels
Term
sarcomas
Definition
malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue
Term
carcinomas
Definition
malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissue
Term
mutagen
Definition
cause of cancer that damages or changes DNA structure
Term
redness, heat, swelling, pain
Definition
four primary signs of inflammation
Term
virus
Definition
intercellular parasites made up of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protein coat
Term
fungus
Definition
causes mycotic infections
Term
nematodes
Definition
roundworms
Term
bacteria
Definition
can be gram-positive or gram-negative
Term
protozoa
Definition
causes malaria
Term
arthropods
Definition
vector for Lyme disease
Term
virus
Definition
insert their genetic code into the host's genetic code
Term
protozoa
Definition
one-celled organism with a nucleus; can be a ciliate
Term
fungus
Definition
similar to plants but with no chlorophyll
Term
arthropods
Definition
mites, lice, and fleas
Term
bacteria
Definition
tiny primitive cells without nuclei; can be rod shaped
Term
platyhelminths
Definition
flatworms and flukes
Term
bacteria
Definition
can be bacilli or cocci shaped
Term
stratum corneum, stratum germinativum
Definition
the two main layers of the epidermis
Term
keratin
Definition
as new skin cells approach the surface of the skin, their cytoplasm is replaced by this unique waterproof protein
Term
dermal papillae
Definition
the upper region of the dermis forms projections called _____ that form unique fingerprints
Term
eccrine
Definition
sweat glands found all over the body that produce a transparent, watery liquid
Term
sebum
Definition
sebaceuous glands secrete an oil called
Term
burns
Definition
the "rule of nines" is used in the treatment and prognosis of _____
Term
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
the most common type of skin cancer is ____
Term
acne
Definition
results from a fivefold increase in sebum secretions, usually occurs during adolescence
Term
free nerve endings
Definition
receptors in the skin that respond to pain
Term
meissner's corpuscles
Definition
the receptors in the skin that respond to light touch
Term
furuncle
Definition
another name for a skin boil
Term
melanoma
Definition
skin cancer that can develop from a mole; the most serious form of skin cancer
Term
kaposi sarcoma
Definition
a rare skin cancer that usually develops in AIDS patients
Term
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, Kaposi Sarcoma
Definition
four types of skin cancer
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
thin layer of cartilage on the end of bones where they form joints
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
the hollow area in the shaft of a long bone where marrow is stored
Term
trabeculae
Definition
the needle-like threads of spongy bones
Term
haversian system
Definition
structural units of compound bones are called either osteons or ____
Term
lacunae
Definition
osteocytes and chondrocytes live in small spaces in the matrix called _____
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
bone-resorbing cells
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone-forming cells
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
the process of forming bone from cartilage
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
bone growth can continue if this remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Term
axial; appendicular
Definition
the two major divisions of the human skeleton
Term
synarthroses; aphiarthroses; diarthroses
Definition
three types of joints
Term
ligaments
Definition
cords/bands made of strong connective tissue that hold bones together
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal side-to-side curvature of the vertebral column
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
the skeletal disorder characterized by excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagen fibers
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
microbial infection of the bone
Term
compound or open
Definition
fracture that invites the possibility of infection because the skin is pierced
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
degenerative joint disease that involves wearing away of articular cartilage
Term
periosteum
Definition
strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone except for the joint
Term
endosteum
Definition
fibrous lining of the hollow cavity in the long bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the shaft of a long bone
Term
chondrosarcoma
Definition
cancer of the cartilage
Term
gouty arthritis
Definition
inflammatory joint disease that is caused by an increase of uric acid
Term
muscle fiber
Definition
another name for muscle cell
Term
heart
Definition
cardiac muscle makes up the bulk of the tissue of the _____
Term
insertion
Definition
the muscle attachment to the more movable bone
Term
origin
Definition
the muscle attachment to the more stationary bone
Term
actin
Definition
protein that makes up the thin myofilament
Term
myosin
Definition
the protein that makes up the thick myofilament
Term
sarcomere
Definition
the basic functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle
Term
movement, posture, heat production
Definition
three functions of the muscular system
Term
ATP
Definition
the molecule that supplies energy for muscle contraction
Term
lactic acid
Definition
waste product produced when the muscle must switch to an energy supplying process that does not require oxygen
Term
motor unit
Definition
a single motor neuron with all the muscle cells it innervates
Term
threshold stimulus
Definition
minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle to contract
Term
isotonic
Definition
type of muscle contraction that produces movement in a joint allows the muscle to shorten
Term
isometric
Definition
type of muscle contraction that does not produce movement and does not allow the muscle to shorten but increases muscle tension
Term
abduction
Definition
a term that describes movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
Term
extension
Definition
term used to describe the movement that is opposite flexion
Term
supination
Definition
describes the hand position when the body is in anatomical position
Term
strain
Definition
excessive stretching or tearing of muscle fibers
Term
fibromyositis
Definition
inflammation of muscle and tendon
Term
poliomyelitis
Definition
a viral infection of motor nerves that may progress to life-threatening paralysis of the respiratory muscles
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
a group of muscle disorders characterized by muscular atrophy and that often progresses to death before age 21
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
autoimmune muscle disease characterized by weakness and chronic fatigue
Term
voluntary muscle
Definition
skeletal muscle can also be called
Term
visceral
Definition
smooth muscle can also be called
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
name of the nervous system division that includes the nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
Term
central nervous system
Definition
the name of the nervous system division that includes the brain and spinal cord
Term
nerve
Definition
a group of peripheral axons bundled together in an epineurium is called
Term
nervous; glia
Definition
the two types of cells found in the nervous system
Term
reflex arc
Definition
the knee jerk is a type of neural pathway
Term
nerve impulse
Definition
self-propogating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neurons plasma membrane
Term
positive; negative
Definition
the exterior of the resting neuron has a slight ______ charge, whereas the interior has a slight _____ charge
Term
sodium
Definition
this ion rushes into the neuron during a nerve impulse
Term
synapse
Definition
place where impulses are passed from one neuron to another
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemicals used by neurons to communicate (ex. dopamine, acetylcholine)
Term
dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater
Definition
three membranes that make up the meninges
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates effectors during non-stress conditions
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
the part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates effectors during the "fight-or-flight" response
Term
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular epithelium
Definition
the autonomic nervous system consists of neurons that conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to these three types of tissue
Term
dendrite
Definition
highly branched part of the neuron, carries impulses toward the cell body
Term
axon
Definition
a single projection that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Term
myelin
Definition
white, fatty substance that surrounds, insulates the axon
Term
schwann cells
Definition
cells that make myelin for axons outside the CNS
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
part of the brainstem that contains cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers
Term
pons
Definition
part of the brainstem that is a conduction pathway between the brain and body; influences respiration
Term
midbrain
Definition
part of the brainstem that contains relays for visual and auditory impulses
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
regulates body temperature, water balance, sleep-wake cycle, and sexual arousal
Term
thalamus
Definition
sensory relay station from various body areas to the cerebral cortex; also involved with emotion and alerting and arousal mechanisms
Term
cerebellum
Definition
regulates muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium, and posture
Term
cerebrum
Definition
sensor perception, willed movements, consciousness, and memory are mediated here
Term
spinal cord
Definition
carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body; also mediates reflexes
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
disorder caused by the loss of myelin
Term
neuroma
Definition
general term for a tumor in the nervous system
Term
parkinson disease
Definition
disease characterized by an abnormally low level of dopamine
Term
CVA
Definition
cessation of blood flow to the brain; a stroke
Term
dementia
Definition
syndrome that includes memory loss, short attention span, and reduced intellectual capactiy
Term
epilepsy
Definition
recurring or chronic seizure disorder
Term
meningitis
Definition
infection/inflammation of the meninges
Term
bell's palsy
Definition
compression or degeneration of the seventh cranial nerve
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
the specific mechanoreceptor for hearing
Term
taste
Definition
the gustatory cells are involved with the sense
Term
sweet, sour, bitter, salty
Definition
the four primary taste sensations that result from the stimulation of the taste buds
Term
papillae
Definition
taste buds can be found on much larger structures on the tongue called
Term
olfactory receptors
Definition
the chemoreceptors responsible for the sense of smell
Term
sclera
Definition
the tough, white outer layer of the eye
Term
cornea
Definition
the transparent part of the sclera, the window of the eye
Term
iris
Definition
the colored part of the front of the eye
Term
pupil
Definition
the hole in the eye, lets light in
Term
lacrimal
Definition
tears are formed in this gland
Term
lens
Definition
the ciliary muscles pull on this to help the eye focus
Term
rods
Definition
these are the receptors for night vision or dim light
Term
cones
Definition
the receptors for red, blue, and green color vision
Term
choroid coat
Definition
the dark pigmented middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of incoming light
Term
vitreous
Definition
thick jelly-like fluid or humor of the eye
Term
aqueous
Definition
the thin, watery humor of the eye
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
another term for eardrum
Term
ossicles
Definition
the collective name for the incus, malleus, and stapes
Term
auditory tube
Definition
the tube connecting the middle ear and the throat
Term
perilymph
Definition
the watery fluid that fills the bony labyrinth
Term
endolymph
Definition
the thick fluid in the membranous labyrinth
Term
cochlea
Definition
the snail-shaped structure in the inner ear
Term
organ of corti
Definition
the organ of hearing
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness caused by the elongation of the eyeball
Term
astigmatism
Definition
distortion of the image in the eye caused by irregularities of the cornea or lens
Term
conjunctivitis
Definition
an inflammation of the conjunctiva, "pink eye"
Term
strabismus
Definition
an improper alignment of the eyes, can converge (cross)
Term
diabetic retinopathy
Definition
damage to the retina caused by hemorrhage and abnormal vessel growth
Term
glaucoma
Definition
caused by increased fluid pressure in the eye
Term
age-related macular degeneration
Definition
progressive degeneration of the central part of the retina
Term
color blindness
Definition
an X-linked genetic condition in which colors are not seen properly
Term
otitis media
Definition
an infection of the middle ear
Term
Meniere's Disease
Definition
chronic inner ear disorder of unknown cause, characterized by tinnitus, deafness, and vertigo
Term
IPMAT (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Definition
5 stages of mitosis
Term
interphase
Definition
not an active phase of mitosis
Term
interphase
Definition
time between cell division
Term
interphase
Definition
# of chromosomes and organelles doubles
Term
prophase
Definition
1st active phase of mitosis
Term
prophase
Definition
nucleoli, nuclear membrane disappear in this stage of mitosis
Term
prophase
Definition
centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus in this stage of mitosis
Term
prophase
Definition
spindle fibers develop and become visible in this stage of mitosis
Term
prophase
Definition
chromatin (unstructured chromosomes) develops into visible chromosomes in this stage of mitosis
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes align on an equatorial plane in this stage of mitosis
Term
anaphase
Definition
chromosomes split and begin to move to opposite poles in this stage of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
last active phase of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
chromosomes reach opposite poles and revert back into chromatin in this stage of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
spindle fibers disappear in this stage of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
nucleoli reappear in this stage of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
cytokenesis occurs in this stage of mitosis
Term
positive feedback
Definition
amplify changes rather than reverse them
Term
negative feedback
Definition
oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition
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