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GroJo's Anatomy Reference Notes
neuroanatomy review
185
Anatomy
Graduate
09/05/2012

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Cards

Term
The brain consists of ________nerve cells.
Definition
15-20 billion .
Term
The brain weighs about...
Definition
3 lbs
Term
The brain would cover about ______ if laid out flat.
Definition
two square ft
Term
what covers the brain and helps protect it?
Definition
the meningeal layers
Term
how many meningeal layers are there?
Definition
three
Term
what are the names of the meningeal layers?
Definition
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
Term
what meningeal layer is the tough, thick, outer layer.
Definition
dura mater
Term
The _______________ lies between the dura mater and the cranium.
Definition
epidural space
Term
The _____________ lies between the dura mater and the arachnoid.When blood pools into hematomas, they are often referred to by these spaces (e.g. _____)
Definition
subdural space, (e.g., subdural hematomas)
Term
The _____________ contains sinuses (e.g. ____________) that absorb blood from veins and the circulated cerebral spinal fluid
Definition
dura mater (e.g., superior sagittal sinus)
Term
what meningeal layer is the thin, nonvascular, middle layer?
Definition
the arachnoid membrane
Term
the subarachnoid spce contains _____________ as it circulates over the entire brain and spinal cord. Projections from the arachnoid (_______) push into the dura mater to drain the _________ into the sinuses
Definition
the cerebral spinal fluid, granulations, cerebral spinal fluid
Term
what meningeal layer is the thin innermost layer that closely follows the contours of the brain?
Definition
pia mater
Term
The primary function of the ventricles is to...
Definition
circulate the CSF
Term
where is the CSF primarily produced?
Definition
in the lateral ventricles in teh choroid plexus
Term
The _____forms a spongy cushion to protect the central nervous system from sudden head movements
Definition
CSF
Term
The two lateral ventricles are contained in the middle of the left and right hemispheres. They drain through_____ into the singular third ventricle which lies medially between the left and right thalami. The CSF then drains through the _______ into the fourth ventricle which lies level with the _______. The CSF exits from the fourth ventricle into the _______ to circulate around the brain and spinal cord.
Definition
Monro's foramen, cerebral aqueduct, the pons of the brainstem and the cerebellum, subarachnoid space
Term
The cerebrum of the brain consists of two main parts....
Definition
gray matter (cortex) and white matter (nerve fiber tracts)
Term
The ____ mm thick cortex is the outer layer of the brain and consists of ____ layers of nerve cells
Definition
10 mm, 6 layers
Term
the study of cortex layer differences and many maps have been developed
Definition
cytoarchitectronics
Term
this brain map is most commonly used
Definition
brodmann's map from 1909
Term
Because the cortex is scrunched into a tight space (the cranium), it buckles up, creating gyri ( ____) and sulci(_____) that give the brain its distinctive bumpy appearance
Definition
convolutions or hills, fissures or valleys
Term
two important fissures are
Definition
the rolandic fissure and the sylvian fissure
Term
what is the central sulcus called?
Definition
rolandic fissure, runs vertically from the top to the middle about halfway back
Term
what is the lateral sulcus called?
Definition
sylvian fissure, runs horizontally from the front to the middle about halfway between the top and bottom of the brain
Term
where is the longitudinal fissure?
Definition
runs between the left and right hemispheres
Term
the brain is divided inot five/six lobes. these are...
Definition
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular (isle of reil)
Term
which lobe is mostly motor and executive functions?
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
the frontal lobe extends anteriorly from the ________ to the _________ and is bordered on the bottom by the ________. Immediately in from the ____________ is the vertically oriented pre-central gyrus.
Definition
rolandic fissure, frontal pole, sylvian fissure, rolandic fissure
Term
which lobe is for touch-pressure sensations?
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
the parietal lobe extends posteriorly from the _________ in the top part of the brain. Immediately behind is the vertically oriented post-central gyrus. In the lower part of the pareital lobe lies the _________ (at the end of the slyvian fissure) and the _____________ (at the end of the superior temporal sulcus)
Definition
rolandic fissure, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus
Term
which lobe serves auditory and memory functions?
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
the temporal lobe lies beneath the __________ and extends from _______ in front about three-quarters of the way back. It has three horizontally oriented gyri : _____<_____<_____. ____________lies on the top surface of the superior temporal gyrus (nestled in the sylvian fissure) towards the back
Definition
sylvian fissure, temporal pole, superior temporal (T1), middle temporal (T2), and inferior temporal (T3), Heschl's gyrus
Term
which lobe serves visual functions?
Definition
occipital lobe
Term
the occipital lobe occupies the back part of the brain, behind an imaginary line that runs from the ______________ to the ___________. The primary landmark within the lobe is the ___________ which runs basically horizontally on the medial surface of the lobe.
Definition
Parietooccipital notch, preoccipital notch, calcarine sulcus
Term
which lobe lies deep?
Definition
the insular lobe (isle of reil)
Term
The insular lobe lies deep to _______ and can be found only by pulling aprat the ________ (a name for cortex lying next to the sylvian fissure) of the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes.
Definition
sylvian fissure, opercula
Term
which lobe serves emotional and vegetative functions? (we will not be considering this a lobe for the purpose of our class
Definition
the limbic
Term
this is the oldest lobe and consists of numerous parts of the medial side of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, along with subcortical and brainstem structures (We will not be considering this a lobe for the purpose of our class)
Definition
the limbic
Term
this is the primary relay station for the sensory information working its way to the brain
Definition
the thalamus
Term
all sensations except ______ go through the thalamus to get to the cortex
Definition
olfaction (smell)
Term
The thalamus lies in the middle section of the brain, on both sides of the ______. It is made up of numerous small nuclei and sections. It is thought to contribute to cortically mediated speech and language functions
Definition
third ventricle
Term
this can occur following lesions of the thalamus, primarily on the left side
Definition
Aphasia
Term
the basal ganglia is involved primarily in...
Definition
movement
Term
What part of basal ganglia is shaped like a "c"?
Definition
caudate nuclei
Term
The _____ and the ____________________ form a wedge shaped structure lying just lateral to the thalamus. The ______ is the outside nuclei in this structure.
Definition
putamen, globus pallidus, putamen
Term
The caudate nucleus and the putamen combined are referred to as the ______
Definition
striatum
Term
the putamen and globus pallidus combinned a referred to as...
Definition
the lenticular (lentiform nuclei
Term
The _____ connects the brain the spinal cord
Definition
brainstem
Term
the bottom section of the brainstem is called the
Definition
medulla (at the level of the hard palate)
Term
cranial nerves ___-____ enter and exit through the medulla
Definition
9-12
Term
The motor tract running from the cortex to innervate the spinal nerves cross at what level?
Definition
medulla
Term
cranial nerves 5-8 enter and exit where
Definition
the pons
Term
what level is the fourth ventricle?
Definition
the level of the pons
Term
where do cranial nerves 3 and 4 enter and exit?
Definition
The midbrain
Term
The midbrain carries out such functions as
Definition
respiration
Term
descending projection fibers run from the cortex to the ______(_____________)or __________ (______________)
Definition
brainstem (corticobulbar tract), spinal cord (corticospinal tract)
Term
these projection fibers are primarily motor in function
Definition
descending
Term
these projection fibers carry sensory information
Definition
ascending
Term
These run between different parts of the brain within the same hemisphere, many connection adjacent brain areas
Definition
association fibers (intra-hemispheric)
Term
two prominent association fibers
Definition
superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciulus
Term
this runs between the frontal lobe and the parietal/occipital lobes, traveling about the insula
Definition
superior longitudinal fasciculus
Term
this runs between the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe (it travels along with the superior longitudinal fasciculus but separates from it just posterior to the sylvian fissure bend down into the temporal lobe)
Definition
arcuate fasiciulus (actually part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus)
Term
this is thought to connect the anterior and posterior speech/language areas (basicially connecting Broca's the Wernicke's areas) It has played a major role in historical neurolinguistic models
Definition
arcuate fasciculus
Term
these fibers tracts run between two hemisphere
Definition
commissural fibers (inter-hemispheric)
Term
this prominent commissural fibers which connects corresponding regions in the two hemispheres , which allows hemispheres to "talk" to each other.
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
the parts of the _____________________ are the rostrum, genu trunk, and splenium.
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
Fibers connecting the anterior frontal lobe cross in the _______ of the corpus callosum. Fibers from the posterior frontal lobe and parietal lobes pass through the ________ of the corpus callosum. Fibers from the temporal and occipital lobes pass through the ______ of the corpus callosum
Definition
rostrum, trunk, splenium,
Term
Functionally, the cortex can be divided into three types of areas
Definition
primary, association (secondary) and tertiary
Term
Primary areas are those that
Definition
connect directly with the periphery (that is, they receive the ascending projection fibers carrying incoming sensory information)
Term
what does modality specific mean?
Definition
modality specific areas will process information of one modality or type of sensation only. These areas carry out only a very low level of processing of the sensory information. They do not generally interpret or apply meaning to the information.
Term
what areas are not interconnected via the corpus callosum
Definition
primary areas in the two hemispheres are not interconnected via the corpus callosum; they connect only with their related association area.
Term
_________ areas asre modality-specific; they process information only within a certain sensory modality. They receive information from their respective primary area and from the corresponding association areas in the other hemisphere (across the corpus callosum). These areas do much more processing, interpreting, assigning meaning to the sensory information.
Definition
association
Term
which area would "see" lines and shapes and which area would "recognize" those as a cup?
Definition
primary, association,
Term
lesions that keep information from reaching the association areas, but don't damage them per se cause
Definition
agnosias
Term
what are agnosias?
Definition
impairments in interpreting sensory information in one particular modality
Term
what is the primary area for audition?
Definition
Heschl's gyrus
Term
what brodmann area is Heschl's gyrus
Definition
41,42
Term
what receives auditory information from the ear via the medial geniculate body of the thalamus?
Definition
Heschl's gyrus
Term
Heschl's gyrus maintains a tonotopic relationship in that...
Definition
low tones occur in the anterior portion of the gyrus and high tones in the posterior portion
Term
Why doesn't damage to Heschl's gyrus cause deafness?
Definition
because we have conscious awareness of sound at the subcortical level (inferior collicullus) There may be a slight loss in acuity in the opposite ear. Unilateral damage does not cause problems in interpreting auditory information because auditory information can still get to the association area via the corpus callosum.
Term
what is the association area for audition?
Definition
Wernicke's area
Term
what brodmann area is wernicke's area?
Definition
22
Term
where is wernicke's area?
Definition
located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus
Term
damage to this area is very disruptive to the processing of auditory information, particularly spoken language (causes aphasia). However, full semantic representation of concepts is probably not localized in this area.
Definition
wernicke's area
Term
what is the primary area for vision?
Definition
Banks of the calcarine fissure on the mdial surface of the occipital lobe
Term
what brodmann area is area for primary vision?
Definition
17
Term
the primary vision area receives visual information coming from the eye via the ____________________ and the ___________. It is topographically arranged in that...
Definition
lateral geniculate body of the thalamus and the optic radiation, specific parts of the retina in teh eye go to specific parts of the primary area
Term
damage to the primary visual area causes...
Definition
blindness. Since the primary visual area in one hemisphere receives sight from the opposite half visual field, damage to the left primary visual area will cause blindness in the right half of the visual field. This is known as a right field cut or a right homonymous meianopsia.
Term
what is the association area for vision?
Definition
lateral surface of occipital love.
Term
what brodmann areas are association areas for vision
Definition
18,19
Term
association areas for vision receive information from the primary visual area on the _____ side and the visual association area on the _____ side of the brain. It contributes to the _____ of visual information
Definition
same, other, interpretaion
Term
what is the primary area for touch-pressure?
Definition
post-central gyrus in the parietal lobe
Term
which brodmann's area is the primary area for touch-pressure?
Definition
3,2,1
Term
What does the post-central gyrus in the parietal lobe do?
Definition
receives touch-pressure tactile information from the periphery
Term
damage to the the post-central gyrus in the parietal lobe...
Definition
causes loss of sensory information (inability to feel) pain and temperature are not included in this because they are consciously perceived subcortically.
Term
topographic arrangement of the sensory information is similar to ..
Definition
the homunculus
Term
what is the association area for touch-pressure?
Definition
posterior parietal lobe
Term
what is brodmann's area for posterior parietal lobe?
Definition
5,7
Term
the posterior parietal lobe receives information from the primary area on the ____ side or the tactile association area on the ____ side of the brain. It contributes to...
Definition
same side, other side, interpretation of tactile information
Term
motor functions are divided between...
Definition
motor and pre-motor areas
Term
Where is the motor area?
Definition
The motor area lies in the pre-central gyrus in the frontal lobe
Term
What brodmann's area is the motor area?
Definition
4
Term
What does the motor area do?
Definition
it sends nerve fibers out the spinal and cranial nerves to general movements
Term
damage to the motor strip...
Definition
leads to paralysis and weakness of mm
Term
what does damage to the motor strip mean in terms of speech production
Definition
dysarthria
Term
the motor strip is particularly important for the execution of ...
Definition
fine movements, such as those we carry out with our fingers and oral musculature
Term
why do finger and hand movements tend to recover far less than shoulder and arm movements following a stroke?
Definition
because they rely exclusively on nerves coming from the motor strip. More gross movements, such as those we carry out with our body torso or shoulders, can be controlled by areas outside of the motor strip
Term
the organization of the motor strip is reflected in the little man called the
Definition
homunculus
Term
the homunculus represents two aspects of the organization of the motor strip
Definition
the location of the body part, the degree of fine, skilled motor control we have over these body parts
Term
what areas have the largest representations on the homonuculus?
Definition
the fingers, and the oral musculature
Term
where is the pre-motor area?
Definition
part of the frontal lobe just anterior to the motor strip
Term
what brodmann's areas are the pre-motor area?
Definition
6,8,44,45
Term
the pre-motor area is involved with...
Definition
programming or planning of motor activities (not the execution of movements per se)
Term
programming refers to...
Definition
determining what movements are needed to carry out a particular motor event
Term
does damage to the pre-motor area cause paralysis or paresis?
Definition
no.
Term
damage to the pre-motor area...
Definition
an impairment in the ability to program volitional movement patterns (apraxia)
Term
where is broca's area?
Definition
the lower portion of the pre-motor area (posterior inferior frontal gyrus) contain broca's area
Term
what are brodmann's area for broca's areas
Definition
44,45
Term
broca's area is thought to...
Definition
participate in the programming of volitional speech movements
Term
damage to broca's area can lead to
Definition
apraxia of speech
Term
where is the supplementary motor area?
Definition
in the upper part of the pre-motor area
Term
what does the supplementary motor area do?
Definition
seems to relate to the initiation of self-generated movements (as compared to imitative movements)
Term
these areas are the phylogenetically newest parts of the brain and are involved in our higher mental functions
Definition
tertiary areas
Term
are tertiary areas modality specific?
Definition
no they are cross-modal
Term
cross-modal means...
Definition
information from all parts of the brain can interact with each other in these areas
Term
What are the three main tertiary areas?
Definition
pre-frontal areas, lower and medial portions of temporal lobe, and temporal-occipital-parietal lobe jucture
Term
what areas are involved with such functions as personality, emotion, drive, abstract thinking, judgement, planning, problem solving, inhibition, and goal setting (executive functions)?
Definition
pre-frontal areas
Term
damage to the pre-frontal lobes (common in pts with traumatic, closed-head injuries)...
Definition
disruption of executive functions
Term
what areas are involved with episodic memory?
Definition
lower and medial portions of the temporal lobe
Term
what do lower and medial portions of the temporal lobe do?
Definition
episodic memory and may play a role in word retrieval
Term
what are the brodmann's areas for the pre-frontal areas?
Definition
9-12
Term
what is brodmann's area for the supramarginal gyrus?
Definition
40
Term
what is brodmann's area for the angular gyrus?
Definition
39
Term
what area participates in the integration of auditory, visual, and tactile information and thus, plays an important role in langauge?
Definition
temporal-occipital-parietal lobe juncture (including the supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus)
Term
the ______ hemisphere is more specialized in processing novel information and in simultaneous, gestalt manner. the _____ hemisphere is better at carrying out routine processing (that is, governed by a set of rules) and working in a temporal, sequential, analytical manner.
Definition
right, left
Term
It does appear that _____ and _______ are domains of the left hemisphere, but that _____ and ______ are processed by both.
Definition
phonology and syntax, semantics and pragmatics
Term
There is evidence that, in general, the association areas are larger (and tertiary areas smaller) on the ______ side of the brain
Definition
left
Term
There are two optic fibers leaving each eye one temporal and one nasal. The temporal tracts go back to the ______ and ______ cross over. They then go to the _____ and from there via the ________, back to the ______________ on the _______ side of the brain. The nasal tracts cross over the __________, back to the ___________ on the _______ side of the brain. By tracing these tracks, you will see that the visual information coming to the left primary visual area comes from the _____ visual field, carried along the temporal tract from the _____ eye and the nasal tract from the _____ eye.
Definition
optic chiasm, do not, thalamus, optic radiation, primary visual area, same, optic chiasm, primary visual area, same, right, left, right,
Term
The general pattern is that the left brain "sees" information from the _____ visual field and visa versa.
Definition
right
Term
If the pt has a damaged left primary visual area, the will have blindness in their _____ visual half-field.
Definition
right
Term
If there is damage to the primary visual area fed by the ________....
Definition
posterior cerebral artery, blindness in their right visual half-field
Term
If there is damage to the optic radiation fibers carrying information from the _____ back to the ______....
Definition
thalamus, primary visual area, blindness in their right visual half-field
Term
Many of our aphasic pts have lesions to the temporal lobe that go deep enough to interrupt these optic radiation fibers, thus causing _____ visual field cuts (also known as __________)
Definition
right, right homonymous hemianopsia
Term
Pts with a right visual field cut will have trouble seeing you if you sit on the ____ side. They will also have trouble responding to test and/or treatment materials that are arranged ________, particularly items on the far ______ side. We certainly do not want to interpret an error as representing a lang problem when it is a visual problem
Definition
right, horizontal, right
Term
Pts with a visual field cut often feel the problem is with _______________ and that they need_______________
Definition
their right eye, a new pair of glasses
Term
do visual field cuts improve?
Definition
visual field cuts improve over time
Term

[image]

 

What is this called?

Definition
right homonymous hemianopsia
Term
Blood provides brain cells with ___________ such as....
Definition
nutrients, glucose and oxygen
Term
Deprivation of blood to the brain for 5-8 seconds can lead to ...
Definition
unconsciousness
Term
Deprivation of the blood to the brain for _______ seconds can lead to unconsciousness
Definition
5-8
Term
Deprivation for 20-25 seconds can...
Definition
eliminate electrical activity of the brain cells
Term
Deprivation for _____ seconds can eliminate electrical activity of the brain cells
Definition
20-25
Term
Deprivation for 4-6 minutes leads to...
Definition
irreversible brain damage
Term
Deprivation for ____ minutes leads to irreversible brain damage
Definition
4-6
Term
nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord can sustain oxygen deprivation for ...
Definition
longer periods of time
Term
The brain is fed by ___ main arteries that branch off of the...
Definition
two, subclavian artery
Term
One, the ______ bifurcates at the level of the larynx
Definition
carotid artery
Term
The carotid artery bifurcates at...
Definition
the level of the larynx
Term
the external carotid branch feeds the ...
Definition
surface of parts of the face and head
Term
the __________ branch feeds the parts of the face and head
Definition
external carotid branch
Term
the internal carotid branch goes to the _______where it...
Definition
circle of willis, bifurcates to form teh Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) and the anterior cerebral Artery (ACA)
Term
The internal carotid branch goes to the Circle of Willis where it bifurcates into...
Definition
MCA, ACA
Term
At the level of the pons the internal carotid artery joins with its partner from the other side to form________ that runs along the pons.At this level, the ________ gives off numerous branches that supply the_____, ______, and part of the______
Definition
singular basilar artery, singular basilar artery, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord
Term
At the circle of Willis the basilar artery divides into...
Definition
the left and right Posterior cerebral artery (pca)
Term
what supplies blood to the brainstem, cerebellum and part of the spinal cord?
Definition
the basilar artery
Term
At the circle of willis the __________ divides into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries
Definition
basilar artery
Term
The anterior communicating artery connects ...
Definition
the left and right anterior cerebral arteries
Term
what connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries?
Definition
the anterior communicating artery
Term
The posterior communicating artery connects...
Definition
the basilar/pca juncture to the internal carotid just before it divides
Term
what connects the basilar/pca juncture to the internal carotid artery just before it divides?
Definition
the posterior communicating artery
Term
the circle of willis provides...
Definition
an avenue for collateral circulation if one source of blood is interrupted
Term
Is the anatomical integrity of the circle of willis and the extent to which collateral circulation the same for everyone?
Definition
no. It varies from person to person, but may contribute to recovery following a stroke.
Term
The aca runs along the _____surface of the brain, adjacent to the ______
Definition
medial, corpus callosum
Term
what cerebral artery runs along the medial surface of the brain, adjacent to the corpus callosum?
Definition
ACA
Term
The pca runs ______ and its branches feed the _____ surface and the _____ fringe of the temporal and occipital lobes
Definition
backwards, medial, lateral
Term
the pca supplies the __________ in the _____ occipital lobes and thus disruption of blood supply can cause ....
Definition
primary visual areas, medial, visual field blindness
Term
the pca also supplies the splenium of the ______, which explains why pure alexia occurs more frequently than other forms
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
what blood supply runs backward and its branches feed the medial surface and the lateral fringe of the temporal and occipital lobes?
Definition
pca
Term
the mca runs along the __________ where it gives off branches that feed most of the ________ and some of the _________. It then gives off major branches that feed most of the ______ surface of the brain, including ___________ lobes.
Definition
slyvian fissure, basal ganglia, thalamus, lateral, all four
Term
which blood supply runs along the sylvian fissure, where it gives off branches that feed most of the basal ganglia and some of the thalamus. It then gives off major branches that feed most of the lateral surface of the brain, including all four lobes?
Definition
mca
Term
disruption of which artery is most likely to cause speech and language deficits? Why?
Definition
mca, because the lateral surface of the left hemisphere houses the primary speech and language areas
Term
disruption of what artery is the most common etiology in aphasic pts?
Definition
mca
Term
The ends of the ACA, PCA, and MCA connect with each other, in a process called ______. The area in which this connection occurs is referred to as _____________. This connection provides another potential source of _____________________ where blood from one artery could flow into another if needed. The extent to which this happens in any given person varies.
Definition
anastomosis, the watershed area,collateral circulation
Term
which arteries connect to form the watershed area?
Definition
aca, pca, mca
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