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Gross Ana 1
Gross anatomy test 1
168
Anatomy
Graduate
01/28/2011

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Term
Axial Skeleton-4
Definition
1. Vertebral Column
2. Rib cage
3. skull
4. Hyoid
Term
Vertebral Column-7
Definition
Initially concave anteriorly, but forms 4 curvature
33 vertebrae
-7 Cervical
-8 Thoracic
-5 Lumbar
-5 Sacral (fused, not moveable)
-4 coccygeal (fused not moveable)
Term
Components of a typical thoracic vertebrae-8
Definition
1. Vertebral Body-weight bearing
2. Pedicle- Protection
3. Lamina- protection
4. Spinous Process- Movmt
5. Transverse Process- Movmt
6. Articulating Process- Obstruction of movement
7 & 8.Superior and inferior vetebral notches-form roof and floor of intervetbral foramen from lateral view
Term
The vertebral Arch-2
Definition
1. Formed by pellicle and lamina
2. together with the body, they define the vertebral foramen (spinal canal)
Term
Muscles of back groups-3
Definition
-Superficial-limb movement
-Intermediate- Respiration
-Deep-
Term
The Superficial back muscles-5
Definition
1. Trapezius
2. Latissimus Dorsi
3. Levator Scapulae
4. Rhomboid minor
5. Rhomboid major
Term
Trapezius-5
Definition
1. attaches pectoral girdle to skull
2. innervated by CN XI, the accessory nerve.
3. 3 fiber groups
a. Superior-elevate the scapula
b. middle-adduct the scapula
c. inferior- depress and adduct the scapula
4. Assists in suspending the upper limb
5. rotates the scapulae when limb is raised above head
Term
Latissimus Dorsi-6
Definition
1. Fan shaped on inferior part of back from T6-iliac crest
2. Passes between trunk and attaches to the floor of the intertubercular groove on the humerus
3. acts directly on shoulder joint
4. acts indirectly on pectoral girdle
5. Innervated by Thoracodorsal nerve
6. Extends, Adducts, and medially rotates humerus
Term
Levator Scapulae-4
Definition
1. Attaches to Posterior Turbercles of the transverse Processes of C1-4 and the Vertebral/medial border of scapulae
2. assists trapezius in elevating scapulae and maintaining level
3. rotates scapulae with the rhomboids in opposite direction to trapezius
4. innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve, C3, and C4 cervical nerves (ventral Rami of these)
Term
Rhomboid Major-3
Definition
1. origin from spines of T2-5 and inserts into the medial border of scapulae
2. innervated by dorsal scapular, C3, C4 cervical
3. brace the back of scapulae by retraction/elevation and maintenance. Also rotates inferior angle of scapula
Term
Rhomboid Minor-3
Definition
1. extends from the ligamentum nuchar and spines of C7 and T1 to medial border of scapulae
2. innervated by dorsal scapular, C3 and C4 nerves
3. retract, elevate, and maintain scapula
Term
The Posterior Triangle Compartments-3
Definition
1. Posterior Compartment- Support; contains vertebral column and musculature for flexion and extension of neck
2. Anterior/median visceral- divided into 2 ant. triangles superficially, deep viscera is larynx/trachea and phraynx; neurvascular bundle
3. 2 Posterior triangle areas that are continuous with axilla via cervicoaxillary canal. Brachial Plexus and Subclavian artery found here
Term
Sternocleidomastoid-4
Definition
1. Key landmark of neck, dividing it into two ant. and post. triangles.
2. innervated by CN XI
3. attaches superiorly to mastoid process and to the sternum and clavicle inferiorly
4. bilateral contraction tilts head toward shoulder and rotates face to opposite side= protract (draw forward) the head
Term
Boundaries of the neck-4
Definition
Superior-Superior nuchal line, mastoid process and inferior mandible border
Inferior-clavicle and sternum
Posterior-trapezius
Anterior-the midline
Term
Deep Cervical Fascia of posterior triangle-4
Definition
1. The investing layer- surrounds entire neck and roofs the post and ant triangles
2. the pretracheal layer forms a sheath around the thyroid (doesnt go all way around)
3. Prevertebral layer- surrounds the support compartment of the vertebrae and musculature. Forms fascial carpet over floor of Post. triangles
4. the Carotid sheath- condensation of all 3 top layers form a sheath enclosing the vertical neurovascular bundle of neck( common carotid, internal jug and vagus nerve)
Term
Posterior triangle boundaries-5
Definition
1. base-superior border of clavicle
2. Anterior- posterior border of SCM
3. Posterior-Ant. border of trapezius
4. Roof-investing layer of deep cervical fascia
5. floor- Musculature and prevertebral fascia
Term
Muscle contents of Posterior Triangle-1
Definition
1. inferior belly of omohyoid divide the Post. Triangle into
a. large superior occipital tri.
b. lower, smaller, supraclavicular tri.
Term
Nerves of Post. Triangle-3
Definition
1. Brachial Plexus (C5-8/T1)-motor and sensory for upper limb...in floor between the 2 scalenes
2. Cervical plexus (C1-4)- sensory to neck and upper thorax via
a. lesser occipital
b. transverse cutaneous nerve
c. great auricular
d. supraclavicular
3. Spinal Accessory (CN XI)- motor to SCM and Trap...found anterior to levator scapulae
Term
Floor of Posterior Triangle muscles (Ant-Post)-5
Definition
1. Semispnalis capitis
2. Splenius capitis (bandage of neck)
3. Levator scapulae with CN XI ant.
4. scalenus medius
5. Scalenus Anterior( phrenic nerve ant.)
Term
Scalene Muscles-2
Definition
1. arise from transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and insert on the R1 (ant. and medius) and R2(posterior) upon contractions
2. scalenus posterior is behind the medius, absent, or fused with it
Term
Clinical Notes of Cranial Nerve XI- the Accessory Nerve-3
Definition
1. Lesions are rare
2.unilateral lesion might cause slight weakness in turning under pressure
3. unilateral paralysis of trap is noticeable by shoulder droop
Term
Torticollis-3
Definition
1. condition where head and neck are turned to one side permanently, intermittently, or spasmodically
2. latter caused by toniclonic contraction of SCM and Trap
3. Congenitally- unilateral fibrosis of the SCM appearing at birth- can be stretched to allow mvmt and normal positioning.
Term
Cervical Plexus nerve block-2
Definition
1. insertion of needle middle ways on posterior border of SCM.
2. Phrenic nerve also commonly affected so patients with pulmonary cardiac disease should NOT be administered this block
Term
Brachial Plexus Block-2
Definition
1. Main injection site is superior to midpoint of clavicle
2. needle is directed inferomedially toward first rib
Term
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord-5
Definition
1. 31 pairs of spinal nerves-8 C; 12 T; 5 L; 5 S; 1 Coccygeal
2. Cervical spinal nerves exit above respected vertebrae while thoracic and on down exit below.
3. Exhibits 2 enlargements-
a. Cervical Enlargement (C4-T1)-brachial plexus supply
b. Lumbar enlargement(L2-S3)- supply lumbosaccral plexus
4. Terminates bluntly at L2 as conus medullaris. remaining nerves descend as cauda equina
5. thin filament of pia mater off surface of spinal cord is filum terminale and anchors the coccyx
Term
Meninges of Spinal Cord-4
Definition
1. 3 layers surrounds
a. Pia mater
b. Arachnoid
c. dura mater
2. epidural space (outer to dura) contains fat and venous anastomoses
3. subarachnoid space is filled with CSF and superficial veins and arteries of Spinal cord
4. pia mater extends off lateral aspects of the cord at intervals, attaching to dura and forming the denticulate ligament
Term
True Spinal Nerve-3
Definition
1. each spinal cord segments gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
2. each is formed by the union of a dorsal(sensory) root and a ventral (motor) root that unite
3. Therefore the true spinal nerve is a mix of sensory and motor
Term
Dorsal Root ganglion-2
Definition
1. Swelling on the dorsal root that houses neuronal cell bodies of the sensory neurons
2. carry afferent stimuli to the CNS
Term
Split of Spinal Nerve-3
Definition
1. once the spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal at the intervertebral foramen, it splits into a dorsal and ventral ramus
1. each dorsal ramus remains seperate (segmental) throughout the entire length of the cord and takes motor and sensory to supply the skin, muscles and vasculature of the back
3. Ventral rami may either remain segmental or anastomose with other ventral rami to form a plexus (i.e. brachial plexus) and supplies the side and stomach
Term
Spinal cord vasculature-2
Definition
1. Two posterior spinal arteries that arise from the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (off vertebral artery) lie over the posterior intermediate sulci and they supply the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord
2. The anterior spinal artery arises from the vertebral artery and lies over the top of the anterior median fissure and supplies blood to anterior 2/3 of the cord
Term
Spinal cord white vs. gray matter-2
Definition
1. the grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies and forms and H shape in white matter
2. white is composed of tracts of the neuronal axons, the majority of which are myelinated, hence white appearance
Term
ANS overview-2
Definition
1. 2 neuron system
2. must use a ganglion where the pre and post synaptic fibers synapse; 3 types
a. paravertebral
b. prevertebral
c. intramural
Term
Paravertebral ganglia-3
Definition
1. AKA sympathetic trunk ganglia
2. a ganglia of the ANS that lie on either side of the vertebral column
3. used for synapses of the SYMPATHETIC division of ANS only
Term
Prevertebral ganglia-3
Definition
1. AKA collateral ganglia
2. lie anterior to the vertebral column, close to major abdominal arteries from which they get their name
a. celiac ganglion- base of celiac trunk
b. superior mesenteric ganglion-base of sup. mesenteric artery
c. Inferior mesenteric ganglion- base of inf. mesenteric artery
3. used only for synapses of the SYMPATHETIC division only
Term
Intramural ganglia-3
Definition
1. AKA terminal ganglia
2. located at the end of the visceral efferent pathway, close to/within effector organ
3. sites of PARASYMPATHETIC synapses only
Term
Sympathetic Division overview-4
Definition
1. Cell bodies are localized in the intermediolateral gray horn of the spinal cord from segments T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)
2.in ventral ramus, the pregang symp fiber synapses at a symp. ganglion via white ramus communicans pathway.
3. in the thorax and abdomen, there is 1 symp. ganglion per vertebral level.
4. White rami input sympathetic impulse into symp. trunk from T1-L2
Term
Actions that occur once the Preganglionic fiber of sympathetic division synapses in symp. trunk-3
Definition
1. The preganglionic fiber synapses in the sympathetic ganglion and the postganglionic fiber reenters the ventral and dorsal ramus via the grey ramus communicans to supply sympathetic innervation to the body wall
2. preganglionic fiber ascends or descends within trunk to synapse in a symp. ganglion at a level other than one it entered. post gang. re-enters ventral and dorsal ramus via grey ramus commun. and these fibers may be directed to viscera or body wall
3. preganglionic fiber passes through the symp. ganglion via a splanchnic nerve to a prevertebral gang where it synapses. postganglion then passes out along to target organ
Term
The Sympathetic Trunk-2
Definition

1. extends from base of skull to base of coccyx

2. distributes sympathetic innervation throughout body since sympathetic innervation is only found from spinal cord segments T1-4

Term
Gray Rami Communicans-4
Definition
1. found at every vertebral level that exhibits a symp. ganglion
2. Extends from base of skull through to tip of coccyx
3. They are output fibers for the sympathetic division of ANS
4. there are more grey than white as white rami input symp. innervation and are restricted to T1-L2 where the sympathetic cell bodies are located
Term
Parasympathetic division overview-7
Definition
1. Cell bodies are localized in the nuclei of the brain stem and in spinal cord segments S2-4 (craniosaccral)
2. pregang para fiber travels out via cranial nerves from brain stem nuclei and by pelvic splanchnic nerves from the sacral cord levels.
3. cranial nerves may contain motor, sensory, and parasympathetic bu NEVER sympathetic
4. there are 4 cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibers- 3, 7, 9, 10
5. there are 4 parasympathetic ganglia in head associated with cranial nerves but only 3 of the para nerves synapse in them- 3, 7, 9
6. para fibers in vagus are not confined to head, but 2/3 of body (thorax and abdomen)...uses intramural ganglia exclusively
7. fibers have long pre and short post (reverse of symp.)
Term
Formation of a plexus-3
Definition
1. ventral rami only form plexus
2. dorsal primarily always remain segmental
3. the dorsal and ventral rami are responsible for innervating (sensory/cutaneous) a strip of skin referred to as a dermatome
Term
Roots of Brachial Plexus-3
Definition
1. 5 in number and the first "segments" of the plexus
2. C5-T1
3. lie within the musculature of the neck and emerge into the posterior triangle between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
Term
Trunks of Brachial Plexus-4
Definition
1. The roots unite to form trunks named after their anatomical relationship to one another
2. upper two, C5 and 6 unite to form the superior
3. The lower two, C8 and T1 unite to form the inferior
4. the root from C7 continues on to become the middle trunk
Term
Anterior and posterior division of Brachial Plexus-2
Definition
1. Behind the clavicle, each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division
2. the 3 posterior divisions will merge while the inferior anterior will stay by itself
Term
Cords of the Brachial Plexus-3
Definition
1. Formed in the axilla, and named after their relationship to the axillary artery
2. Posterior divisions of all 3 trunks unite to form the posterior cord that supplies the extensor mm of posterior upper limb
3. the upper two anterior divisions form the lateral cord and the the remaining anterior division forms the medial cord. they both supply the flexor muscles on anterior aspect of upper limb
Term
Musculocutaneous nerve-3
Definition
1. Branches from the lateral cord of br. plexus
2. innervates the flexor compartments of the arm
3. it becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve in the forearm
Term
Ulnar Nerve-2
Definition
1. branches from the terminal branch of medial cord and has no muscular br. in the arm
2. supplies muscles and skin in the forearm and the hand
Term
Median Nerve-2
Definition
1. Formed from medial and lateral cord of br. plexus
2. has no muscular branches until it enters the forearm, supplying the forearm
Term
Axillary nerve-4
Definition
1. Branches off the posterior cord
2. leaves the axilla through the quadrangular space and divides into anterior and posterior branches
3. anterior supplies the deltoid and overlying skin
4. posterior branch supplies the deltoid and teres minor before becoming the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
Term
Radial Nerve-3
Definition
1. continuation of the posterior cord of the br. plexus 2. winds posteriorly around the humerus (in the groove) and passes down into the forearm 3. in the axilla it supplies muscular branches to each head of the triceps brachii and the anconeous
Term
Dorsal Scapular nerve-3
Definition
1. branches off the C5 root of br. plexus
2. reaches deep surface of levator scapulae where it joins with deep branch of dorsal scapular artery
3. supplies the Rhomboideus major and minor
Term
Long thoracic nerve
Definition
1. passes inferiorly over superficial surface of the serratus anterior muscle which it supplies
Term
Suprascapular nerve-2
Definition
1. runs deep to trapezius to reach the supraspinous fossa via the scapular notch
2. supplies the supraspinatus, then passes with suprascapular artery to supply the infraspinatus
Term
Lateral Pectoral nerve-2
Definition
1. branches from the lateral cord of br. plexus
2. supplis the pectoralis major ONLY from its deep surface
Term
Medial Pectoral nerve-2
Definition
1. branches from the medial cord of br. plexus
2. passes to supply the Pectoralis major and minor
Term
Medial cutaneous nerves
Definition
1. The medial cutaneous nerves of the forearm and arm branch off the medial cord of br. plexus
Term
Upper and lower subscapular nerves-3
Definition
1. branches from posterior cord of br. plexus
2. arise from the cord as it lies on the subscapularis
3. supplies the subscapularis and teres major
Term
Thoracodorsal nerve-2
Definition
1. branches from posterior cord of the br. plexus
2. arises between upper and lower subscapular nn and runs down over the posterior wall of the axilla to supply the latissimus dorsi
Term
The Axillary Artery-3
Definition
1. continuation of the subclavian artery
2. begins at the lateral edge of rib 1 and becomes brachial artery as it passes lower border of teres major
3. divided into 3 parts by overlying pec minor with the number of divisions being equivalent to number of branches of said division
Term
1st division of Axillary Artery-2
Definition
1. Before Pec minor
2. Has 1 branch; the superior (supreme) thoracic artery that supplies the pec major and minor
Term
2nd division of the axillary artery-3
Definition
1.found under pec minor; 2 branches
2. the thoracoacromial artery- short trunk branching to supply the pectoral, acromial, subclavicular, and deltoid regions
3. lateral thoracic artery- supplies the breast and serratus anterior
Term
3rd division of axillary artery-3
Definition
1. branches after pec minor; itself has 3 branches
2. subscapular artery- has several branches, a. circumflex scapular and b. thoracodorsal arteries that form an anastomoses around the scapula
3. Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries that form an anastomotic circle around the surgical neck of the humerus
Term
Regional summary of the 'parts' of the brachial plexus-4
Definition
1. Roots- in the prevertebral muscular floor of the posterior triangle of the neck (ant and middle scalene)
2. Trunks- pass through posterior triangle
3. Divisions- located behind the clavicle
4. Cords- positioned around the axillary artery in the axilla
Term
Afferent/Efferent Divisions-3
Definition
1. each spinal nerve contains two types of afferent and efferent nerve fibers (somatic and visceral)
2. Somatic- relay info to and from the body wall
a. Somatic afferents-peripheral sensory receptors feeding the CNS
b. Somatic efferents- motor to skeletal muscle
3. Viceral-relay info to and from the viscera of body
a. efferents- (ANS) preganglionic visceral fibers (T1-L2) that enter the symp trunk via white rami communicans. fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglia and postganglionic go to target organ/ Parasympathetic viscerals (S2-4) leave ventral rami and synapse in target organ
b. afferents- come back from viscera via white rami communicans and can travel up or down the sympathetic trunk prior to synapsing in the spinal cord
Term
Somatic vs. visceral pain-2
Definition
1. Somatic pain is localized and acute (can point to it)
2. Visceral pain is diffuse and dull
Term
Splanchnic (visceral) nerves-4
Definition
1. extend from the paravertebral symp. ganglia out to the prevertebral ganglia.
2. they carry sympathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers to this ganglion as well as visceral AFFERENT fibers back from visceral to the CNS
3. the pre ganlgionic symp. fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglion while the post ganglionic fibers pass through
4. also, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers access the prevertebral ganglion and also pass through
Term
Proximal-distal referred pain-2
Definition
1. i.e. Herniated disc
2. protrusion of the intervertebral disc between L4 and L5 will compress the dorsal and ventral roots of L5 causing pain felt along the dermatome supplied by L5
Term
Somatic/ embryological referred pain-2
Definition
1. formation of diaphragm in the neck region
2. inflammation or irritation of the central diaphragmatic parietal pleaura may have pain reffered in the neck due to the origins of the roots of the phrenic nerve that innervates it
Term
Visceral/Somatic referred pain-2
Definition
1. i.e. getting hit in nuts, heart attack, appendicitis
2. pain is immediately felt in the abdominal region before it hurts in the bruised or injured testicles.
Term
Upper limb overview-4
Definition
1. the upper limb is suspended from the bony shoulder (pectoral) girdle that links it to the trunk
2. The ONLY bony connection between the upper limb and thorax is the sternoclavicular joint
3. The region between the shoulder joint and the elbow is the arm/brachium.
4. The region below the elbow is the forearm/antebrachium which is joined to the hand at the wrist
Term
Carpal Bones of wrist-8
From wrist, mesial-distal then distal to mesial from anatomical position.
Definition
1. Pisiform-
2. Triquetrum-
3. lunate
4 scaphoid
5. trapezium
6. trapezoid
7. capitate
8. hamate
Term
Blood Supply to Upper Limb -All Pathways-4
Definition
1. Ascends from thoracic cavity off aortic arch as the Subclavian Artery
2. As it passes over the first rib and into axilla, it is called the Axilla Artery
3. leaving the Axilla and into the arm it is the Brachial Artery
4. Below the elbow, the brachial splits into the Ulnar and Radial arteries. These two unite in the hand via superficial and deep Palmar arches
Term
Posterior of upper limb blood supply-4
Definition
1. The main arterial vessels lie in the anterior part of the limb, the posteriors being supplied by a # of branches
2. The scapular region receives blood from Subclavian and axillary Artery
3. The back of the arm is supplied by the profunda brachii artery
4. The posterior forearm by the anterior and posterior interosseus arteries off the ulnar artery
Term
Dorsal and Palmar digital veins-2
Definition
1. Drain to irregular dorsal venous network on dorsum of hand
2. from the medial and lateral aspects of this network, two veins ascend into the forearm
Term
Basilic Vein
Definition
1. Found ascending on the medial aspect of arm where it pierces the fascia and passes deep to contribute to the formation of the axillary vein
Term
Cephalic Vein-3
Definition
1. Found ascending on the lateral aspect of the forearm and arm.
2. In the cubital fossa, it communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein
3. in the deltopectoral groove, it pierces the deep fascia and joins the axillary vein
Term
Median Cubital vein-2
Definition
1. passes obliquely through the cubital fossa accepting the median antebrachial vein superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis.
2. communication between cephalic and basilic veins
Term
Bicipital Aponeurosis-3
Definition
1. an aponeurotic layer of fascia arising from the tendon of the biceps brachii as it passes to the radial tuberosity
2. passes medially across the cubital fossa to fuse with the deep fascia of the forearm
3. the brachial artery lies deep to this fascia that effectively separates it from the overlying median cubital vein
Term
Upper Limb innervation-4
Definition
1. skin over shoulder is supplied by the supraclavicular nn from the cervical plexus
2. below this, the ventral rami form the brachial plexus
3. the median, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerve supply the skin and muscles of the anterior (flexor) part of arm
4. The axillary, radial, and posterior interosseous nerve supply the skin and muscles of the posterior (extensor) part of the limb
Term
Muscles arising from the Vertebral column-5
Definition
1. Trapezius
2. Levator Scapulae
3. Rhomboideus major
4. rhomboideus minor
5. Latissimus dorsi
Term
Muscles arising from thoracic wall-4
Definition
1. Pec major
2. Pectoralis minor
3. subclavius
4. serratus anterior
Term
Pectoralis major-2
Definition
1. Adducts the arm with the latissimus dorsi and assists with medial rotation
2. innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Term
Pectoralis minor-2
Definition
1. Pulls the scapulae forward and can reverse to raise the ribs in respiratory distress
2. Innervated by the medial pectoral nerve
Term
Subclavius-2
Definition
1. Muscle that steadies the clavicle
2. innervated by the br. of the brachial plexus
Term
Clavipectoral fascia-3
Definition
1. thickening of the deep fascia extending from the periosteum of the clavicle where it encloses the subclavius muscle.
2. fills the gap between the subclavius and the pec minor as the costocoracoid membrane
3. it then splits to enclose the pec minor and blends with axillary fascia
Term
Serratus Anterior-3
Definition
1.Draws scapulae forward in pushing and forward reaching movements.
2. Rotates the inferior angle of scapula laterally turning glenoid cavity upwards when arm is raised above the head
3. innervated by the long thoracic nerve
Term
Muscles involved in raising your arm above your head-3 divisions
Definition
1. From 0 degrees-15 degrees-supraspinatus
2. from 15-90 - deltoid
3. >90- trapezius and serratus anterior
Term
Muscles of the scapular region-6
Definition
1. subscapularis
2. supraspinatus
3. infraspinatus
4. teres minor
5. teres major
6. deltoid
Term
Rotator cuff-3
Definition
1. subscap, supra and infraspinatus, and teres minor
2. tendons of these muscles surround the shoulder joint on all sides except inferiorly
3. they keep the large head of the humerus applied to the shallow glenoid cavity
Term
Subscapularis-3
Definition
1. subscapular fossa-lesser tubercle
2. innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves
3.acts to medially rotate the shoulder
Term
Supraspinatus-3
Definition
1.supraspinatus fossa-greater tubercle
2. innervated by the suprascapular nerve
3. acts to initiates abduction; and lateral rotation
Term
Infraspinatus-3
Definition
1. infraspinatus fossa-greater tubercle
2. innervated by suprascapular nerve
3. acts to laterally rotate
Term
Teres minor-3
Definition
1. lateral border of scapula-greater tubercle
2. innervated bu the axillary nerve
3. acts to laterally rotate, weak ADDuction
Term
Teres major-3
Definition
1. lower border and inferior angle of scapula-medial lip of intertubercular sulcus
2. innervated by the lower subscapular nerve
3. acts to ADDuct and medially rotate the humerus
Term
Deltoid-3
Definition
1. lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion-deltod tubercle on humerus
2. innervated by the axillary nerve
3. Intermediate fibers ADDuct humerus to 90 degrees, Posterior fibers extend arm, anterior fibers flex the arm
Term
Quadrangular Space-transmission and boundaries
Definition
1. transmits the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery
2. boundaries- Superior-teres minor/subscapularis
inferior-teres major
medial-long head triceps brachii
lateral-humerus
Term
Triangular Space (lateral or lower)- transmission and boundaries
Definition
1. transmits the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
2. boundaries- superior-teres major
medial-long head triceps brachii
lateral-humerus
Term
Triangular space (medial or upper) -transmission and boundaries
Definition
1. transmits the circumflex scapular br. and the subscapular artery
2. boundaries superior-teres minor/subscap
inferior-teres major
lateral-long head triceps brachii
Term
Flexor compartment of the arm-7
Definition
1. biceps brachii
2. coracobrachialis
3. brachialis
4. brachial a/v
5. musculocutaenous nerve
6. median nerve
7. proximal ulnar nerve
Term
Extensor compartment of the arm-4
Definition
1. triceps brachii
2. terminal branch of profunda brachii
3. radial n
4. distal ulnar nerve
Term
Biceps Brachii-4
Definition
1. has two heads, long and short
a. longhead-origin in supraglenoid tubercle in capsule of shoulder joint
b. short head-Originates at tip of coracoid process
2. the two bellies fuse in the lateral aspect of ant. compartment.
3. Supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve after it pierces the coracobrachialis
4. shoulder flexor, elbow flexor and powerful supinator
Term
coracobrachialis-3
Definition
1. coracoid process-medial surface on shaft of humerus
2. innervated by musculocutaneous
3. acts to flex arm & weakly ADDucts the arm when it is abducted
Term
brachialis-3
Definition
1. Distal shaft of anterior surface of humerus-tuberosity of the ulna and anterior surface of the cornonoid process
2. innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
3. acts as powerful flexor of forearm
Term
Triceps Brachii-3
Definition
1. 3 heads and is the only muscle in the extensor/posterior compartment of the arm
a. long head-from infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
b. lateral head- arises from humerus
c. medial head- from humerus
2. 3 bellies fuse into lateral tendon that inserts into olecranon process of ulna. near distal att., the tendon fuses with the anconeus m
3. innervated by radial nerve branches
Term
Extensor compartment blood supply-2
Definition
1. supplied by branches of the posterior humeral circumflex branch of axillary artery. & the
2. profunda brachii artery off brachial artery. the profunda terminates by dividing into radial and medial collateral arteries
Term
Cubital Fossa-5
Definition
1. an inverted triangular region anterior to elbow joint
2. boundaries Base-imaginary line through the medial and lateral epicondyle of humerus
lateral-brachioradialis
medial- pronator teres
roof- skin, superficial and deep fascia.
3. the median cubital vein lies in super. fascia
4. common site for dislocations and fracture dislocations of the elbow joint
5. access point to both venous and arterial blood
Term
Flexor compartment blood supply and innervation of the Forearm-4
Definition
1. Radial a.v.n
2. ulnar a.v.n
3 Median n
4. Anterior interosseus a.v.n
Term
Extensor compartment of forearm blood supply and innervation-1
Definition
Posterior interosseus a.v.n.
Term
Flexor Forearm-Superficial muscle group-5 muscles + 1 innervationPron
Definition
1. a group of 5 muscles fan out from medial supracondylar ridge and epicondyle of humerus
-Pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor digitorum superficialis
5. flexor carpi ulnaris
6. all innervated by median except 'ulnaris' by the ulnar nerve
Term
Pronator Teres-3
Definition
1. medial epicondyle of the humerus(humeral) & coronoid process of the ulna (ulnar head)-lateral surface of the radius
2. innervated by median nerve
3. pronates and flexes the forearm
Term
Flexor carpi radialis-3
Definition
1. medial epicondyle-base of 2nd metacarpal
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes the wrist, abDUCTS the hand
Term
Palmaris Longus-3
Definition
1. medial epicondyle-anterior flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes wrist; tenses palmar aponeurosis
Term
Flexor carpi ulnaris-3
Definition
1. medial epicondyle(humeral) & medial margin of olecranon and upper ulna(ulnar) - pisiform, hamate & 5th metacarpal
2. innervated by the ulnar nerve
3. flexes wrist, ADDucts the hand
Term
Brachioradialis-3
Definition
1. upper 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge-lateral aspect of the radial styloid
2. innervated by the radial nerve
3. flexes forearm when it is semipronated
*not part of the flexor group or extensor group/ an orphan muscle that supplies extensors but flexes the elbow.
Term
Flexor digitorum superficialis-3
Definition
1. medial epicondyle (humeroulnar) & anterior surface below tuberosity (radial) - by 4 tendons onto sides of intermediate phalanx of digits 2-5
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes wrist, int and proximan phalanx
Term
Flexor forearm Deep group muscles-3
Definition
1.flexor digitorum profundus
2. flexor pollicis longus
3. Pronator quadratus
Term
Flexor digitorum profundus-3
Definition
1. upper 3/4 of the ant/med ulna and IO membrane- anterior surface of the base of the distal phalanx
2. innervated by the median nerve (IO branch) and the ulnar nerve
3. flexes wrist, prox, int, and distal phalanges
Term
Flexor pollicis longus-3
Definition
1. Radial-ant. surface of the radius and adjacent IO membran/ Humeral- medial epicondyle, coranoid process of ulna -----base of distal phalanx of thumb
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes prox and distal phalanges of thumb
Term
Pronator quadratus-3
Definition
1. distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of ulna-distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of the radius
2. innervated by the median nerve (IO branch)
3. pronates the hand
Term
Nerves and blood vessels of the flexor compartment-4
Definition
1. The brachial artery enters the forearm through the cubital fossa where it divides into the radial and ulnar artery
2. the median and ulnar nerve traverse and supply.- the anterior interosseus nerve leaves the median n as it passes through the pronator teres
3. ulnar n is joined by ulnar artery on medial aspect.
4. the radial nerve enters the forearm between the brachioradialis and brachialis- deep branch eventually enters extensor compartment where it becomes the posterior interrosseous n
Term
Superficial muscles of extensor compartment-5
Definition
1. extensor carpi radialis longus
2. extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. extensor digitorum
4. extensor digiti minimi
5. extensor carpi ulnaris
Term
Extensor carpi radialis longus-3
Definition
1. superior aspect of the lateral epicondyle-dorsal part of the base of 2nd metacarpal
2. radial nerve innervation
3. extend and ABduct the wrist
Term
Extensor carpi radialis longus-3
Definition
1. superior aspect of the lateral epicondyle-dorsal part of the base of 2nd metacarpal
2. radial nerve innervation
3. extend and ABduct the wrist
Term
extensor carpi radialis brevis-3
Definition
1. lateral epicondyle - dorsal part of the base of 3rd metacarpal
2. innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve
3. extend and ABduct the wrist
Term
Extensor digitorum-3
Definition
1. lateral epicondyle- extensor expansions, intermediate phalanx
2. posterior interosseous innervation
3. Extends wrist and fingers
Term
Extensor digiti minimi-3
Definition
1. lateral epicondyle- extensor expansion 5th digit
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends wrist and 5th digit
Term
Extensor carpi ulnaris-3
Definition
1. lateral epicondyle, posterior border of ulna-dorsal part of the base of the 5th metacarpal
2. posterior interrosseous nerve
3. extend and ADDuct the wrist
Term
Deep muscles of the extensor compartment-5
Definition
1. supinator (acts only on the superior radioulnar joint) remainder form long tendons that cross wrist and enter hand
2. abductor pollicis longus
3. extensor pollicis brevis
4. extensor pollicis longus
5. extensor indicis
Term
Supinator- 3
Definition
1. lateral epicondyle, crest of ulna-lateral, anterior, and posterior radial shaft
2. innervated by the deep branch of radial nerve
3. acts to supinate forearm
Term
Abductor pollicis longus-3
Definition
1. posterior radius and ulna and IO membrane- base of 1st metacarpal
2. posterior interosseous nerve
3. acts to abduct and extend thumb at MCP joint
Term
Extensor pollicis longus-3
Definition
1. posterior radius and ulna and IO membrane- distal phalanx digit 1
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends wrist + 1st digit (MCP and all IP joints)
Term
Extensor pollicis brevis-3
Definition
1. posterior radius, ulna and IO membrane-Prox phalanx digit 1 2. innervated by posterior interrosseous nerve 3. extends wrist + 1st digit (MCP and all IP joints)
Term
Extensor indicis-3
Definition
1. posterior surface of distal 1/3rd ulna and IO membrane- extensor expansion of second digit
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends 2nd digit
Term
Blood supply to deep Extensor compartment of forearm
Definition
1. no major artery reaches, however the commone interrosseous (branch from ulnar artery) divides into an anterior and posterior branch.
2. the anterior and posterior interrosseous arteries join at pronator quadratus to go into wrist and join the dorsal carpal arch
Term
Dorsum of the Hand- Overview + the tendons-9
Definition
-The only muscle intrinsic to these dorsum muscles is the dorsal interosseous muscle. These tendons arise from bellies of muscles in the extensor compartment, bound down by extensor retinaculum and encased in a synovial sheath
1 & 2. Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
3 & 4. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
5. extensor pollicis longus
6. and 7. extensor digitorum and indicis
8. extensor digiti minimi
9 extensor carpi ulnaris
Term
Arteries of the dorsum of the hand-2
Definition
1. The radial artery appears briefly at the base of the thumb branching into a dorsal digital aa to supply the thumb and lateral side of index finger
2. the radial artery, posterior branch of anterior interosseous and the dorsal carpal of ulnar artery form a dorsal carpal arch supplying the medial 3 and 1/2 digits (pinky-half of index)
Term
Thenar eminence-5
Definition
- raised region between wrist and base of thumb
-supplied by the recurrent branch of median nerve
1. abductor pollicis brevis
2. flexor pollicis brevis
3. opponens pollicis
Term
abductor pollicis brevis-3
Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, retinaculum- base of prox phalange of 1st digit
2. recurrent branch of median nerve
3. abducts the thumb
Term
Flexor pollicis brevis-3
Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, retinaculum, trapezoid and capitate-radial side of prox phalanx of 1st digit
2. recurrent branch of median nerve
3. flexes digit, medially rotates 1st MC
Term
Oppomens Pollicis-3
Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, scaphoid, retinaculum-length of lateral border of 1st MC
2. recurrent br, of median nerve
3. opposes thumb
Term
Adductor Pollicis-3
Definition
*not part of thenar eminence
1. capitate, base of 2nd and 3rd MC-ulnar side of base of 1st proximal phalanx
2. ulnar n
3. adducts the thumb
Term
Hypothenar eminence-4
Definition
-Region between the wrist and base of little finger (5th)/ less prominent than thenar
1. abductor digiti minimi
2. flexor digiti minimi
3. opponens digiti minimi
Term
Abductor digiti minimi-3
Definition
1. pisiform, tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris-base of prox phalanx of 5th digit
2. ulnar nerve
3. abducts the pinky
Term
Flexor digiti minimi-3
Definition
1. hamate, flexor retinaculum-base of prox phalanx 5th digit
2.ulnar nerve
3. flexes 5th digit
Term
Opponens digiti minimi-3
Definition
1. hamate, flexor retinacullum-ulnar side of 5th
2. ulnar nerve
3. flexes and laterally rotates pinky
Term
Lumbricals-4
Definition
-4 small muscles that attach to the profundus tendons in the palm
1. Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus-radial side of dorsal digital expansion
2. 1 and 2-median, 3 and 4-ulnar
3. flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the int. phalangeal joints
Term
Palmar interossei
Definition
1. adduct the fingers (three of them)
Term
Dorsal interossei
Definition
Four of them, ABDUCT THE fungers
Term
Median Nerve activity in hand-3
Definition
1. Innervates thenar eminence
2. Superficial in carpal tunnel, causing the pain felt in the syndrome
3. sensory innervation to thumb, index, middle and lateral aspect of 4
Term
Ulnar Nerve activity in the Hand-3
Definition
1. passes lateral to retinaculum, NOT involved in carpal tunnel
2. deep branch supplies the hypothenar eminence
3. supplies medial 2 lumbricals and all the interossei
Term
Arteries of the palm of hand-2
Definition
1. Radial artery- passes on lateral dorsum (snuff box) and then back onto palm where it joins deep palmar branch of Ulnar artery to form DEEP palmar arch
2. The superficial branch of radial joins the ulnar artery to form the superficial palmar arch as it branches before radial makes snuff box
Term
Lymphatics of Upper Limb-2
Definition
1. Superficial lymphatic vessels follow superficial veins while deep lymphatics follow arteries
2. 2 lymph nodes are the Supratrochlear node and the deltopectoral nodes (most drain to axillary)
Term
Embryoblast---
Definition
Embryo proper
Term
Trophoblast----
Definition
Future placenta (invasion of columns of cytotrophoblasts)
Term
Syncytiotrophoblast----
Definition
Cell layer that invades the uterin wall for implantation; secretes Hcg-
Term
Cytotrophoblast---
Definition
Becomes amnion
Term
Hypoblast---2
Definition
its migration originally forms the blostocyst cavity that develops into the exocoelomic cavity that is the primitive yolk sac
-also becomes embryonic endoderm
Term
Epiblast---
Definition
embryonic ectoderm
Term
Connecting Stalk----
Definition
Portion of extraembryonic mesoderm that connects embryo to chorion--umbilical cord
Term
Amnion-2
Definition
1. Develops as a cavity with the epiblast layer
2. as the amniotic cavity expands, it forces the chorionic cavity to decrease in size
Term
Chorion-2
Definition
1. chorion begins as a large cavity within the extraembryonic mesoderm
2. ultimitatley the chorionic cavity is obliterated by the growing amniotic cavity and the membranes of the amniotic cavity and chorionic cavity fuse
Term
Yolk sac-3
Definition
1. Vitelline duct- narrowing of yolk sac where it communicates with developing gut
2. communication allows the physiological herniation of gut into yolk sac
3. the yolk sac and vitelline duct are forced towards the connecting stalk as the amniotic cavity expands
Term
Allantois
Definition
1. is a diverticulum of the hindgut that extends into the connecting stalk
Term
Connecting stalk/umbilical cord-2
Definition
1. CS fuses with the vitelline duct oand with the establishment of the umbilical vessels through it becomes the umbilical cord
2. the yolk sac, vitelline duct and allantois iltimately should regress
Term
Primitive Streak
Definition
1. begins to appear as the epiblast and hypoblast differentiate and divide...indicates the beginning of the next step; gastrulation
Term
Endoderm cells-
Definition
1. will develop into linings of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems as well as the pharyngeal pouches of the head and neck region
Term
Mesoderm Cells-2
Definition
1. migrate from epiblast through primitive to sandwich themselves between endo and ectoderm as the intraembryonic mesoderm
2. develop into skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
b. most cartilage and bone
c. dermis of skin
d. portions of kidney and gonads
Term
Ectoderm Cells
Definition
1. develop into Nervous system and epidermis
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