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Gross Anatomy Muscle Weakness
Back and Upper Limb
363
Anatomy
Graduate
10/02/2016

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Term
Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton
Definition
Axial - skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
Appendicular - limbs and girdles
Term
Vertebral column bones #s
Definition
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (sacrum), 4 coccygeal (coccyx)
Term
Concavity of vertebral regions
Definition
Concave posterior: cervical, lumbar
Concave anterior: thoracic, sacral
Term
Vertebral body
Definition
Bears weight, larger as you go down to sacrum; smaller below as weight transferred to hip bones and lower limbs
Term
Parts of vertebrae
Definition
Vertebral body, pedicles, laminae, (vertebral foramen), spinous process, transverse processes, 4 articular processes
Term
Pedicle
Definition
Project posteriorly from body, each attaches to lamina
Term
Lamina
Definition
Attach to 2 pedicles, come together at vertebral arch
Term
Vertebral foramen
Definition
Surrounded by vertebral arch and vertebral body; spinal cord passes through this region, line of them forms vertebral canal; arch protects spinal cord
Term
Vertebral canal
Definition
Line of vertebral foramina
Term
Spinous and transverse processes
Definition
Muscle attachment for movement of vertebral column; ligament attachment to stabilize column
Term
Articular processes
Definition
Form joint with articular process from above or below; plane/gliding joint allow limited movement
Term
Disk herniation
Definition
Any part of boundary that encroaches on spinal nerve can compress it, interfere with function of nerve; break in annulus fibrosis where the nucleus pulposus can exit
Term
Intervertebral foramen boundaries
Definition
Vertebral body, intervertebral disk, zygapophyseal joint (between articular processes), inferior (top) and superior (bottom) notches
Term
Zygapophyseal joint
Definition
Joint between 2 articular facets, can develop osteoarthritis and bone spurs; excess growth of bone around joint can grow into foramen and compress nerves; synovial joint
Term
Intervertebral disk
Definition
Cartilaginous joint uniting bodies of adjacent vertebrae containing inner nucleus puplosus and outer annulus fibrosis
Term
Annulus fibrosis
Definition
Outer right of fibrocartilage, dense irregular CT; collagen fibers in different directions for increased strength
Term
Nucleus pulposus
Definition
Soft, gel-like, rich in hyaluronic acid, shock absorber; becomes less hydrated with age leading to decrease in height of spinal column
Term
Longitudinal ligaments
Definition
Anterior and posterior; both are anterior to the spinal cord
Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition
Short transverse processes with opening (transverse foramen); short bifid (Caucasian) spinous processes, small vertebral body
Term
Transverse foramen
Definition
Only in cervical vertebrae, transmits vertebral vessels that lead up to brain
Term
Thoracic vertebrae
Definition
Ribs contact at body of 2 adjacent vertebral bodies (head) and transverse process (tubercle); long spinous process angled downwards; larger, heart-shaped body, smaller foramen
Term
Rib attachment to thoracic vertebrae
Definition
Head attach to 2 adjacent vetebral bodies and tubercle attach to transverse process
Term
Lumbar vertebrae
Definition
Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body, short spinous process project directly superior; LP or spinal tap in this region (near cauda equina) since easier to get needle in between processes
Term
Sacrum
Definition
Develops from 5 vertebrae fusing; smooth concave anterior surface, irregular posterior surface with remnants of spinous processes, ala/wings on side
Term
Anterior sacral foramina
Definition
Opening for ventral rami of spinal nerves
Term
Posterior sacral foramina
Definition
Opening for dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term
Sacral hiatus
Definition
Opening near bottom of sacrum where S5 laminae don't come together, no spinous process; transmits 5th sacral nerve and coccygeal nerve; can palpate bony landmarks (cornu and S4 spinous process to introduce epidural injections in this region)
Term
Sacral promontory
Definition
Sacrum articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra; superior border of sacrum important in OB; shorter anterior/posterior diameter, important for delivery/ability to handle fetal head
Term
Coccyx
Definition
Rudimentary, most bodies, no spinal cord or nerves or foramina, generally 4 fused together
Term
C1
Definition
Atlas, no vertebral body; rotates around axis for atlantoaxial joint to move head; anterior and posterior arches
Term
C2
Definition
Axis; forms dens/odontoid process sticking superiorly; forms part of atlantoaxial joint
Term
Atlantoaxial joint
Definition
Pivot joint formed by atlas and axis used to move the head
Term
Primary vs. Secondary Curvature
Definition
Primary curvature - sacral and thoracic
Secondary curvature - lumbar and cervical
Fetus has only 1 curvature at birth: concave anterior
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated anterior concavity, most common in thoracic region; older women with osteoporosis, collapsing of vertebral bodies with compression fractures, leads to hunched appearance
Term
Lordosis
Definition
Exaggeration of posterior concavity (lumbar); temporary during pregnancy as center of gravity change or in men with beer bellies
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Lateral deviation of vertebral column; pediatricians look for this often; causes include hemivertebra (half doesn't develop), polio, unilateral muscle weakness
Term
Ligament
Definition
Joins bone to bone, made of dense connective tissue
Term
Tendon
Definition
Joins muscle to bone
Term
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
Anterior to bodies of vertebra, very strong, runs from skull to sacrum; anterior to spinal cord; most effective in stabilizing vertebra
Term
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
Posterior to vertebral bodies; top part called the tectorial membrane, runs down to sacrum; anterior to spinal cord; narrower than ALL
Term
ALL and PLL in herniated disks
Definition
ALL anterior to disc, PLL posterior to disc, most herniations occur when bending forward applying pressure to anterior edge; nucleus puplosus shoots out other end; can't go directly back due to PLL but on either side is the foramen
Term
Supraspinous ligament
Definition
Unites tips of adjacent spines of vertebrae from C7 to sacrum
Term
Nuchal ligament
Definition
Continuation of supraspinous ligament above C7; attaches to occipital bone of skull and projects posteriorly as well; strong and sheetlike
Term
Interspinous ligament
Definition
Unites spines further down toward base of spine more interiorly/deep
Term
Ligamentum flavum
Definition
Unite adjacent laminae, elastic tissue, makes them look yellow (1 on either side)
Term
Intertransverse ligaments
Definition
Small, unite transverse processes
Term
Flexion of spinal column
Definition
Leaning forward; motion between vertebrae not at hip; sagittal plane; bilateral abdominal and neck muscles
Term
Extension of spinal column
Definition
Leaning backward; posterior bend at intervertebral joints; sagittal plane; bilateral deep back muscles especially erector spinae; greatest in lumbar region
Term
Lateral flexion of spinal column
Definition
Lean left/right; coronal plane; unilateral action of ipsilateral deep back and abdominal oblique muscles; greatest in cervical and lumbar regions
Term
Rotation of head on neck and of torso
Definition
Longitudinal axis through vertebral column; deep back muscles; greatest in C1-C2
Term
Trapezius
Definition
Origin: Superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, occipit, spinous processes
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation: Cranial Nerve XI
Blood Supply: includes Transverse Cervical Artery
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs
Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus (anterior)
Blood: Thoracodorsal artery
Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve
Term
Rhomboid major
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula below spine of scapula
Blood: Dorsal scapular artery or branch of TCA
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve
Term
Rhomboid minor
Definition
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T1
Insertion: Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula
Blood: Dorsal scapular artery or branch of TCA
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve
Term
Levator scapulae
Definition
Origin: Posterior tubercles of C1-C4 transverse processes
Insertion: Medial border of scapula above spine of scapula
Blood: Dorscal scapular artery, branch of TCA, more
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve, C3-C4 ventral rami
Term
Intermediate back muscles
Definition
Extrinsic; accessory muscles of respiration, innervated by ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves; serratus posterior superior and inferior
Term
Serratus posterior inferior
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion: Inferior aspect of ribs 9-12
Blood: Posterior intercostal arteries
Nerve: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
Term
Serratus posterior superior
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T3, ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: Superior aspect of ribs 2-4
Blood: Posterior intercostal arteries
Nerve: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
Term
Splenius capitis
Definition
Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous process C7-T3
Insertion: Mastoid process, lateral superior nuchal line
Blood: Occipital artery, deep cervical artery
Nerve: Dorsal rami of middle cervical nerves
Term
Splenius cervicis
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C1-C3
Blood: Occipital artery, deep cervical artery
Nerve: Dorsal rami of lower cervical nerves
Term
Motion of splenius muscles
Definition
Unilateral: Ipsilateral rotation of head and neck
Bilateral: Extend head and neck
Term
Erector spinae
Definition
Vertical muscle mass on either side of spinous process form sacrum to skull; chief extensors of back, maintain erect posture; iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis
Term
Motion of erector spinae
Definition
Unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column and head
Bilateral: extend vertebral column
Term
Transversospinalis
Definition
In "bony gutter" between spinous and transverse processes consisting of many muscle slips; include multifidus, rotatores, levatores, semispinalis
Term
Semispinalis capitis
Definition
Originates from transverse processes and inserts on spinous processes or near occipital area centrally, seen underneath splenius muscles, above suboccipital triangle; innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Term
Segmental deep back muscles
Definition
Interspinalis (extend column) and intertransversarii (lateral flexion)
Term
Muscles to turn head left
Definition
Ipsilateral muscles (splenius capitis, e.g.) and contralateral muscles (e.g. transversospinalis)
Term
Muscles in suboccipital region
Definition
Rectus capitis posterior major and minor; Obliquus capitis inferior/superior; all innervated by suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve)
Term
Suboccipital nerve
Definition
Runs through suboccipital triangle; dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve
Term
Greater occipital nerve
Definition
Runs up center of scalp, goes deep just interior to the suboccipital triangle; dorsal ramus of C2 spinal nerve, becomes cutaneous of posterior scalp
Term
Contents of suboccipital triangle
Definition
Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
Term
Actions of suboccipital triangle muscles
Definition
Bilateral: extension
Unilateral: lateral flexion (obliquus capitis superior) or ipsilateral rotation (all others)
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
Equal left and right halves; parasagittal would be unequal left and right
Term
Coronal plane
Definition
Equal front and back parts
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
Splits top and bottom - seen in CT and MRI often
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
Broad flat tendon of attachment to a muscle
Term
Types of joints
Definition
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
Term
Types of synovial joint
Definition
Uniaxial (plane, pivot, hinge)
Biaxial (condyloid, ellipsoid)
Multiaxial (saddle, ball and socket)
Term
Bursae
Definition
Blind synovial pouches that intervene between bone and skin and between bone and bone to facilitate movement at joints
Term
T1 vs. T2 MRI
Definition
T2 - Water and CSF = White/bright
T1 - Fat = White/bright
Term
Plain-film radiography
Definition
X-rays pass through bone or soft tissue, attenuate to different degrees; excite phosphorus; bone or barium is whitest, air would be black
Term
Hand x-ray
Definition
Cortical bone is densest, spony bone in interior less white; muscle is gray, air is black; overlapping bones more dense
Term
Boxer's fracture
Definition
Fracture often on distal side of metacarpal bone from striking an object with your fist
Term
Chest x-ray direction
Definition
Usually PA and LAT; AP is possible but rarely used - want shadow of heart closest to actual size of heart
Term
CAT scan
Definition
3-dimensional picture of organ/body structure; shows more detail in soft tissues; cheaper than MRI and more detailed than x-ray
Term
MRI
Definition
T1 and T2, better for looking at pathology, clearest image, blood vessels often not visualized; avoid metallic objects; strong magnetic field
Term
Ultrasound imaging
Definition
High frequency soundwaves, inexpensive, zero radiation, monitor fetuses, blood flow, kidney stones, gall stones; detailed images of size and function of heart
Term
Foramen magnum
Definition
Large hole in bottom of skull
Term
Spinal cord size
Definition
Same size as vertebral column as fetus but ends around L1-L2 in adult
Term
Morphological features of spinal cord (3)
Definition
Cervical enlargement, lumbosacral enlargement, conus medullaris
Term
Cervical enlargement
Definition
C4-T1 - neurons to supply the upper limbs
Term
Lumbosacral enlargement
Definition
L2-S3 - neurons to supply lower limbs around T10-T12 of spinal cord
Term
Spinal cord segments (#) and location
Definition
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
C1 above atlas; C8 between C7 and T1
Term
Spinal nerve exiting spinal cord
Definition
Exit through intervertebral foramina, occur in pairs (left, right)
Term
Horns of spinal cord
Definition
Ventral (motor), Dorsal (sensory), Lateral (autonomic)
Term
Meninges (3)
Definition
3 layers enveloping vertebral canal: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Term
Dura mater
Definition
Outermost of meninges; tough dense CT with periosteal and meningeal layer (meningeal is seen)
Term
Epidural space
Definition
Space between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater; fat-filled; vertebral venous plexuses present
Term
Subdural space
Definition
Space between meningeal layer of dura mater and arachnoid space
Term
Arachnoid
Definition
Middle covering of meninges, avascular layer, thin and transparent tissue
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
Filled with CSF between arachnoid and cord surface
Term
Lumbar cistern
Definition
Inferior part of arachnoid space in lumbar region; CSF samples taken from here (L2-S2)
Term
Pia mater
Definition
Deepest meningeal layer, firmly attached to surface of spinal cord
Term
Denticular ligaments
Definition
Lateral extension of pia mater, attaches cord to dural sac; pass between dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves
Term
Filum terminale
Definition
Inferior continuation of pia mater from conus medullaris passing through lumbar cistern, surrounded by cauda equina
Term
Conus medullaris
Definition
Inferior tapered end of spinal cord with lumbar and sacral segments
Term
Coccygeal ligament
Definition
Filum terminale covered by arachnoid and dura inferior to S2
Term
Dorsal root
Definition
Sensory, axons carrying impulses to spinal cord (afferent); swelling (DRG) with cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons
Term
Ventral root
Definition
Motor, axons carry impulse away from spinal cord (efferent); neuron cell bodies in ventral horn of gray matter
Term
Reflex arc
Definition
Afferent sensory neurons --> interneurons --> efferent motor neurons; afferent has peripheral process (before DRG) and central process (DRG to cord)
Term
Dorsal primary ramus
Definition
Supplies erector spinae and skin around spine; sensory and motor fibers
Term
Ventral primary ramus
Definition
Supplies skin and muscles of anterolateral trunk and extremities; contains sensory and motor fibers
Term
White communicating ramus
Definition
Myelinated axons of preganglionic sympathetic neurons and afferent axons from visceral organs
Term
Gray communicating ramus
Definition
Contains postganglionic sympathetic axons
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
Dorsal and ventral roots of lower and sacral spinal nerves; travel within lumbar cistern to reach respective intervertebral foramina; surrounds filum terminale, displaced but not damaged in spinal tap
Term
Brachial plexus components
Definition
Ventral rami of C5-T1
Term
Things passing through axillary apex
Definition
Blood vessels for limb, brachial plexus, lymphatic vessels, groups of axillary lymph nodes for upper limb
Term
Prefixed and postfixed brachial plexus
Definition
Prefixed: C4-C8
Postfixed: C6-T2 problem because T2 nerves loop over 1st rib and can lead to compression
Term
Axillary nerve
Definition
Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates deltoid and teres minor
Term
Radial nerve
Definition
Posterior cord, C5-T1, innervates posterior compartment of arm and forearm
Term
Musculocutaneous nerve
Definition
Lateral cord, C5-C7, innervates anterior compartment of arm
Term
Ulnar nerve
Definition
Medial cord, C8-T1, innervates hand and 1.5 muscles in anterior forearm
Term
Median nerve
Definition
Lateral and medial cord, C5-T1, innervates hand and most anterior forearm
Term
Dorsal scapular nerve
Definition
C5 root, innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae
Term
Long thoracic nerve
Definition
Innervates, C5-C7 roots, innervates serratus anterior
Term
Subclavian nerve
Definition
Upper trunk, C5-C6, innervates subclavius
Term
Suprascapular nerve
Definition
Upper trunk, C5-C6, innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus (rotator cuffs)
Term
Lateral pectoral nerve
Definition
Lateral cord, C5-C7, innervates pectoralis major
Term
Upper subscapular nerve
Definition
Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates subscapularis
Term
Thoracodorsal nerve
Definition
Posterior cord, C6-C8, innervates latissimus dorsi
Term
Lower subscapular nerve
Definition
Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates subscapularis and teres major
Term
Medial pectoral nerve
Definition
Medial cord, C8-T1, innervates pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
Term
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve
Definition
Medial cord, C8-T1, cutaneous innervation of arm
Term
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Definition
Medial cord, C8-T1, cutaneous innervation of forearm
Term
Joint location -- spinal segments
Definition
Proximal joints innervated by more superior spinal segments
Distal joints innervated by more inferior spinal segments
Term
Axillary nerve joint action
Definition
Only shoulder joint
Term
Axillary nerve path
Definition
Axilla --> quadrangular space --> posterior through surgical neck of humerus
Passes quadrangular space with posterior humeral circumflex artery
Term
Axillary nerve motions
Definition
Innervates deltoid and teres minor, all motions at shoulder EXCEPT adduction
Term
Axillary nerve cutaneous branch
Definition
Upper lateral cutaneous nerves (C5-C6)
Term
Clinical injury of axillary nerve
Definition
Fracture at surgical neck of humerus with dislocation of glenohumeral joint; leads to deltoid paralysis, weakness in abducting arm
Term
Radial nerve joint action
Definition
Wrist, hand, elbow and shoulder joints
Term
Radial nerve path
Definition
Axilla --> triangular interval --> posterior compartment of arm --> spiral groove of humerus --> anterior to elbow joint --> split into superficial and deep radial nerve
Term
Spiral groove of humerus
Definition
Radial nerve runs with deep brachial artery
Term
Radial nerve innervation
Definition
Triceps, all muscles in posterior compartment of arm and forearm
Term
Radial nerve cutaneous nerves
Definition
Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm (axilla), Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm; more superficial nerves in deep branches
Term
Radial nerve superficial branch
Definition
Cutaneous to most lateral dorsum of hand, thenar eminence
Term
Radial nerve deep branch
Definition
Winds around neck of humerus, pierces supinator, becomes posterior interosseous nerve and supplies posterior compartment of forearm
Term
Radial nerve actions
Definition
Extension at elbow, wrist, digits; supination of forearm
Term
Clinical injury of radial nerve
Definition
Compression in axilla or humerus fracture in spinal groove leading to wrist drop - inability to extend hand at wrist
Term
Musculocutaneous nerve path
Definition
Axilla --> anterior compartment of arm --> pierces coracobrachialis --> ends as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, running with cephalic vein
Term
Musculocutaneous nerve actions
Definition
Flexion at elbow and shoulder a little, supination of flexed forearm
Term
Musculocutaneous muscles supplied
Definition
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, biceps brachialis; muscular branches well protected and rarely injured
Term
Median nerve path
Definition
Axilla --> anterior compartment of forearm (near brachial artery and ulnar nerve) --> through cubital fossa --> anterior compartment of forearm (muscles) --> enter palm through carpal tunnel --> innervate 3 thenars, 2 lateral lumbricals --> ends as digital branches cutaneous to lateral 3.5 digits
Term
Median nerve cutaneous nerves
Definition
Anterior forearm: direct branches of median and anterior interosseous branch, palmar cutaneous branch splitting off in forearm
Term
Palmar cutaneous nerve
Definition
Enters hand superficial to carpal tunnel, supplies skin on lateral part of palm
Term
Median nerve actions
Definition
Flex wrist and digits, pronate forearm, abduct hand at wrist (with radial), thumb movements
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
Compression of median nerve in confined space leading to pain/tingling in digits, weakness in thumb movements
Term
Median nerve palsy
Definition
Cannot flex digits 1-3, but can flex 4-5, leads to Hand of Benediction
Term
Ulnar nerve path
Definition
Axilla --> anterior compartment of arm --> posterior to elbow behind medial epicondyle of humerus --> anterior compartment of forearm --> pass through Guyon's canal --> divide into superficial and deep parts in palm
Term
Ulnar nerve in anterior compartment
Definition
Innervate 1.5 muscles of forearm, dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar (medial half of hand dorsum), palmar cutaneous branch (medial half of palm)
Term
Ulnar nerve superficial branch
Definition
Cutaneous to medial 1.5 digits
Term
Ulnar nerve deep branch
Definition
Supply 3 hypothenar muscles, 3rd and 4th lumbricals, adductor pollicis, palmar and dorsal interossei
Term
Ulnar nerve actions at wrist
Definition
Flex hand at wrist, adduct hand at wrist with radial nerve
Abduct and adduct fingers, flex MP, extend IP, flex 4&5 IP, adduct thumb
Term
Clinical correlate of ulnar nerve
Definition
Fracture medial epicondyle leading to "claw hand" deformity of 3rd and 4th fingers at rest or when trying to straighten; hyperextended MP and flexed IP in these fingers
Term
Joint types
Definition
Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous; synovial joint has greatest ROM
Term
Fibrous joint in arm
Definition
Interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
Term
Joint cavity
Definition
Contains synovial fluid
Term
Fibrous capsule of joint
Definition
Encloses cavity, blends with periosteum of bone, outer connective tissue
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
Inner capsule which produces synovial fluid
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Cover of joint, cushions surface of bone
Term
Pivot joint
Definition
Uniaxial, e.g. proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint
Term
Ball and socket joint
Definition
Multiaxial, e.g. glenohumeral joint
Term
Plane joint
Definition
Uniaxial, glide and slide, 2 flat surfaces on another, e.g. intercarpal joints, CMC joints, acromioclavicular joint
Term
Hinge joint
Definition
Uniaxial, e.g. elbow, IP, allows flexion and extension
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
Biaxial, both bones have concave/convex surfaces, e.g. CMC of thumb, sternoclavicular joint
Term
Condyloid joint
Definition
Biaxial, e.g. wrist and MCP joints; also known as an ellipsoid joint
Term
Sternoclavicular joint
Definition
Manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle; only connection of upper limb and axial skeleton; cartilaginous articular disk divides joint cavity into 2 separate compartments; SADDLE JOINT
Term
Acromioclavicular joint
Definition
Acromion of scapula and lateral end of clavicle; plane joint; stabilized by coracoclavicular ligament; joint dislocation and ligament rupture leads to complete shoulder separation
Term
Glenohumeral joint
Definition
Head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula; ball and socket; poor congruence improved by glenoid labrum; stabilized by rotator cuffs; dislocates inferiorly, pops anteriorly into axilla
Term
Rotator cuffs
Definition
Teres minor (posterior), subscapularis (anterior), infraspinatus (inferior), supraspinatus (superior) - all attach to humerus, 3 at greater tubercle, 1 at lesser tubercle (subscapularis)
Term
Scapula elevation
Definition
Rhomboids, levator scapula, trapzeius
Term
Scapula depression
Definition
Trapezius, gravity
Term
Scapula protraction
Definition
Serratus anterior (hunch)
Term
Scapula retraction
Definition
Rhomboids, trapezius
Term
Scapula upward rotation
Definition
Serratus anterior, trapzeius (raise arm)
Term
Scapula downward rotation
Definition
Levator scapulae, rhomboids, others
Term
Trapezius innervation
Definition
CN XI
Term
Rhomboid innervation
Definition
Dorsal scapular nerve
Term
Levator scapulae innervation
Definition
Dorsal scapular nerve
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm flexion
Definition
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, deltoid
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm extension
Definition
Latissimus dorsi, deltoid
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm abduction
Definition
Supraspinatus, deltoid, serratus anterior
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm adduction
Definition
Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm medial rotation
Definition
Subscapularis, pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Term
Glenohumeral joint arm lateral rotation
Definition
Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
Term
Branches off of arch of aorta
Definition
Left subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, brachiocephalic trunk
Term
Branches off of brachiocephalic trunk
Definition
Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
Term
Path from subclavian artery to fingers
Definition
Subclavian --> Axillary --> Brachial --> Radial and ulnar --> 3 arches --> metacarpal branches --> digital branches
Term
Subclavian/axillary/brachial artery borders
Definition
Subclavian-Axillary - outer border of 1st rib
Axillary-Brachial - inferior edge of teres major
Brachial bifurcates by elbow to form radial and ulnar
Term
Arches of hand
Definition
Superficial palmar (ulnar), deep palmar( radial), dorsal carpal (radial)
Term
Branches of 1st part of subclavian artery
Definition
Vertebral artery (brain), internal thoracic artery (anterior chestwall), thyrocervical trunk
Term
Branches of thyrocervical trunk
Definition
Transverse cervical artery (trapezius), suprascapular artery (supraspinatus and infraspinatus), inferior thyroid artery (thyroid gland)
Term
Branches of 2nd part of subclavian artery
Definition
Costocervical trunk (posterior deep neck)
Term
Branch of 3rd part of subclavian artery
Definition
Dorsal scapular artery (rhomboids and levator scapulae); can also come from descending transverse cervical artery
Term
Branches of 1st part of axillary artery
Definition
Superior thoracic artery (subclavius, high intercostal)
Term
Branches of 2nd part of axillary artery
Definition
Thoracoacromial trunk and lateral thoracic artery
Term
Branches of thoracoacromial trunk
Definition
Pectoral, acromial, clavicular, deltoid branches
Term
Branches of 3rd part of axillary artery
Definition
Subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery
Term
Branches of subscapular artery
Definition
Circumflex scapular artery (anterior anastomoses) and thoracorsal artery (latissimus dorsi)
Term
Branch of brachial artery
Definition
Profunda brachii which supplies posterior compartment of arm
Term
Arterial anastomoses
Definition
Communication between vessels, alternate pathway of blood flow when main pathway is compromised
Term
Elbow anastomoses
Definition
Collateral arteries from brachial and deep brachial arteries connect to recurrent arteries (radial, ulnar, interosseous in forearm) - 4 major connections
Term
Scapula anastomoses
Definition
Suprascapular and dorsal scapular arteries from subclavian, circumflex scapular artery from axillary, collateral circulation to upper limb when axillary artery compressed against ribs
Term
Superficial veins
Definition
No accompanying arteries; cephalic on lateral side, basilic on medial side
Term
Cephalic vein
Definition
Lateral side of limb, empty into axillary artery in dectopectoral triangle near clavicle, runs near musculocutaneous nerve
Term
Basilic vein
Definition
Medial side of limb, joins brachial vein in arm to form axillary vein
Term
Median cubital vein
Definition
Connects basilic and cephalic veins near elbow
Term
Deep veins
Definition
2+ distal to axillary vein, accompany arteries; same name as artery they accompany
Term
Perforating veins
Definition
Connect superficial to deep veins at many points, valves to prevent backflow; if they fail, develop varicose veins
Term
Lymph filtering
Definition
through lymph nodes before returning to blood; afferent (going to node), efferent (from node)
Term
Lymphatic drainage origin
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries near blood capillary beds collect interstitial fluid to prevent edema
Term
Axillary lymph nodes
Definition
Humeral, posterior, pectoral, central, apical
Term
Deep lymphatics path
Definition
Deep --> humeral node --> central node --> apical node
Term
Superficial lateral lymphatics path
Definition
Superficial lateral --> deltopectoral node --> apical node
Term
Superficial medial lymphatics path
Definition
Superficial medial --> cubital nodes --> humeral node --> central node --> apical node
Term
Lymphatics path from apical node
Definition
Apical node --> subclavian lymph trunk --> right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct (left) --> return to veins at root of neck
Term
Coracobrachialis actions
Definition
Adduct arm at shoulder
Term
Anterior arm blood supply
Definition
Brachial artery
Term
Biceps tendon reflex
Definition
Stretch muscle spindles, reflect contraction, flex forearm - test integrity of C5 and C6 segments
Term
Posterior compartment of arm innervation and blood supply
Definition
Radial nerve and profunda brachii
Term
Humeroradial joint
Definition
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius (poor congruence)
Term
Humeroulnar joint
Definition
Trochlea of humerus and trochlea of ulna (good congruence); olecranon process of ulna goes higher up into groove
Term
Proximal radioulnar joint
Definition
Head of radius and radial notch of ulna - pronation and supination (also at distal radioulnar joint), radius moves in arc
Term
Annular ligament
Definition
Wraps around head of radius, attaches to head of ulna, stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint
Term
Nursemaid's elbow
Definition
Radial head partly pulled out of ligament; subluxation occurs, ligament trapped between radial head and capitulum of humerus (less strong in kids)
Term
Tommy John surgery
Definition
Harvest nonessential tendon, thread through holes in humerus and ulna, stabilize after tearing MCL joint
Term
Ligaments reinforcing elbow joint
Definition
Medial collateral ligament (ulnar), lateral collateral joint (radial)
Term
Muscles to flex forearm
Definition
Brachialis (musculocutaneous, radial), biceps brachii (musculocutaneous), brachioradialis (radial), pronator teres (median)
Term
Muscles to extend forearm
Definition
Triceps brachii (radial nerve)
Term
Cubital fossa contents in order
Definition
Lateral-->Medial TAN
Tendon of biceps brachii, Brachial bifurc. artery, Median nerve
Term
Cubital fossa boundaries
Definition
Pronator teres, brachioradialis, line between epicondyles; floor is brachialis and supinator; roof is bicipital aponeurosis
Term
Anterior forearm blood supply
Definition
Radial, ulnar, anterior interosseous arteries
Term
Pronator teres
Definition
Only anterior forearm muscle involved in flexion and pronation
Term
Ulnar nerve supply in anterior forearm
Definition
Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
Term
Superficial anterior forearm muscles
Definition
Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris; originate at medial epicondyle, cross elbow joint and all but palmaris longus cross wrist and act there
Term
Intermediate anterior forearm muscles
Definition
Flexor digitorum superficialis, acts at wrist down to PIP
Term
Common flexor tendon and common extensor tendon
Definition
Medial epicondyle for flexors, Lateral epicondyle for extensors
Term
Deep anterior forearm muscles
Definition
Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus; FDP acts down to DIP joint, no action at elbow, FPL down to IP joint of thumb
Term
Medial epicondylitis
Definition
Golfer's elbow, too much forcible flexion, tiny tears in common flexor tendon
Term
Flexor retinaculum
Definition
Thickening of deep fascia on anterior wrist, attaches to 2 most medial and lateral carpal bones to form carpal tunnel
Term
Carpal tunnel contents
Definition
Median nerve, tendons of FDS and FDP, flexor pollicis longus
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
Compress median nerve, affect recurrent branch supplying thenars and digital cutaneous branch (skin of lateral 3.5 fingers), NOT palmar cutaneous branch (lateral palm); surgery releases flexor retinaculum to reduce pressure
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
Starts at lateral supracondylar ridge, only flexor in posterior forearm
Term
Lateral epicondylitis
Definition
Tennis elbow, microtears of common extensor tendon due to forceful extension repeated
Term
Extensor retinaculum
Definition
Makes 6 compartments for tendons to pass through, no nerves passing through
Term
Anatomic snuffbox borders
Definition
Extensor pollicis longus (dorsum)
Extensor pollicis brevis (more palmar)
Abductor pollicis longus (more palmar)
Term
Anatomic snuffbox contents
Definition
Radial artery (radial pulse), scaphoid bone (floor, often fractured), radial nerve (superficial branch)
Term
Scaphoid fracture
Definition
Most commonly fractured carpal bone; avascular necrosis possible due to poor vascularization from distal pole if fracture at neck
Term
Radial pulse sites
Definition
Anatomic snuffbox, anterior surface of wrist on lateral side
Term
Blood supply to forearm and hand
Definition
Radial artery, ulnar artery, common interosseous artery leading to posterior and anterior interosseous artery
Term
Interosseous arteries
Definition
Branch off of common interosseous artery, run on anterior and posterior sides of interosseous membrane
Term
Carpal bones
Definition
Proximal --> Distal, Lateral --> Medial
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate - hook of hamate
Term
Wrist joint type
Definition
Condyloid joint
Term
1st CMC joint type
Definition
Saddle joint
Term
Hand plane joints
Definition
2-5 CMC, intercarpal joints
Term
Palmar interossei
Definition
Adduct (1), 2, 4, 5 to midline; flex MP joint, extend IP joints; innervated by deep branch of ulnar artery
Term
Dorsal interossei
Definition
Adduct 2, 3, 4 from midline; flex MP joint, extend IP joints; innervated by deep branch of ulnar artery
Term
Hypothenar compartment
Definition
Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi; supplied by deep branch ulnar nerve; deep palmar branch of ulnar artery
Term
Thenar compartment
Definition
Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis; tendon of FPL from anterior forearm passes through; axis of movement off 90 degrees from other fingers
Recurrent branch of median nerve, palmar superficial branch of radial artery
Term
Adductor pollicis
Definition
Transverse and oblique processes, deep branch of ulnar nerve
Term
Central compartment of hand
Definition
Deep to palmar aponeurosis, FDS and FDP tendons, 4 lumbricals
Term
Lumbricals
Definition
Medial 2 supplied by deep branch of ulnar nerve, lateral 2 supplied by median nerve; insert on extensor expansions of fingers; flex MCP, extend ISP with assistance from interossei
Term
Radial bursa
Definition
Around FPL tendon (to thumb)
Term
Ulnar bursa
Definition
Common flexor sheath around FDS, FDP (to palm)
Term
Digital sheaths
Definition
Around FDS and FDP tendons of each finger
Term
Tenosynovitis
Definition
Bacterial infection of sheath; penetrating injury or overuse leads to excess synovial fluid
Term
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Definition
Upper trunk injury; waiter's tip position (upper limb adducted, loss of abduction, lateral rotation of arm at shoulder)
Shoulder - weak flexion, lose abduction, lateral rotation
Elbow - weak flexion, weak supination
Nerves - lose sensation of lateral arm and forearm
Term
Medial rotators of humerus at shoulder joint
Definition
Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectoralis major, subscapularis, teres major
Term
Lateral rotators of humerus at shoulder joint
Definition
Infraspinatus, teres minor, and deltoid
Term
Hand pronators
Definition
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus - median nerve
Term
Hand supinators
Definition
Supinator and biceps brachii
Term
Limb adductors
Definition
Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Term
Limb adductors
Definition
Supraspinatus, deltoid (+ serratus anterior)
Term
Erb-Duchenne palsy: Impact of lateral flexion of neck too far
Definition
Stretch upper trunk by separation of shoulder and neck, possibly tearing nerve fibers; can happen in birth if baby comes out arm first
Term
Erb-Duchenne palsy: Why only weakness in flexion at shoulder and elbow and supination of hand instead of total loss?
Definition
Shoulder - coracobrachialis has some C7 innervation (musculo.)
Elbow - brachioradialis has some C7 innervation (radial nerve)
Term
Erb-Duchenne palsy: Loss of cutaneous innervation to skin of affected limb
Definition
C5 and C6 fibers from upper trunk --> upper lateral cutaneous of arm (axillary), lower lateral cutaneous of arm (radial), lateral cutaneous of forearm (musculocutaneous)
Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome symptoms
Definition
Tender in supraclavicular area, pulling down on arm increases pain, wasting of thenar eminence
Term
Boundaries of posterior triangle of neck
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, clavicle; roof is deep fascia, floor is scalenes and levator scapula; omohyoid comes through the region
Term
Scalene interval boundaries
Definition
Anterior scalene, medial scalene, 1st rib
Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Why diminished radial pulse?
Definition
Subclavian artery in thoracic outlet affects blood flow distally
Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: why thenar wasting?
Definition
Compress spinal nerves, diminish function in muscles, destruction of nerve fibers; spinal nerve segments C8-T1 in dermatome chart supply thumb region
Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: part of brachial plexus affected
Definition
Lower trunk (in contact with 1st rib in scalene interval); accessory rib would put traction on lower trunk exacerbated by carrying a heavy load
Term
Breast carcinoma symptoms
Definition
Board-like feel, red flatter area with dimpled skin, rigid breast, fuller axilla, orange peel skin, retracted and fixed nipple
Term
Blood vessels supplying breast
Definition
Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, intercostal arteries, branches from internal thoracic artery
Term
Axillary nodes related to breast
Definition
Anterior axillary (pectoral-most), posterior (subscapular), parasternal (medial); axillary --> lateral --> central --> apical --> supraclavicular; most breast lymph into pectoral nodes; smaller amount goes to subscapular, apical, central or supraclavicular nodes
Term
Breast carcinoma: suspensory ligaments
Definition
Bands of CT separating lobes, dermis to deep fascia; tension in region causes dimpling of skin overlying tumor, fixation of skin to tumor
Term
Breast carcinoma: nipple retraction
Definition
Tumor arises in ducts, puts tension on nipple, leads to retraction of nipple
Term
Breast carcinoma: orange peel appearance
Definition
Obstruction of lymphatics, local edema, swelling of skin, pitting
Term
Breast carcinoma: palpable mass in axilla
Definition
Tumor spreading through lymphatics, present in axillary lymph nodes
Term
Breast carcinoma: nerves to avoid in mastectomy
Definition
Long thoracic nerve, thoracodorsal nerve
Term
Humerus fracture symptoms
Definition
Shorten, swollen, discolored arm; rigidly contracted flexors and extensors, deficit in wrist extension and MP joint extension, sensory deficit on posterior aspect of lower forearm, lateral side of hand
Term
Radial nerve in arm
Definition
Passes posteriorly through radial groove of humerus toward lateral arm
Term
Humerus fracture: arm shortening
Definition
Muscles crossing fracture contract, reflex "splinting", protective mechanism to immobilize arm to minimize pain
Term
Humerus fracture: motor losses
Definition
Wrist extension (ECRL, ECRB, ECU), MP extension (ED, EI, EDM) all from posterior interosseous nerve
Term
Humerus fracture: ability to extend elbow
Definition
Usually relaxation of flexors and gravity are able to extend elbow in day-to-day life despite loss of innervation to triceps
Term
Humerus fracture: discoloration
Definition
Vessels with radial nerve through radial groove are profunda brachii artery and vein
Term
Medial epicondyle dislocation symptoms
Definition
Posteriorly protruding olecranon, obscured by swelling, reduced radial and ulnar pulses, hand cool and blanched; weakness in all wrist and finger functions, anesthesia of distal forearm and hand
Term
Brachial artery palpation in arm
Definition
Posterior to belly of biceps brachii, use blood pressure cuff there usually; median nerve over artery, ulnar nerve medial, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve superficial to artery
Term
Biceps brachii insertion point
Definition
Radial tuberosity
Term
Brachialis attachment point
Definition
Coronoid process of ulna
Term
Nerve near medial epicondyle of humerus
Definition
Ulnar nerve posterior (hit funnybone = compress ulnar nerve against medial epicondyle)
Term
Muscles with origin near medial epicondyle
Definition
Superficial anterior forearm muscles (flexors and pronator teres)
Term
Muscles with origin near lateral epicondyle
Definition
Superficial posterior forearm (Extensors)
Term
Student's elbow
Definition
Inflammation of subcutaneous olecranon bursa by rubbing elbow repetitively (on desk top)
Term
Medial epicondyle dislocation: cause of symptoms
Definition
Distal humerus displaced anteriorly, goes into cubital fossa, presses brachial artery --> diminished pulses, cool hand, weakness in wrist and finger functions, anesthesia of distal forearm and hand
Term
Palpation of brachial pulse
Definition
Mid-arm medial to biceps, compress against humerus
Term
Palpation of ulnar pulse
Definition
Medial side of wrist, lateral to FCU tendon (which attaches to pisiform bone), compress against head of ulna
Term
Nursemaid's Elbow in child
Definition
Subluxation of radial head, more vulnerable as child
Term
Ligaments at elbow joint
Definition
Annular ligament - anchor head of radius to capitulum
Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Term
Nursemaid's Elbow: why does child hold fingers flexed?
Definition
Injury affects extensors digitorum, digiti minimi, and indicis since posterior interosseous nerve is branch of deep radial artery
Term
Nursemaid's Elbow: no compromise of supination
Definition
Supinator supplied by deep radial nerve branch that branches proximal to site of nerve injury
Term
Nursemaid's Elbow: no sensory deficit
Definition
Superficial branch of radial nerve more superficial to site of injury, not near radial head
Term
Paraxial mesoderm
Definition
Distinct blocks of mesoderm along neural tube, develop into somites
Term
Intermediate mesoderm
Definition
Mass lateral to somites, contributes to genitourinary structures
Term
Lateral plate mesoderm
Definition
Mass lateral to somites, contributes to genitourinary structures; 2 layers are somatic and splanchnic layer
Term
Somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Definition
Affixed to surface ectoderm, forms limb musculature and linings of body cavities; along with surface ectoderm becomes somatopleure
Term
Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Definition
Aligns with endoderm, becomes smooth muscles in GI tract wall and serosal coverings of visceral organs; along with surface endoderm becomes splanchnopleure
Term
Somitomeres
Definition
Clusters of paraxial mesoderm which proceed to become somites
Term
Week 5 embryo somites
Definition
Arranged in groups: 4 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 8-10 coccygeal pairs - approximates # of vertebrae forming in the region
Term
3 portions of somite
Definition
Sclerotome (inner), dermatome (outer central), myotome (outer outer)
Term
Vertebrae formation
Definition
From sclerotome portion of somite through inductive influence of SHH; sclerotome cells migrate around neural tube to form vertebral arch, migrate around notochord to form vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks, nerves course in rostral half of sclerotome
Term
Sclerotome development
Definition
Influenced by SHH from ventral neural tube + notochord; cells express PAX1 which controls chondrogenesis and bone formation
Term
Resegmentation of sclerotomes
Definition
Formation of intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves emerge through specific intervertebral foramen; sclerotome splits into cranial and caudal segments at point where nerve passes, form vertebral bodies
Term
Notochord in adult
Definition
Incorporated into bone of vertebral body, persists as nucleus pulposus
Term
C1 vertebra under C1 nerve sclerotome origin
Definition
Caudal cervical 1 sclerotome + Cranial cervical 2 sclerotome; cervical region nerves emerge through foramen above same numbered vertebra
Term
T2 vertebra under T1 nerve sclerotome origin
Definition
Caudal thoracic 1 sclerotome + Cranial thoracic 2 sclerotome; below T1 spinal nerves emerge from foramen below same numbered vertebra
Term
Cauda equina formation
Definition
Spinal cord and vertebral cord start equal in length; vertebral column increases as fetus grows; conus medullaris shifts upward in vertebral canal, elongation of lower nerve roots
Term
Conus medullaris over time
Definition
Opposite L3 at birth, opposite L1-L2 intervertebral disk in adult
Term
Spina bifida
Definition
Failure of neural tube to form properly (close), malformation of vertebral arch; more common in lumbosacral region
Term
Forms of spina bifida
Definition
Spina bifida occulta (least severe) to rachischisis (neural tube does not form at all); 70% avoided with folic acid in diet
Term
Meningocele
Definition
CSF-filled extension of spinal canal with no cord or nerves in it
Term
Dermatome development
Definition
Governed by NT3 secretion from dorsal neural tube; contribuets to formation of dermal elements of skin; fat and CT; each dermatome innervated by specific spinal nerve branches from associated somite
Term
Myotome sections
Definition
Dorsomedial (epimere) and Ventrolateral (hypomere)
Term
Epimere development
Definition
Dorsomedial myotome, becomes epaxial musculature (erector spinae, etc.) innervated by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves; influenced by Wnt signal from dorsal neural tube
Term
Hypomere development
Definition
Becomes hypaxial musculature (body wall muscles, limb muscles), innervated by ventral primary rami, influenced by Wnt from surface ectoderm, BMP4 from lateral plate mesoderm
Term
Limb musculature origin
Definition
Hypomere of myotome and mesoderm of somatopleure
Term
Head muscle source
Definition
Mesoderm of branchial arches and occipital myotomes
Term
Occipital myotomes
Definition
Form muscles of head, particularly intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of tongue and infrahyoid muscles
Term
Origin of limb buds
Definition
Appear in week 4 in upper and lower embryo as outgrowths on lateral aspect; upper limb stays about 2-4 days ahead; derive from somatic lateral plate mesoderm and myotome mesoderm covered by surface ectoderm
Term
Preaxial and postaxial sides of developing limb
Definition
Preaxial = cranial side; Postaxial = caudial side; greater appendage (thumb, big toe) located on preaxial side of limb
Term
Apical ectodermal ridge
Definition
Guides limb bud growth; thickened ectoderm at surface of developing limb bud; inhibits differentiation of underlying mesoderm, prevents skeletal and muscle elements from forming; moves more distally as limb elongates so proximal limb develops first
Term
Mesenchymal cells forming limb timing
Definition
Early formed mesenchymal cells --> proximal limb
Late formed mesenchymal cells --> distal limb
Term
Mesoderm of limb organization
Definition
Organized around central axis; midline mesoderm forms bones, ligaments and joints; peripheral mesoderm develops into muscles
Term
Developing dorsal and ventral muscle mass
Definition
Dorsal muscle mass becomes extensors, supinators, abductors innervated by posterior division of nerve plexuses
Ventral muscle mass becomes flexors, pronators, adductors innervated by anterior division of nerve plexuses
Term
Endochondral vs. intramembranous ossification in development of limb
Definition
Mesenchyme condense as cartilage (Week 5-8) then replaced by bone (Week 7-12) = endochondral ossification except in clavicle (intramembranous ossification)
Term
Separation of fingers
Definition
Due to apoptosis in tissue between digits in weeks 7-8
Term
Syndactyly
Definition
Failure of apoptosis leads to fused digits
Term
Polydactyly
Definition
Spliiting of AER into >5 parts leading to extra digits
Term
Synovial joint formation
Definition
Tissue breakdown between cartilaginous models of bone; fibroelastic tissue between chondrifying bones, dense CT at periphery; mesenchyme surrounding joint becomes joint capsule and ligaments
Term
Embryo: mesenchyme forming myoblasts
Definition
Mesenchyme differentiates into myoblasts which fuse to form skeletal muscle cells until month 4; after this time, growth is due to hypertrophy of existing myofibers; thickening of epimysium forms tendons to attach muscles to developing skeleton
Term
Upper limb nerves
Definition
C5 - lateral arm
C6 - lateral forearm and thumb
C7 - mid-palm and 2nd and 3rd fingers
C8 - medial palm and 4th and 5th fingers
T1 - medial forearm, T2 - medial arm
Term
Upper limb rotation in development
Definition
Slight lateral rotation, elbow points posterior (ventral surface originally caudal)
Term
Lower limb rotation in development
Definition
Great medial rotation, knee points cranial; limb twists in spiral; lower limb dermatomes spiral around limb due to this rotation
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