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Gross Anatomy Exam II
MGH IHP Anatomy Flashcards
112
Anatomy
Graduate
06/29/2011

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Term
Cervical Curvature
Definition
lordosis; secondary - develops with head lifting
Term
Thoracic Curvature
Definition
kyphosis; primary - present at birth
Term
Lumbar Curvature
Definition
lordosis; secondary - develops with standing
Term
Sacrum Curvature
Definition
kyphosis
Term
Annulus Fibrosus
Definition
composed of fibrous connective tissue
tough but thinner posteriorly than anteriorly
constructed in layers (laminae) at 90 degree angles
creates a fibrocartilaginous joint
Term
Nucleus Pulposus
Definition
gelatinous structure, deep within annulus
gives height to disc
changes position with movement, moves posterior with flexion
can herniate through torn annulus
fluid of nucleus resorbs with age
 (it will dehydrate, become shorter)
It can tear. When you flex, it shift posteriorly
Bad flexion, it can herniate
Term
Supraspinous Ligament
Definition
runs over the tips of the spinous processes
blends with interspinous ligament
in the cervical spine supraspinous is thick and deep – called ligamentum nuchae(only find in cervical)
Term
Interspinous Ligament
Definition
from lower border of one spinous process to upper border of the next.
Term
Ligamentum Flavum
Definition
Yellowish
strongest and most important of the above 3 ligaments
runs between laminae, limits flexion
one on each side, separated in the midline
laterally they blend with and attach to the synovial facet joint capsule(keep the capsule in place)
very elastic hence the yellow color
Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
runs on posterior surface of vertebral bodies within vertebral canal
limits flexion
thin in lumbar region
Thins out, does not fully support the disc, you can get herniated disc
Goes to the skull but called something else
Term
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Wide in lumbar region
Only ligament that limit extension
runs between vertebral bodies anteriorly
crosses over intervertebral discs, limits extension
particularly dense in the lumbar region
Term
Tectorial membrane
Definition
upper extension of posterior longitudinal ligament that attaches to the occipital bone superior to foramen magnum
Term
Alar
Definition
from sides of dens to edge on anterior aspect of
foramen magnum. Will restrict rotation.
Prevent excessive rotation
Term
thoracolumbar fascia
Definition
covers deep back muscles; Made from aponeuroses of latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominus and internal oblique
Term
Plantar Aponeurosis
Definition
central part of deep fascia
strongest, thickest
attaches posteriorly to calcaneus
anteriorly attaches to toes by 5 bands
Term
Abductor hallucis
Definition
I- prox phalanx, great toe
N- Medial plantar
A- Abduction great toe
medial plantar n. and a. appear between this muscle and flexor digitorum brevis
Term
Intermuscular Septa
Definition
divide sole into lateral, central and medial compartment
Term
Abductor digiti minimi
Definition
I - prox phalanx 5th toe, tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
N - lateral plantar

A - abducts 5th toe
Term
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
Definition
between head of fibula and tibia
synovial, plane joint
has anterior and posterior ligaments
Term
Distal Tibiofibular joint
Definition
Syndesmosis (fibrous)
anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments and interosseus membrane
Term
Deltoid (medial) ligament
Definition
medial malleolus to navicular, calcaneus (sustentaculum tali) and talus
very strong
resists eversion
Term
Lateral Ligament - 3 parts
Definition
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
deep and almost horizontal
all resist inversion
Term
calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Definition
it runs from sustentaculum tali to navicular
supports the head of the talus
supports longitudinal arch
Term
Long Plantar Ligament
Definition
A. Runs between the calcaneus and bases of 4 lateral metatarsals
B. Is more superficial than the short plantar ligament
C. Is a major support of the longitudinal arch
D. Peroneus longus tendon runs deep to it
Term
Short Plantar Ligament
Definition
A. Runs between the calcaneus and the cuboid
B. Superficial to spring ligament but deep to long plantar
C. Also supports longitudinal arch
Term
Midtarsal Joint (a.k.a. transverse tarsal joint)
Definition
A. The midtarsal joint is a functional joint
B. It is comprised of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint
Term
Subtalar Joint
Definition
A. Between the talus and calcaneus usually via 3 (sometimes 2) facets.
B. Supported by the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament (deep to plantar ligaments)
it runs from sustentaculum tali to navicular
supports the head of the talus
supports longitudinal arch
C. Movement here contributes to pronation and supination of foot
Term
Femoral Nerve
Definition
(L2,3,4)
Term
Tibial Nerve (L4,5,S1,2,3)
Definition
continues in to posterior compartment between the superficial and deep groups
innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment
continues into sole of the foot behind medial malleolus
Term
Common Peroneal Nerve (L4,5,S1,2)
Definition
passes around the neck of the fibula where it divides into deep and superficial branches
superficial branch innervates the lateral compartment and skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot (L5,S1,2)
deep branch enters anterior compartment and innervates muscles there and patch of skin between great and second toe (L4,5,S1)
Term
superficial branch of Common Peroneal Nerve
Definition
innervates the lateral compartment and skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot (L5,S1,2)
Term
deep branch of Common Peroneal Nerve
Definition
enters anterior compartment and innervates muscles there and patch of skin between great and second toe (L4,5,S1)
Term
Peroneus Longus
Definition
O- Head and upper fibula
I - Medial Cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal (mirrors ant tib)
tendon runs in groove in cuboid
N - Superficial peroneal
A - eversion, plantar flexion
Term
Peroneus Brevis
Definition
O- lower fibula
I - tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
N - superficial peroneal

A - eversion, plantar flexion
Term
Labrum
Definition
fibrocartilage attaches to rim of acetabulum - acts to deepen joint
continues across acetabular notch as transverse acetabular ligament
Term
Iliofemoral ligament
Definition
“Y” ligament
largest and strongest
anterior to joint from AIIS, body of ileum, acetabular margin to intertrochanteric line and greater trochanter.
Resists hyperextension
reinforces capsule
appears as upside down “Y”
Term
Pubofemoral ligament
Definition
also anterior from pubic portion of acetabulum
blends with medial part of iliofemoral ligament
limits abduction
Term
Ischiofemoral ligament
Definition
from ischial portion of acetabular rim (posterior)
spirals superior/anteriorly to neck of femur medial to greater trochanter
limits extension and internal rotation
Term
Ligamentum Teres (Ligament of the Head of the Femur)
Definition
from acetabular fossa to fovea of femur
surrounded by synovial membrane
artery travels in it to head of femur (branch of obturator a.)
Term
Sacrospinous ligament
Definition
-Sacrospinous ligament runs from anterior surface of the sacrum to the ischial spine
The sacrospinous ligament closes off the greater sciatic notch to form the greater sciatic foramen
Term
Sacrotuberous ligament
Definition
-Sacrotuberous ligament runs from the lateral surface of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity (superficial to the sacrospinous ligament)
The sacrotuberous ligament (with help from the sacrospinous ligament) closes off the lesser sciatic notch to form the lesser sciatic foramen
Term
Ligamentum Teres
Definition
from acetabular fossa to fovea of femur
surrounded by synovial membrane
artery travels in it to head of femur (branch of obturator a.)
Term
Medial Meniscus
Definition
“C” shaped
more firmly attached than lateral meniscus
attached to medial collateral ligament
Term
Lateral Meniscus
Definition
“O” shaped
smaller
separated from capsule by popliteus muscle
not attached to lateral collateral ligament or to joint capsule
Term
Medial Collateral (Tibial Collateral) Ligament
Definition
reinforces capsule
attaches to medial meniscus
flat, broad
runs between medial epicondyle of femur to medial tibia
limits abduction of leg (genu valgus)
Term
Lateral Collateral (Fibular Collateral) Ligament
Definition
not broad like medial collateral, like a cord or a pencil
runs from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula
not attached to lateral meniscus or to joint capsule
is palpable superior to the head of the fibula
Term
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Definition
from lateral femoral condyle runs anterior to anterior, medial tibia
limits forward glide of tibia on femur
Term
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Definition
from medial femoral condyle to posterior, lateral tibia
limits posterior glide of tibia on femur
Term
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Definition
Tendenous expansion of the semimembranosus
Attaches to lateral femoral condyle
Term
Meniscofemoral ligament
Definition
Lateral meniscus to medial femoral condyle and posterior cruciate ligament
Term
Transverse Ligament
Definition
runs between menisci anteriorly
Term
Midtarsal Joint (a.k.a. transverse tarsal joint)
Definition
A. The midtarsal joint is a functional joint
B. It is comprised of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint
Term
Subtalar Joint
Definition
A. Between the talus and calcaneus usually via 3 (sometimes 2) facets.
B. Supported by the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament (deep to plantar ligaments)
it runs from sustentaculum tali to navicular
supports the head of the talus
supports longitudinal arch
C. Movement here contributes to pronation and supination of foot
Term
Long Plantar Ligament
Definition
A. Runs between the calcaneus and bases of 4 lateral metatarsals
B. Is more superficial than the short plantar ligament
C. Is a major support of the longitudinal arch
D. Peroneus longus tendon runs deep to it
Term
Short Plantar Ligament
Definition
A. Runs between the calcaneus and the cuboid
B. Superficial to spring ligament but deep to long plantar
C. Also supports longitudinal arch
Term
Adductor Canal
Definition
-lies deep to sartorious; in groove btwn adductor longus and vastus medialis
-a.k.a. Hunter’s Canal
-narrow fascial tunnel that begins at the apex of the femoral triangle
-ends at the adductor hiatus
-contains femoral vessels on their way to popliteal fossa
Term
Femoral Triangle
Definition
superior- inguinal ligament
lateral- sartorius
medial- adductor longus
roof- fascia lata, cribiform fascia over saphenous hiatus
floor- iliopsoas, pectineus
Term
Nerve Supply for hip joint
Definition
The hip joint is supplied by branches of the femoral obturator, sciatic and superior glutal nerve.
Term
Interosseus sacroiliac ligament
Definition
blends with posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Term
Posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Definition
blends inferiorly with sacrotuberous ligament
Term
-Anterior sacroiliac ligament
Definition
thinner, ossifies after 50 y.o.a.
Term
Plantar interossei
Definition
3 adductors of lateral 3 toes
lateral plantar n.
Term
Dorsal interossei
Definition
4 abductors
2 to 2nd toe, 1 to 3rd and 1 to 4th toes
axis of foot is 2nd toe
from adjacent metatarsals
lateral plantar n.
Term
Extensor Hallicus Brevis
Definition
O- calcaneus
I - Proximal phalanx great toe
N - deep peroneal
A - extends proximal phalanx of hallus
Term
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Definition
O- with extensor hallicus brevis
I - via tendon into tendons of extensor digitorum longus going to 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes
N - Deep peroneal

A - extends toes without dorsi flexion
Term
Peroneus Tertius
Definition
O- continous with extensor digitorum longus
I - base of 5th metatarsal
N - Deep peroneal
A - dorsi flexion, eversion
Term
superior gluteal nerve
Definition
(L4,5,S1)
Term
inferior gluteal nerve
Definition
(L5, S1,2)
Term
inferior glut line
Definition
from between ASIS and AIIS to greater sciatic notch
Term
-anterior gluteal line
Definition
from iliac crest, just posterior to ASIS to greater sciatic notch
Term
-posterior gluteal line
Definition
from iliac crest, near PSIS to greater sciatic notch near PIIS
Term
Gluteus Maximus
Definition
inferior gluteal n.
Term
Gluteus Medius
Definition
superior gluteal n.
Term
Gluteus Minimus
Definition
superior gluteal n.
Term
unlocks knee from terminal extension
Definition
- in open chain medial rotation of tibia on femur
- in closed chain lateral rotation of femur
Term
Popliteus
Definition
Tibial nerve
Term
Gluteus Maximus
Definition
powerful extensor of the thigh
Term
Piriformis
Definition
O- pelvic surface of sacrum
I- greater trochanter
N- S1 and 2 in pelvis
A- external rotator
Term
Gemelli superior
Definition
O- ischial spine
I- both onto tendon of obturator internus
superior:
n. to superior gemellus and obturator internus (L5, S1)
Term
Gemelli inferior
Definition
O- ischial tuberosity
I- both onto tendon of obturator internus
inferior:
n. to inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Term
Tensor Fascia Lata
Definition
O- anterior part of iliac crest, ASIS
I- iliotibial tract which attaches to Gerdy’s tubercle on tibia, patellar retinaculum
N- superior gluteal n.
A- flexes thigh, extends knee
-enclosed in fascia lata
Term
Tensor Fascia Lata
Definition
flexes thigh, extends knee
Term
Tensor Fascia Lata
Definition
flexes thigh, extends knee
Term
external rotator of hip
Definition
Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Superior and inferior Gemelli, Quadratus Femoris, Obturator Externus
Term
Adductor Canal
Definition
-lies deep to sartorious; in groove btwn adductor longus and vastus medialis
Term
Adductor Canal
Definition
lies deep to sartorious; in groove btwn adductor longus and vastus medialis
Term
Psoas
Definition
N-ventral rami
Term
Iliopsoas
Definition
A-flexes thigh
Term
Pectineus
Definition
A-flexes thigh, adducts thigh
Term
Adductor Group, Pectineus
Definition
adducts and flexes thigh
Term
Gracilis
Definition
adducts, flexes thigh, flexes leg
Term
Obturator Externus
Definition
O-external surface of obturator membrane
-runs lateral and posterior below hip joint then superiorly
I-trochanteric fossa
N-obturator
A-external rotation of the thigh
Term
Sartorius
Definition
A-flexes hip, rotates thigh laterally, flexes knee
N-femoral
Term
Articularis Genu
Definition
N-femoral
Term
long head Biceps Femoris
Definition
tibial part of sciatic
Term
short head Biceps Femoris
Definition
common peroneal part of sciatic
Term
Biceps Femoris
Definition
head of fibula. lateral tibial condyle
Term
Gluteus Medius
Definition
abduct the thigh; anterior fibers can internally rotate hip
Term
Gluteus Minimus
Definition
abducts thigh; anterior fibers can internally rotate hip
Term
Biceps Femoris
Definition
extends thigh, flexes knee, and strongly laterally rotates leg and hip
Term
Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus
Definition
extends thigh, flexes knee, internally rotates leg and hip
Term
Superior Gluteal Artery
Definition
from internal iliac a.
- exits gr. sciatic f. above piriformis
Term
Inferior Gluteal Artery
Definition
from internal iliac a
- exits gr. sciatic f. below piriformis
Term
Inferior Gluteal Artery
Definition
from internal iliac a
- exits gr. sciatic f. below piriformis
Term
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
Definition
- below piriformis
- runs deep to deep fascia
- supplies cutaneous innervation to posterior thigh

-levels S1,2,3
Term
Supraspinous Ligament
Definition
runs over the tips of the spinous processes
blends with interspinous ligament
in the cervical spine supraspinous is thick and deep – called ligamentum nuchae(only find in cervical)
Term
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Only ligament that limit extension
runs between vertebral bodies anteriorly
crosses over intervertebral discs, limits extension
particularly dense in the lumbar region
Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
limits flexion
thin in lumbar region
Thins out, does not fully support the disc, you can get herniated disc
Goes to the skull but called something else
Term
Ligamentum Flavum
Definition
Yellowish
strongest and most important of the above 3 ligaments
runs between laminae, limits flexion
one on each side, separated in the midline
laterally they blend with and attach to the synovial facet joint capsule(keep the capsule in place)
very elastic hence the yellow color
Term
Tectorial membrane
Definition
upper extension of posterior longitudinal ligament that attaches to the occipital bone superior to foramen magnum
Term
Alar
Definition
from sides of dens to edge on anterior aspect of
foramen magnum. Will restrict rotation.
Prevent excessive rotation
Term
Cruciform Ligament
Definition
1. Transverse part (aka transverse ligament of atlas)
attaches at both ends to the arch of the atlas (inner anterior surface), passing posterior to the dens.
Holds the dens against the anterior arch of atlas.
Prevent the dense to tip forward
2. Vertical portion runs from body of axis to occipital bone.
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