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| The institution and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled. |
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| A form of government in which a single individual rules. |
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| A form of government in which a small group of landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants controls most of the governing decisions. |
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| A system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the government process, usually through the selection of key public officials. |
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| Constitutional Government |
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| A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of government. |
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| A system of rule in which the government recognizes no limits but may nevertheless be restricted by the powers of other social institutions. |
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| A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challange it. |
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| Enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs. |
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| A good that (1) may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provide and (2) may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided. |
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| The conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of government. |
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| The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics. |
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| Principle-agent Relationship |
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Definition
| The relationship between a principle and his or her agent. This relationship may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by self-interest, yet their interests may not be well-aligned. |
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| Done with purpose, sometimes with forethought, and even with calculation.(See page 8) |
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| The domain over which an institution or member of an institution has authority. (See page 10) |
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| The control over what a group will consider for discussion. (See page 11) |
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| The ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda of an institution. (See page 11) |
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| The transmission of authority to some other official or body for the latter’s use (though often with the right of review and revision). (See page 11) |
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| The cost of clarifying each aspect of a principal-agent relationship and monitoring it to make sure arrangements are complied with. (See page 12) |
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| The pooling of resources and the coordination of effort and activity by a group of people (often a large one) to achieve common goals. (See page 17) |
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| The idea that groups provide members with private benefits to attract membership. The possibility of group collective action emerges as a consequence. (See page 18) |
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| Benefits that do not go to everyone but, rather, are distributed selectively—only to those who contribute to the group enterprise. (See page 18) |
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| The idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the historical path taken. (See page 22) |
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| Constitutional Government (In Brief) |
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Definition
Scope: Power prescribed by a constitution.
Limits: Society can challenge government when it overlaps constitutional boundaries.
Example: United States, France, and Japan |
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| Authoritarian Governments (In Brief) |
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Definition
Scope: Answer only to a small number of powerful groups.
Limits: Recoognize few obligationnto limit actions, whether or not such obligations exits
Examples: Spain from 1930s-70s (Under General Francisco Franco) and Russia today |
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| Totalitarian Governments (In Brief) |
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Definition
Scope: Government encompasses all important social institutions
Limits: Rivals for power are not tolerated.
Examples: Germany's Third Reich in the 1930s and 40s (under Adolf Hitler), the Soviet Union from the 1930s through 50s (Under Joesph Stalin), and North Korea today. |
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| Defines all possible outcomes that might have occurred and assigns them a unique label or value. |
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| Observe all individuals in a population at a given moment. |
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| A study of a relatively small subset of individuals. |
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| The numerical value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. |
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| A relationship or association between two variables |
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| A correlation between two variables X and Y is consistent. |
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