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Gross Anatomy Unit 1
MS1 - Back, Suboccipital, Upper Limb
390
Anatomy
Professional
08/15/2013

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Term
# of cranial nerve pairs
Definition
12, originate from brian
Term
# of regional spinal nerves
Definition
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Term
# of spinal nerve pairs
Definition
31, originate from spinal cord
Term
1st portion axillary artery
Definition
lateral 1st rib to medial border p. minor
1 branch - superior thoracic a.
Term
2nd portion axillary artery
Definition
midial border p. minor to lateral border p. minor
2 branches -> thoracoacromial a., lateral thoracic a.
Term
3rd portion axillary artery
Definition
lateral border p. minor to inferior border teres major
3 branches -> anterior and posterior humeral circumflex a.s, subscapular a.
Term
CT ligaments of breast
Definition
suspensory or Cooper's ligaments, support breasts, more are the supeior portion (work against gravity), run from superficial fascia to skin, stringy fibers
Term
DPR
Definition
dorsal primary rami; smaller diameter; passes posteriorly; innervates deep back muscles; receives signals for smaller patches of dorsal skin
Term
Erb's Palsy (Erb-Duchenne Palsy)
(cause and appearance)
Definition
cause: injury to superior BP, C5,6 damage
appearance: arm medially rotated, adducted shoulder, extended elbow, flexion at wrist
Term
FOOSH fracture
Definition
fall on outstretched hand, fracture surgical neck of humerus, could damage axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex a.
Term
GH joint capsule boundaries
Definition
proximal: labrum on glenoid cavity
distal: anatomic neck of humerus
Term
IV foramen
Definition
created by the connection of vertebral notches an articular processes, spinal nerves exit here
Term
Klumpke's Paralysis
(cause and appearance)
Definition
cause: hyperabduction of shoulder
appearance: claw hand
Term
S2-S4 lateral horns
Definition
cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic nerves
Term
T1-L2 lateral horns
Definition
cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic nerves
Term
VPR
Definition
ventral primary rami; larger diameter, passes anteriorly; supplies skeletal m. in trunk and upper limbs; receives signals from larger strips of lateral and anterior skin
Term
abduction
Definition
motion away from body
Term
abnormal cervical rib condition
(signs and symptoms)
Definition
vascular: cool skin, weak/no pulse, white/pale skin
nervous: paresthesia, pain
Term
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
Definition
between acromion and lateral clavicle
shoulder separation joint
Term
acromioclavicular ligament
Definition
bridges of GH joint, resists upward displacement of humerus,
Term
acromion
Definition
tip of shoulder, follow spine of scapula to flat tip area
Term
adduction
Definition
motion toward body
Term
ala
Definition
extend from sacrum base laterally, articulate with ilium this joint is how weight is transferred from spine to lower limbs; wing-like
Term
anatomical neck
Definition
narrowing of bone between head and tuberosities of humerus, distal attachment for fibrous capsule of GH joint
Term
anatomical position
Definition
erect, facing forward, palms forward facing; reference point for all movement and positions
Term
anterior axillary fold
Definition
(anterior border of axilla)
pec. major and minor
Term
anterior compartment of arm nerve
Definition
musculocunataneous
Term
anterior compartment of forearm nerve

** needs work
Definition
median
*except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of FDP
Term
anterior humeral circumflex a
Definition
branch of 3rd portion of axillary a, smaller of h.c. branches, passes ant. to surgical neck, joins with posterior h.c. to provide collateral supply
Term
anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
Definition
attaches to and covers the anterior bodies of the vertebrae; broad and strong; extends from base of skull to sacrum; serves as splin to align iv discs and vertebrae
Term
anterior sacral foramina
Definition
para-sagittal openings in the sacrum, sacral ventral primary rami exit here
Term
anterior tubercle (of vertebra)
Definition
rib homolog in the typical cervical vertebrae (potential to develop into cervical rib)
Term
anterior/ventral
Definition
toward front of body
Term
apex of sacrum
Definition
inferior end of sacrum; connects with coccyx
Term
apical nodes
Definition
just lateral of 1st rib, part of axillary lymph node group, collects from breast and central nodes
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
just deep to dura, spider-webby, thin, delicate tissue; held loosely to inner surface of dura witht he pressure of subarachnoid space
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
type of cartilage in synovial and synchondrosis joints; adapted for load bearing; devoid of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Term
atlanto-occipital joint
Definition
condylar synovial joint between superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles
flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the head
Term
atlantoaxial joint
Definition
synovial joint between artciular faces of the atlas and axis, and the pivot joint between dens and anterior arch of atlas
rotation of the atlas and head as a unit
Term
atlas
Definition
C1, ring of bone
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
regulates body's internal environment, parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
Term
avulsion
Definition
chip of bone (vertebra) that detaches with ALL during trauma
Term
axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
axilla apex boundary
Definition
1st rib, clavicle, superior border of scapula
Term
axillary artery (begin and end)
Definition
continuation of subclavian a.
begins: lateral 1st rib
ends: inferior border of teres major
Term
axillary lymph node group
Definition
drains 75% of lymph from breast region, consists of apical nodes, central nodes, pectoral nodes, subscapular nodes, and brachial nodes
Term
axillary n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
a terminal branch of posterior cord, innervates deltoid and teres minor, contains C5,6 fibers
Term
axillary sheath contents
Definition
axillary artery, axillary vein, brachial plexus, lymph and nodes, fat
Term
axillary v.
Definition
deep vein of arm, near-ish axillary a.
Term
axis
Definition
C2
Term
axon
Definition
long slender projection of neuron that delivers signal to target tissue (away from cell body)
Term
base of sacrum
Definition
superior end of sacrum; has facets that articulate with L5 vertebra
Term
basilic v.
Definition
superficial vein of arm, more medial, dumps into axillary v.
Term
biceps brachii
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: long -> supraglenoid tubercle, short -> coracoid process
insert: radial tuberosity
nerve: musculocutaneous
action: weak flexor
Term
brachial (lateral) nodes
Definition
part of axillary lymph node group, drains to central nodes
Term
brachial a.
Definition
continuation of axillary a.
begins: inferior border of teres major
ends: cubital fossa (bifurcates)
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
forms in neck -> axilla -> arm -> forearm -> hand
orgiinates in lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (nerves C5-8, T1)
sensory and motor fibers
Term
breast
Definition
derivative of epidermis, modified sweat gland, lots of fat, accessory organ to reproduction in females
Term
cancerous (maybe) lymph node characteristics
Definition
swollen, hard, fixed in place, not tendor
Term
capsular ligaments
Definition
reinforce joint capsule in synovial joints, made of connective tissue
Term
cartilaginous joints
Definition
cartilage between skeletal elements: synchondrosis and symphysis; slight movement permitted
Term
cauda equine
Definition
nerve roots extending from end of cord to exit sacral formaina
Term
caudal/inferior
Definition
closer to souls of the feet
Term
cell body
Definition
part of the neuron containing the nucleus
Term
central nodes
Definition
just deep to p. minor, part of axillary lymph node group, drains to apical nodes, collects from breast and pectoral, subscapular and brachial nodes
Term
central process of sensory neuron
Definition
transmit sensory impulses to the CNS; SHORT; enters into dorsal horn of SC
Term
cephalic v.
Definition
superficial vein of arm, found in the deltopectoral groove, dumps into axillary v.
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
fluid that fills the subarachnoid space
Term
cervical rib
Definition
elongation from anterior tubercle
Term
circumflex scapular a
Definition
branch of subscap a (branch of 3rd portion), dives toward scapula descends to inferior angle
Term
cisterna chyli
Definition
thin-walled sace at inferior of thoracic duct; convergence point for majority of lower trunk and limb lymph vessels
Term
clavicle
Definition
strut-like bone, attaches to scapula at superior angle
Term
coccygeal ligament
Definition
aka filumn terminale externum, extension of pia mater that exits the dura sac at S2, stabilizes spinal cord and attaches to posterior coccyx
Term
coccyx
Definition
tail bone
Term
complete transection of motor nerve
Definition
paralysis, leads to rapid atrophy
Term
complete transection of sensory nerve
Definition
permanent numbness
Term
connective tissue of breast
Definition
CT ligaments and fat
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
conical end of spinal cord, occurs at L1 or L2 in adult, occurs at L3 in child/newborn
Term
coracoacromial ligament
Definition
"weak", reinforces AC joints
Term
coracoclavicular ligament
Definition
"strong", suspends scapula and upper limb to clavicle, provides principle integrity and stability to AC joint, may be torn in severe shoulder separations, (does have two parts, don't need to know names)
Term
coracoid process
Definition
crow's beak like projection on anterior of scapula
Term
cornu [cornua(plural)]
Definition
horn-like projections at inferior end of sacrum, guide to identify the sacral hiatus
Term
coronal/frontal plane
Definition
divides into anterior and posterior sections
Term
costal facet
Definition
associated with transverse process of typical thoracic vertebrae, site of attachment for rib costal tubercle
Term
cranial 11/spinal accessory nerve
Definition
nerve found deep of trapezius, motor to trap muscle
Term
cranial/superior
Definition
closer to head
Term
crepitus
Definition
"grating" noise with joint movement, esp. knee
Term
deep
Definition
further from surface or further into body
Term
deep fascia
Definition
dense connective tissue, encloses muscle, very thin, like cellophane wrapping, white-ish glistening appearance
Term
deltoid
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: lateral clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
insert: deltoid tubercle on humerus
nerve:
action: ant. -> flex shoulder, post. -> extend shoulder, central -> poserful abduction (15-90)
Term
deltoid tuberosity
Definition
small bump on lateral aspect of midshaft humerus, distal attachment point for deltoid
Term
dendrites
Definition
tree-like stuctures on the neuron that receive signals; conduct impulses toward cell body
Term
dens
Definition
aka odontoid process, serves as body of C1, held in place by transverse ligament of atlas
Term
denticulate ligaments
Definition
serrated, white glistening longitudinous projections of the pia mater; separate dorsal and ventral roots; serve as "spot welds" on surface of dura to stabilized and protect cord
Term
dermatoma
Definition
type of somite cell; future dermis
Term
dermatome
Definition
area of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
Term
diarthroses
Definition
synovial joint, free movement; i.e. shoulder, elbow, knee, ankle, hip
Term
distal
Definition
further from reference point or body
Term
divisions of trunks
(as part of BP)
Definition
anterior and posterior divisions from each BP trunk; certain ones join to form the three cords
Term
dorsal horn
Definition
sensory nerves, both somatic and visceral; entrance zone of central processes of sensory neurons
Term
dorsal primary rami (DPR)
Definition
smaller, originate formthe spinal nerve, passes around posterior aspects of the vertebrae to supply deep back muscles segmentally
Term
dorsal root
Definition
comes off the dorsal surface of spinal cord; sensory nerves
Term
dorsal root ganglion
Definition
at distal end of dorsal root, a swelling
Term
dorsal root ganglion
Definition
somatic and visceral nerve cell bodies
Term
dorsal scapular n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches from C5 root, innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae, contains only C5 fibers
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
stand on heels, bring toes to shin
Term
dura mater
Definition
outer surface, tough mother, thickest and toughest meninge
Term
ectoderm (precursor to what tissues)
Definition
gives rise to nervous system, epidermis of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Term
endoderm (precursor to what tissues)
Definition
gives rise to epithelial lining fo respiratory, GU and GI systems
Term
epidural/extradural fat
Definition
outside of dura but inside spinal canal
Term
erector spinae group
Definition
principal muscle in extesion of spine, deep to lat dorsi, three columns, not one single muscle but made of overlapping components
Term
extension
Definition
increase angle of joint, bring back to anatomical position
Term
external occipital protuberance
Definition
inferior aspect of the posterior skull, nub on the bone
Term
exterorecptor
Definition
type of peripheral process for sensory neuron; mediate gneral sensations of pain, touch, temperature, pressure; (somatic afferent)
Term
facet joint
Definition
synovial joint of vertebral column between superior and inferior articular processes and notches; aka zygoapophyseal joints
Term
facets of sacrum
Definition
part of base of sacrum that articulate with L5 vertebra
Term
fibrous joint capsule
Definition
enclose the end of bones in synovial joint
Term
fibrous joints
Definition
dense fibrous connective tissue between skeletal elements; i.e. sutures of skull and syndemoses; little to no movement permitted
Term
filum terminale externum
Definition
extension of pia mater, the portion that exits the dural sac at S2, aka coccygeal ligament, attaches to coccyx
Term
filum terminale internum
Definition
midline structure that is surrounded by nerve roots, an extension of the pia mater that attaches to coccyx after exiting sacrum; stabilizes cord
Term
flexion
Definition
reduce angle of joint, bend
Term
floor of bicipital groove
Definition
attachment for lat. dorsi
Term
ganglion
Definition
collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS
Term
glandular tissue of breast
Definition
secretes milk, contains lactiferous glands
Term
glenohumeral (GH) joint
Definition
ball and socket synovial joint
more mobility, but less stability
dislocated shoulder joint
head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
Term
glenoid cavity
Definition
shallow, coverted in articular cartilages, articulates with head of humerus, considered lateral angle of scapula
Term
gray matter of SC
Definition
cell bodies of neurons; butterfly or "H" shape in the center of spinal cord; contains different "horns"
Term
greater occipital nerve
Definition
wraps around inferior margin of the inferior oblique and up to back of scalp
DPR of C2
principle nerve supply to the posterior portion of the scalp
Term
greater tuberosity
Definition
bump on proximal end of humerus, contains 3 facets for m. attachment
Term
hand (palmar and dorsal)

**needs work
Definition
ulnar
*except thenar group and 1/2 lumbricals
Term
head of humerus
Definition
semi-spherical, covered by cartilage, articulates with glenoid cavity
Term
iliocostalis
Definition
most lateral portion of erector spinae group
origin: iliac
insert: angles of ribs
Term
infected lymph node characteristics
Definition
swollen, soft, tender to touch
Term
inferior angle of the scapula
Definition
inferior point of scapula
Term
inferior demifacet
Definition
smaller, on posterior portion of body of typical thoracic vertebra, site of rib attachment
Term
inferior facet of greater tuberosity
Definition
attachment for teres minor
Term
inferior trunk
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by C8 and T1 roots
Term
inferior/superior vertebral notch
Definition
on the edges of the pedicles, (posterior side of body), the open between these notches on adjacent vertebrae are the iv foramina
Term
infraglenoid tubercle
Definition
rough projection of scapula below the glenoid cavity
Term
infraspinatus
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: infraspinous fossa
insert: middle facet of greater tuberosity
nerve: surprascapular
action: strong lateral rotator
Term
infraspinous fossa
Definition
depression on posterior surface inferior to scapular spine, filled by infraspinatus, teres minor, and teres major
Term
intercostal nerve
Definition
nerves between the ribs, branch of the VPR
Term
intermuscular septa
Definition
arises from deep fascia, attaches to bone, separates upper limb into discrete compartments
Term
internal vertebral venous plexus
Definition
within extradural fat, is a network of veins
Term
interoreceptor
Definition
type of peripheral process end of sensory neuron; within internal organs and convey sensory information, i.e. ischemia, constriction, dilation; (visceral afferent)
Term
interspinous ligament
Definition
connects spinous processes anteriorly, between each adjacent vertebrae
Term
intertubercular sulcus
Definition
sulcus = groove, aka bicipital groove (lateral lip, meidal lip, and floor)
Term
intervertebral discs
Definition
live between bodies of vertebrae; 1st is between C2 and C3, last is between L5 and sacrum; add about 25% to overall VC length
Term
intervertebral symphysis
Definition
iv disc interpsoed between adjacent vertebra; joint of the vertebral column
Term
iv disc herniation
Definition
breach in anulus fibrosis causes oozing of the nucleus pulposus out into the iv foramen; can cause pressure on spinal chord
Term
joints of Luschka's
Definition
joints formed by uncinated process and inferior border of adjacent typical cervical vertebrae
Term
joints of upper limb/arm/shoulder
Definition
sternoclavicular, acromicoclavicular, glenohumeral
Term
kyphosis
Definition
exaggerated curavture of thoracic curve
Term
labrum
Definition
lip of fibrocartilage that attaches to the edges of the glenoid cavity, gives more depth to the cavity, fibrous joint capsule of GH joint attaches to it
Term
lactiferous ducts
Definition
arise from mammary lobes, merge together to form lactiferous sinuses, transmit milk from lobes to nipples
Term
lactiferous glands
Definition
made of mammary lobes
Term
lactiferous sinuses
Definition
merging of lactiferous ducts, stores the milk, exit through the nipple
Term
lamina
Definition
flat, thin plate on vertebra; pair combines posteriorly to form spinous process, connect spinous to transverse processes
Term
lateral
Definition
further away from the midline
Term
lateral (axillary) border of scapula
Definition
border or side of triangle near axilla
Term
lateral boundary of axilla
Definition
humerus
Term
lateral cord
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by anterior divisions fo superior and middle trunks, contain C5,6,7 fibers, gives off lateral pectoral branch
Term
lateral cord terminal branches
(as part of BP)
Definition
musculocutaneous, lateral contribution to median n.
Term
lateral cutaneous branch
Definition
goes out to the skin and branches further; is a branch of the VPR
Term
lateral horn
Definition
gray matter, preganglionic autonomic cell bodies; T1-L2 = sympathetic, S2-S4 parasympathetic; only located in these two regions
Term
lateral lip of bicipital groove
Definition
follow greater tuberosity inferior to a little ridge, attachment of pec major
Term
lateral masses
Definition
contains transverse processes, transverse foramen, upper and lower articular processes for the atlas (C1)
Term
lateral pectoral branch
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of lateral cord, innervates pec major, C5, 6, and 7 fibers
Term
lateral thoracic a
Definition
branche from 2nd portion axillary a, most variable in origin, descend lateral border of p. minor, supplies serratus anterior and lateral thoracic wall
Term
lateral/external rotation
Definition
anterior moved to face lateral
Term
latissimus dorsi
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: lower 6 T, all L, thoracolumar fascia
insert: floor of bicipital groove
nerve: thoracodorsal
action: extend, adduct, medial rotate
Term
latissimus dorsi
(as superficial back muscle)
Definition
latissimus refers to broad, thoracolumbar fascia attaches lat. dorsi to the lower vertebrae
origin: spinous processes T7-T12, L1-L5, posterior sacrum, iliac crest
insert: proximal humerus
Term
layers passed in lumbar puncture
Definition
skin, superficial fascia, thoracolumbar fascia, intrspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, extradural fat, dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space --> CSF
Term
levator scapulae
Definition
origin: transverse processes C1-C4
insert: superior angle of scapula
just deep: dorsal scapular nerve, art, vein
Term
levator scapulae movements in scapulothoracic joint
Definition
elevates scapula, downward rotation
Term
ligamentum flavum
Definition
connects anterior surface of laminae of the vertebrae, lines the intervertebral foramen; yellow-ish elastic type of connective tissue
Term
ligamentum nuchae
Definition
midline, shelf-like structure; made of connective tissue; serves as attachment for muscles; posterior to cervical vertebrae and connects the spinous processes of the 7
Term
list of bones of upper limb
Definition
sternum, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phlanges
Term
long thoracic n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by branches from C5-8 nerve roots, innervates serratus anterior, travels with lateral thoracic artery, contains fibers from C5-8
Term
longissimus
Definition
the middle column of the erector spinae group; not most medial and not most lateral
Term
lordosis
Definition
exaggerated curvature of lumbar or cervical curves
Term
lower scapular n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of posterior cord, innervate subscapularis and teres major
Term
lumbar puncture
Definition
needle between L3/L4 or L4/L5, L4 is along plane connecting iliac crests; used to rule in/out infections/conditions of spinal cord or to inject dye/drugs to spinal cord
Term
lymph
Definition
typically clear and watery, can include foreign particles and malignant cells
Term
lymphatics
Definition
part of circulatory system, plays role in CA metastasis, functions to: drain excess ECF, mounts immune response, transports fat and large proteins
Term
lymphedema
Definition
accumulation of interstitial fluid as a result of improper lymph drainage (due to node removal or other source)
Term
m. in depression of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
trapezius (ascending)
Term
m. in downward roation of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
"brings lateral scap angle down"
rhomboids, levator scapulae
Term
m. in elevation of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
trapezius (descending), levator scapulae
Term
m. in protraction of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
"moving foward, reaching"
serratus anterior
Term
m. in retraction of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
"squaring shoulders"
trapezius (transverse), rhomboids
Term
m. in upward rotation of scapulothoracic jt.
Definition
"brings lateral scap angle upward"
descending and ascending trap, serratus anterior
Term
m. of scapulothoracic joint
Definition
trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae, serratus anterior
Term
m. used in abduction of GH joint
Definition
supraspinatus (1st 15 deg.) central deltoid (15-90 deg.)
Term
m. used in adduction of GH joint
Definition
pec major, lat. dorsi, teres major
Term
m. used in extension of GH joint
Definition
posterior deltoid, lat. dorsi, teres major, triceps, pec major
Term
m. used in flexion of GH joint
Definition
anterior deltoid, pec major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
Term
m. used in lateral rotation of GH joint
Definition
infraspinatus, teres minor
Term
m. used in medial rotation of GH joint
Definition
pec major, lat. dorsi, teres major, subscapularis
Term
mammary lobes
Definition
15-20 in each breast, responsible for making milk, contain lactiferous ducts
Term
medial
Definition
closer to the midline
Term
medial (vertebral) border of scapula
Definition
border or side of triangle near vertebral column and midline
Term
medial antebrachial cutaneous n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of median cord, GSA only, innervate forearm skin
Term
medial boundary of axilla
Definition
lateral thoracic wall, serratus anterior
Term
medial brachial cutaneous n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of median cord, GSA only, innervate upper arm skin
Term
medial lip of biciptal groove
Definition
follow lesser tuberosity inferior to a little ridge, attachmen of teres major
Term
medial pectoral n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of median cord, innervates pec minor and major
Term
medial/internal rotation
Definition
anterior moved to face medial
Term
median cord
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by anterior division of inferior trunk, contains C8 and T1 fibers, gives off medial pectoral n, and medial brachial & antebrachial cutaneous n.s
Term
median cord terminal branches
(as part of BP)
Definition
median contribution to median n., ulnar n.
Term
median n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
terminal branch for medial and lateral cords, innervates anterior compartment (flexors) of forearm and some hand muscles, contains C5-T1 fibers
Term
median n. (sensory innervation)
Definition
palmar surface of skin of lateral 3.5 digits
Term
median/sagittal
Definition
divides into right and left sections; midline is called mid-sagittal
Term
meidal cutibal v.
Definition
superficial v. of arm, easily accessed for blood draw, connects cephalic and basilic v. distally
Term
meninges
Definition
dura, arachnoid,and pia maters
Term
mesoderm (precursor to what tissues)
Definition
gives rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood, gonads, kidneys, cartilage (structural things)
Term
middle facet of greater tuberosity
Definition
attachment for infraspinatus
Term
middle trunk
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by continuation of C7 root
Term
motor/efferent neurons
Definition
transmit impulses away from CNS to various parts of the body; multipolar, variable # of dendrites; have single axon
Term
movements permitted in scapulothoracic joint
Definition
elevation, depression, protractioni, retraction, upward and downward rotation
Term
musculocutaneous n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
a terminal branch of lateral cord, innervates anterior compartment (flexors) of upper arm, fibers from C5, 6, and 7
Term
musculocutaneous n. (sensory innervation)
Definition
skin of anterolateral aspect of forearm
Term
myotoma
Definition
type of somite cell; future muscles; migrate posteriorly to back --> deep back muscles; move into turnk and limbs --> trunk and limb muscles;
Term
myotome
Definition
mass of skeletal muscle innervated by single spinal nerve
Term
neural crests
Definition
edges of the neural folds; differentiate and detach from surface ectoderm, migrate throughout tissue and body of embryo, produce a lot of important structures, aka 4th germlayer
Term
neural folds
Definition
thickening of ectoderm that proliferates and build up, elevates off surface of developing embryo; eventually fused to form the neural tube
Term
neural tube
Definition
formed by thicken ectoderm layer in embryo; is precursor to CNS
Term
neuralation
Definition
formation of neural tube
Term
neuron
Definition
functional and anatomic unit of the nervous system
Term
nipple of breast
Definition
cirucular and logitudinal smooth muscle fibers, contains lactiferous sinuses
Term
normal lymph node characteristics
Definition
small, mobile, pain-free
Term
notochord
Definition
midline mass, collectionof mesodermal cells; induces development of ectoderm to form neural tube; helps/is involved in the development of the vertebral bodies, most of it regresses, the parts that remain become the nucleus pulposus of the iv discs
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
gel-like interior of iv disc, colloidal, highly hydrated, was formed by notochord tissue
Term
obliquus capitis inferior
(origin, insertion, nerve, action)
Definition
origin: spine of axis
insert: transverse process of atlas
nerve: suboccipital
action: extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally
Term
obliquus capitis superior
(origin, insertion, nerve, action)
Definition
origin: transverse process of atlas
insertion: occipital bone above inferior nuchal line
nerve: suboccipital
action: extends and rotates head laterally
Term
occipital bone
Definition
posteo-inferior portion of skull; trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself
Term
openings of GH joint capsule
Definition
bicipital groove for tendon of long head of biceps
medial opening for subtendinous bursa
Term
osteophyte
Definition
reactive hypertrophic bony changes; bony spurs created in agitation to bone due to cartilage damage, wear, or destruction
Term
paraspinous muscles
Definition
extensors of the spine
Term
parasternal lymph node group
Definition
drains 25% of breast lymph, located parasagittal between ribs, dumps to right subclavian nodes which dump to right thoracic trunk
Term
parathesia
Definition
lack of blood to the sensory nerve; "fallen asleep" feelling, pins and needles
Term
parietal bone
Definition
two of them form the sides and roof of the skull, roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles
Term
parts of the CNS
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
pectoral (anterior) nodes
Definition
located on lateral thoracic cage, part of the axillary lymph node group, drains to central nodes
Term
pectoralis major
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: clavicle, sternocostal border (abdomen)
insert: lateral lip of bicipital groove
nerve:
action: flex, abduct, adduct, medial rotates
Term
pectoralis major (head actions)
Definition
together: adduct arm, medially/laterally rotate arm
sternocostal: extends a flexed arm
clavicular: flexes an extended arm
Term
pectoralis minor
(origin, insertion, nerve, function)
Definition
origin: ribs 3-5
insert: coracoid process
nerve: medial pectoral n
function: stabilizes scapula, depresses shoulder
Term
pedicle
Definition
little feet, visible in lateral view of vertebra, connects body and transverse processes, plays role in intervertebral joints
Term
peripheral nerve
Definition
looks like an insulated wire from within which smaller insulated wires branch (multiple function fiber types); deliver motor and receive sensory
Term
peripheral process of sensory neuron
Definition
seves as a dendrite or specialized receptor ending; LONG; three types: exteroreceptor, proprioceptor, interoreceptor
Term
pia mater
Definition
covers surfaces of the CNS parts; inseparable from cord surface, intimately applied; forms the denticulate ligaments
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
stand on toes, toes away from shin
Term
polymastia
Definition
supernumerary breasts
Term
polythelia
Definition
supernumerary nipples
Term
posterior axillary fold
Definition
(posterior border of axilla)
subscapularis, lat. dorsi, teres major
Term
posterior compartment of arm nerve
Definition
radial
Term
posterior compartment of forearm nerve
Definition
radial
Term
posterior cord
(as part of BP)
Definition
formed by posterior divisions of superior, middle and inferior trunks, contains C5-8 and T1 fibers, gives of upper and lower scapular n and thoracodorsal n
Term
posterior cord terminal branches
(as part of BP)
Definition
axillary and radial
Term
posterior humeral circumflex a
Definition
branch of 3rd portion of axillary a, large of h.c. branches, courses with radial nerve posterior around surgical neck, joins with anterior h.c. to provide collateral supply
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
Definition
splints posterior body of vertebrae and iv discs; thinner, narrower, and not as strong as ALL; does not completely cover post of iv discs --> weakness (herniation)
Term
posterior sacral foramina
Definition
para-sagittal openings in sacrum, sacral dorsal primary rami exit here
Term
posterior tubercle (atlas)
Definition
midline bump on posterior tip of atlas
Term
posterior/dorsal
Definition
toward back of body
Term
primary curves of spine
Definition
born with and persist in adulthood; open anteriorly, thoracic and sacral
Term
pronation
Definition
forearm: palms face posteriorly, radius crosses ulna
Term
proprioceptor
Definition
type of peripheral process ending in sensory neuron; in muscles ligaments, joint capsules; provides body its sens of position; (somatic afferent)
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to reference point or to body
Term
radial a.
Definition
bifurcate of brachial a., follows radius
Term
radial n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
a terminal branch of posterior cord, innervates posterior compartment (extensors) of upper arm and forearm, travels through spiral groove, contains fibers from C5-T1
Term
radial n. (sensory innervation)
Definition
skin of posterior and inferolateral arm, posterior forearm, and dorsum of hand
Term
radiculopathies
Definition
radiculo = nerve root --> nerve root disease
Term
rectus capitis posterior major
(origin, insertion, nerve, action)
Definition
origin: spine of axis
insert: lateral portion of inferior nuchal line
nerve: subocciptial
action: extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally
Term
rectus capitis posterior minor
(origin, insertion, nerve, action)
Definition
origin: posterior tubercle of atlas
insert: occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
nerve: suboccipital
action: extends and flexes head laterally
Term
retromammary space
Definition
behind the breast and superficial to the muscles, loose CT plane, allows for movement of breast on the pectoral fascia
Term
rhomboid major
Definition
origin: spinous processes T2 to T5
insert: medial border below spine of scapula
Term
rhomboid minor
Definition
origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1
insert: root of spine of scapula (on medial border)
Term
rhomoids' movements in scapulothoracic joint
Definition
retract scapula, downward rotation
Term
rib costal tubercle
Definition
posterior extension of rib that articulates with costal facet of transverse process of matching rib number
Term
ribs
Definition
part of axial skeleton, form thoracic structure
Term
right lymphatic duct
Definition
drains R head, R neck, R upper limb
Term
roots of BP
Definition
rami of spinal nerves C5-8 and T1
Term
rotator cuff m.
Definition
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
Term
sacral canal
Definition
allows spinal cord and meninges to pass
Term
sacral hiatus
Definition
filled with fatty tissue, filumn terminale externum exits at its inferior end
Term
sacral ventral primary rami
Definition
exit from anterior sacral foramina
Term
sacrum
Definition
triangular shape bone made of fused vertebrae
Term
scalene triangle
Definition
formed by scalenus anterior and scalenus medius attaching to 1st rib, trunks of BP and axillary a. pass through here to axilla
Term
scalenus anterior
Definition
Term
scalenus medius
Definition
Term
scapula
Definition
should blade structure, triangle shape
Term
scapular notch
Definition
lateral portion of superior border of scapula, bridged over by superior transverse ligament
Term
scapulothoracic joint
Definition
"fake", interface between subscapularis and rib cage
Term
schlerotome
Definition
type of somite cell; hard tissue precursors; move toward notochord and neural tube --> form boney shell around
Term
scoliosis
Definition
lateral curvature; crooked back; asymmetry, uneven should or hip elevation; rib hump with rotation element
Term
secondary curves of spine
Definition
develop after birth; open posteriorly, cervical (4 months), lumbar (12-18months)
Term
semispinalis capitis
Definition
stout muscle near midline in suboccipital region, forms furrow on the back side of neck
attaches to occipital bone, fibers run vertically
Term
sensory/afferent neurons
Definition
transmit impulses from body (internal and external stimuli) toward CNS; pseudounipolar neurons; has cell body and single process structurally/electrically similar to an axon that is divided into peripheral process and central process
Term
serratus anterior
(origin, insertion, nerve)
Definition
origin: upper 8 or 9 anterior medial ribs
insert: inferior angle of scapula
nerve: long thoracic
Term
serratus anterior movements in scapulothoracic joint
Definition
protracts scapula, upward rotation
Term
shoulder separation
Definition
dislocation of AC joint, caused by glow to the tip of shoulder, pushes acromion inferiorly, can stretch/tear the coracoclavicular ligament
Term
skin
Definition
epidermis and dermis
Term
skull
Definition
part of axial skeleton
Term
somatic motor neurons
Definition
innervate/supply skeletal muscles
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
regulates body's external environment, "soma" = body; advises body of position and permits/causes movement through space
Term
somites
Definition
just lateral to notochord during organogenesis, block-like structures of mesodermal cells, 42-44 pairs formed (some disappear)
Term
spina bifida
Definition
general term for neural tube defects involving the spinal region; "cleft vertebra"; most can be prevented by use of folic acid
Term
spina bifida meningocele
Definition
lack of vertebral arch leads to herniation of iv disc to form a extra dermal area of the dura sac that does not contain neural tissue, aka spina bifida cystica
Term
spina bifida meningomyelocele
Definition
lack of vertebral arch leads to herniation of iv disc to form an extradermal area of the durac sace that does contain neural tissue (SC)
Term
spina bifida occulta
Definition
unfused vertebral arch leads to tuft of hair on skin external to location of defect
Term
spina bifida rachischisis
Definition
neural tube does not close at all, spina lcord exposed to external environment, sever motor and sensory loss below affected area, usually in the lumbosacral area
Term
spinal nerve
Definition
junction of dorsal and ventral roots, exits spinal canal via iv foramen to peripheral, gives rise to dorsal and ventral primary rami, "mixed nerve"
Term
spinalis
Definition
most medial portion of erector spinae group
origin: sacrum
insert: high spinous processes
Term
spine of scapula
Definition
ridge felt on shoulder bone
Term
spinous process
Definition
serves as lever when muscles attach, extends posteriorly on vertebrae
Term
spinous process of C7
Definition
ski jump bump as follow down midline from external occipital protuberance
Term
spiral groove
Definition
around midshaft on posterior humerus, aka radial groove, transmits radial nerve and deep brachial artery, attachment point guide of lateral (above) and medial (below) head of triceps
Term
splenius capitis
Definition
origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae to the T1-T6 spinous processes
insert: base of skull
Term
splenius cervicis
Definition
origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae to the T1-T6 spinous processes
insert: transverse processes of C1-C4
Term
splenius group
Definition
bandage-like, help to extend neck (flex bilaterally) and bend neck (contract unilaterally)
Term
sternoclavicular joint
Definition
pivot joint
strongly bound anteriorly to 1st rib by costoclavicular ligament
medial end of clavicle with upper part of sternum (manubrium)
pretty stable
sharp anterior blow can cause posterior displacement (can injure trachea)
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
principle flexor of cervical vertebrae, fibers run diagonally
Term
sternum
Definition
part of axial skeleton, anterior connection of ribs
Term
subacromial/subdeltoid bursae
Definition
can see from superior view, betweens surpaspinatus and acromion/deltoid
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
separates the pia and arachnoid maters, cerebrospinal fluid fills the space
Term
subclavian a. (supplies...)
Definition
supplies neck, part of back and upper limb
Term
subclavian v.
Definition
deep vein of arm, near-ish to subclavian a.
Term
subclavius n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of superior trunk, innervates subclavius m., contains C5 & 6 fibers
Term
suboccipital nerve
Definition
derived from dorsal ramus of C1
emerges between the vertebral artery and atlas
also found in floor of suboccipital triangle
Term
subscapular (posterior) nodes
Definition
part of the axillary lymph node group, drains to central nodes
Term
subscapular a
Definition
branch of 3rd portion of axillary a, one of largest branche of ax a, 2 subbranches -> circumflex scapular a and thoracodorsal a
Term
subscapularis
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: subscapular fossa
insert: lesser tuberosity
nerve: upper and lower subscapular
action: abduction, internal rotation
Term
subtendinous bursa
Definition
protects subscapularis m. asit crosses the neck of the scapula
Term
superficial
Definition
closer to surface or to the skin
Term
superficial fascia
Definition
loose subcutaneous connective tissue, immediately deep to dermis, variable in thickness b/c of fat amounts, contains superficial vessels and nerves
Term
superior angle of scapula
Definition
superior point of scapula, located medially
Term
superior demifacet
Definition
larger, on posterior portion of body of typical thoracic vertebra, site of rib attachment matches # of rib
Term
superior facet of greater tuberosity
Definition
attachment for supraspinatus
Term
superior thoracic a.
Definition
branch from 1st portion axillary a., sometimes called "supreme", dives between 1st and 2nd ribs to supply intercostal space
Term
superior transverse scapular ligament
Definition
bridges over scapular notch, suprascapular artery over, suprascapular nerve under
Term
superior trunk of BP
Definition
C5 and C6 roots merge to form, suprascapular and subclavius nerves branch from here
Term
superior/inferior articular facet
Definition
back side of articular process of vertebra
Term
superior/inferior articular processes
Definition
superior/inferior projections where laminae and pedicles of vertebra meet; articulate with the opposing processes of adjacent vertebrae
Term
supination
Definition
forearm: holds soup
Term
supraglenoid tubercle
Definition
rough small projection from lateral scapula along superior edge of glenoid cavity, point of attachment for tendon of long head biceps
Term
suprascapular artery
Definition
goes over the superior transverse ligament, supplies supraspinatus muscle, passes around groove on later aspect of the scapular spine to reach the infraspinatus muscle
Term
suprascapular n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches from superior trunk, innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus, contains C5 and C6 fibers
Term
suprascapular nerve
Definition
goes under the superior transverse scapular ligament, supplies supraspinatus m., passes around groove on lateral aspect of the scapular spine to reach the infraspinatus muscle
Term
supraspinatus
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: supraspinous fossa
insert: superior facet of greater tuberosity
nerve: suprascapular
action: initiates abduction (0-15), pull humeral head into glenoid cavity
Term
supraspinous fossa
Definition
depression on posterior surface superior to scapular spine, filled by supraspinatus muscle
Term
supraspinous ligament
Definition
connects spinous processes posteriorly, along "spine", ligamentum nuchae is part of this
Term
surgical neck
Definition
just inferior to tuberosities of humerus, narrowing of bone to form shaft, axilllary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery passes posterior to this, FOOSH fracture
Term
symphysis
Definition
fibrocartilage between skeletal elements; i.e. iv discs and pubic symphsis
Term
synarthroses
Definition
non-synovial joints: fibrous and cartilaginous
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
hyaline/articular cartilage between skeletal elements; i.e. epiphyseal growth plates @ end of long bones, allows bones to grow length-wise
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
slippery fluid in synovial joint; reduces friction in movement
Term
synovial membrane lining
Definition
produces synovial fluid for diarthoses; does not cover cartilage, only bone and joint capsule
Term
teres major
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: inferior angle of scapula
insert: medial lip of bicipital groove
nerve: lower subscapular
action: extend, adduct, medial
Term
teres minor
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: lateral boder of scapula
insert: inferior facet of greater tuberosity
nerve: axillary
action: lateral rotator
Term
thoracic duct (lymph)
Definition
drains everything besides right head, neck, and limb; connected to the cisterna chyli
Term
thoracoacromial a. (trunk)
Definition
branch from 2nd portion of axillary a., trunk because has for subbranches -> acromial a, deltoid a, clavicular a, pectoral a
Term
thoracodorsal a
Definition
branch of subscap a (branch of 3rd portion), runs with thoracodorsa n, supplies lat. doris, descends to inferior angle of scapula as well
Term
thoracodorsal n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of posterior cord, innervates lat dorsi, runs with thoracodorsal a
Term
tissues formed from neural crests
Definition
sensory sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, connective tissue and bones of face and skull, pigment cells, parafolicular cells in thyroid, conotruncal septum in heart, adrenal medulla, dermis on face and neck, odontoblasts (dentin of teeth)
Term
transverse cervical artery/vein
Definition
artery and vein found deep of trapezius
Term
transverse foramen
Definition
vertebral artery passes through this in typical cervical vertebrae, laterally located hole
Term
transverse ligament of atlas
Definition
holds dens of C2 (axis) in position with respect to C1 (atlas)
Term
transverse process(es)
Definition
serve as levers when muscles attach, located where pedicle and laminae meet
Term
transverse/horizontal
Definition
divides into superior and inferior sections; a lot of CT scans
Term
transversospinalis group
Definition
deep to erector spinae group, between spinous and transverse processes
Term
trapezius
Definition
origin: external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae (C1-C7), T1-T12
insert: spine and acromion of scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
just deep: transverse cervical artery/vein, cranial nerve 11 (spinous accessory nerve)
Term
trapezius movement in scapulothoracic joint
Definition
descending fibers - elevates scapula, upward rotation
transverse fibers - retract scapula
ascending fibers - depress scapula, upward rotation
Term
triceps brachii
(origin, insertion, nerve, actions in arm)
Definition
origin: long-> infraglenoid tubercle, lateral -> posteior crest of > tubercle, medial -> medial posterior midshaft (below spiral groove)
insert: olecranon
nerve: radial
action: extension
Term
trunks of BP
Definition
superior, middle and inferior; distal to roots, dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerves branch from here
Term
typical cervical vertebrae
Definition
C3-C6, forker or bifid spinous process, more triangular and large vertebral foramen, post/ant tubercles, transverse foramen (vertebral atery), uncinated processes
Term
ulnar a.
Definition
bifurcate of brachial a., follows ulna
Term
ulnar n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
a terminal branch for medial cord, innervates intrinsic muscles and lateral 1.5 digits, contains C7-T1 fibers
Term
ulnar n. (sensory innervation)
Definition
palmar surface of skin of medial 1.5 digits
Term
uncinated process(es)
Definition
up-turned lips on body of typical cervical vertebrae
Term
upper scapular n.
(as part of BP)
Definition
branches off of posterior cord, innervates subscapularis
Term
ventral horn
Definition
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons; exit zone for visceral efferent neuron axons, innervates the skeletal muscles
Term
ventral root
Definition
axons from somatic motor and preganglionic autonomic nerves (axons), somatic and visceral motor fibers, comes off ventral portion of SC
Term
vertebra prominens
Definition
C7's long spinous process, ski jump landmark on neck
Term
vertebral arch
Definition
roof of vertebral foramen on vertebra
Term
vertebral artery
Definition
sits in a groove just above posterior arch of atlas
travels anteriorly through transverse
foramina of the cervical vertebrae (C6-1)
also found in floor of suboccipital triangle
Term
vertebral column
Definition
part of axial skeleton, made up of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, etc.
Term
vertebral venous plexus
Definition
internal and external, interconnection of veins, extends from base of skull to pelvic region, drains blood from VC and SC, veins lack valves
Term
visceral motor neurons
Definition
innervate/supply smooth & cardiac muscle and glands
Term
white matter
Definition
peripheral of SC, myelinated (fatty covering); sensory and motor innervation up and down spinal cord
Term
winged scapula
Definition
results form severed long thoracic n., serratus anterior m. no long hold scapula to the rib cage, also can't elevate arm beyond horizontal
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