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Gross Anatomy
RWJ GSBS MSBS
31
Anatomy
Graduate
09/12/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Vertebral Column

(# and types)

Definition

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Sacrum (segments)

4 Coccyx (segments)

Term
Abnormal curvatures of verterbrae
Definition

Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature

Kyphosis - exaggerated

thoracic curvature

Lordosis- exaggerated lumbar curvature

Term
Features of a typical vertebra
Definition

Body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, transverse

processes, articular facets and vertebral notches

Term
Regional features of Cervical vertebrae
Definition

Transverse foramina; Atlas (C1): no body or

spinous process, condylar facets; Axis (C2): dens

Term
Regional features of Thoracic vertebrae
Definition
Costal facets
Term
Regional features of Lumbar vertebrae
Definition
Large bodies, mamillary process
Term
Regional features of Sacral vertebrae
Definition
Fused vertebra, sacral foramina, cornu, hiatus
Term
Regional features of Coccyx vertebrae
Definition
Fused vertebra
Term
Extrinsic Back Muscles
Definition

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, and levator scapulae

 

Attached to vertebral column, act on the scapula or shoulder joint

 

Innervated by ventral rami of

cervical spinal nerves and cranial nerve XI

 

Accessory respiratory muscles

Term
Intrinsic Back Muscles
Definition

Support and move the vertebral column

 

Erector Spinae: Control flexion and extend

vertebral column

 

Splenius: Bilateral contraction extends the head and neck. Unilateral contraction rotates head to

same side

Term

[image]

 

Definition

1: Spinous Process; Muscle attach/Movement

 

2: Articular Process; Restrict Movement

 

3: Vertebral Arch; Protects Spinal Cord

 

4: Vertebral Body; Supports Body Weight

 

5: Transverse Process; Muscle attach/Movement

Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition

Consist of neuronal cell bodies, nerve

fibers and connective tissues of the brain and spinal cord

 

CNS initiates, regulates and

coordinates body functions. The CNS

communicates with other functional components

of the body via the peripheral nervous system.

 

Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition

Neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers and connective

tissues outside the CNS.

 

Connect the CNS and peripheral structures; relay information between the two.

 

Collections of neuronal cell bodies

outside the CNS are referred to as ganglia.

Term
Somatic PNS
Definition

Transfers signals between skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and skin.

 

 

Conveys general sensations of pain,

temperature, touch and proprioception from the PNS to the CNS.

 

Term
Autonomic PNS
Definition

Signals to and from the viscera. Conveys viscera sensations such as distension.

 

The sympathetic component

elicits “fight or flight” response

 

 The parasympathetic component controls

digestive functions, slows the heart rate and constricts the pupils.

 

Term
The Neuron
Definition

Anatomic unit of the

nervous system. Consists of a cell

body, dendrite(s) and an axon.

 

Functionally, neurons

are classified as being either motor

(efferent) or sensory (afferent).

Term
Motor (efferent) Neuron
Definition

Multipolar and carry information away from the CNS

 

The cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in nuclei within the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

 

Somatic motor neurons stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle

Term
Sensory (afferent) Neuron
Definition

Unipolar and carry information towards the CNS.

 

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are clustered in ganglia located outside the CNS.

 

Ganglia associated with spinal nerves are called dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia).

Term
The Spinal Cord
Definition

Lies within the vertebral canal extending from the foramen magnum to the level of the intervertebral disc between L1/L2 vertebra.

 

The spinal cord is surrounded by three meningeal layers 

 

Spinal nerves (31 pairs) attach to the spinal cord via ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots and functionally divide it into 31 spinal cord segments.

Term
Spinal cord meningeal layers:
Definition

 Dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (intermediate), and pia mater (innermost) and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the subarachnoid space.

 

Sonsists of white matter (bundles of myelinated axons arranged in discreet fiber tracts) and gray matter (arranged into three major horns: ventral (motor), dorsal (sensory) and lateral (autonomic motor)).

Term
Dermatomes
Definition

The skin is divided up into segments or slices called

dermatomes

 

 

Each dermatome is innervated by the ventral or dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Term
[image]
Definition

1: Spinous Process

2: Articular Process

3: Transverse Process

4: Vertebral Arch 

5: Nucleous Pulpous

6: Annulus Fibrosus

7: Vertebral Canal

Term
Functions of Invertebral Discs
Definition

Support and provide mobility to the vertebral column.

 

 

The discs are reinforced anteriorly by a broad, thick ligament called the anterior longitudinal ligament that resists hyperextension of the vertebral column and posteriorly by a narrow, thin ligament called the  posterior longitudinal ligament that resists hyperflexion of the vertebral column.

Term
Mechanism of Herniation
Definition

Hyperflexion of the vertebral column compresses the off-center nucleus pulposus forcing it posteriorly.

 

Nucleus ruptures the anulus fibrosus

posterolaterally due to thinner & weaker ligaments

Term
Lumbar Puncture
Definition

Commonly performed in diagnosing meningitis.

 

Access subarachnoid space 

 

With the spinal cord ending at the level of the L1/L2 IV disc and the dural sac ending at S2, a

needle can be safely inserted through the L3/L4 or L4/L5 interspinous space.

Term
Spinal Nerve Pairs
Definition

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical,

12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Term
Spinal Nerve Exiting
Definition

Spinal nerves C1-C7 exit above corresponding vertebral level (i.e., C3 nerve exits through intervertebral

foramen between vertebra C2 and C3). Spinal nerve C8 emerges below C7 vertebra.

 

 

The thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves exit below vertebral level . (i.e., T5 nerve exits through

intervertebral foramen between vertebra T5 and T6).

Term
Spinal Nerve Structure
Definition

Attached via a ventral (motor) root and a dorsal

(sensory) root. The ventral root carries only motor nerve fibers and the dorsal root carries only sensory nerve fibers.

 

These roots merge to form the mixed (motor and sensory fibers) spinal nerve. The spinal nerve divides into two forming a ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus

which are also mixed nerves. 

Term
Dorsal Rami and Ventral Rami
Definition

Dorsal rami innervate three things: skin of the back, true back muscles and zygapophyseal joints.

 

 

Ventral rami innervate the remainder of the skin and

skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk and limbs.

Term
Gray Matter & White Matter
Definition

Cell bodies (Dendrites) mostly found in the gray matter

Axons are mostly found in white matter

 

 

More cell bodies in cervical and lumbar due to innervating nerves for muscles in limbs

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