- Politicians who are given automatic voting rights

- elected officials or party leaders

- not elected by the people

- vote for the future candidates

- McGovern- Fraser Commission- had to do this to make them more representative

-delegates can't handpick who they want

-allows a presidential candidate to opt into recieving money from government

-they'll use the money for thier campaigns

-have to limit outside contributions

-scedueling primaries early in the campaign season

-have more of an impact in the selection of the nominee

-statement of goals and policies for the next four years

-passed at the convention by the delegates

- group that campaigns for a candidate

-independent of the candidate's control

-recieve money from business and labor interest

- raised by political parties in order to support candidates

-no limit has been given as to how much people can give

- decreased the number of superdelegates

-increased connection between most caususes and primary elections with the convention vote

-ensured that presidential nominees were chosen in open and not in secret

-Not representative

-fewer people participate

- old fashioned, not a lot of states do it

- meetings within states to vote for future candidates

- groups who support specific causes/ kicked out of major group/ individually want to run for office

- they never win

- help highlight specific issues

- period where one party dominates most of the elections and electoral offices

-majority of people syart identifying with one group

-when a growing number of Americans don't associate with either political party

-independent status

- Closed Primary: only people who are registered in that polictical party can vote in that election

- Blanket primary: people can vote, are given an open ballot

-open primary: primaries get to decide what party they wish to vote for on that day

- famous period when urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics, Jews, poor, etc. all voted Democratic

- Franklin D. Roosevelt, CCC

- Pick candidate though nomination process to represent their party 

-provide cues to voters about candidates who they should vote for in the election

- run independent campaigns for their candidates

-largest party= Dem/ Rep

- when new ideas occur

-minorities take majorities place as change is needed

- Dem- Repuz defeated them in election

-Feds= shortest lived major party

- needed Federalist to help initiate our party system

- Dem- Repuz ended up going thier seperate ways after this anyways

Jacksonian Democras vs. Whigs

- Jackson was a Dem- Repub but after he became president switched over to just Democrat

-wanted to broaden political opportunity

- -> Van Buren (Jackson's succesor) wanted a opposing party which began the Whigs

- Whigs are Northern industialist and Southern planters

- Whigs and Democrats were split

-issues over slavery

-Republicans rose as antislavery

-second Repub era rose in the utmost bitter 1896 election

-Repubz continued to win till Great Depression

- through which an individual aquires his/ her particular political opinions and views

- relates to values, level of involvement and orientation towards politics

- Primary groups (individuals closet to you), secondary groups (organizations that u choose to join) and social grouping (personal characteristics)

- Life Cycle Effect (beliefs changing over time), Period Effect (historical event effects entire era), and Conort Group (historical event effecting specific group)

-MAINZ: family, school, religion, race, mass media, regional, gender, income, opinion leaders

(1968- Present)

-Repubz have won 7, Dems 4

-want to uphold morality and bring social justice

- two branches or government have power over the same thing

- shared power over units of government

- powers that aren't explicitely stated in the constitution

-given to Congress

- "stretched without breaking" bounderies

-Congress has power to regulte interstate commerce

- aka every form of commercial activity

-how Congress regulates the economy

- all birth certificates, matrimoneys, records etc. are approved in all states no matter where they took place

- those who commit crimes in other states will still be turned in even if they ran away

-a crime that took place in Minnesota follows the criminal to California

- states can't discriminate against other states

-citizens traveling across the country recieve the same treatment as natives

-state and national government remain supreme in their own spheres

-each responsible for their some policies

- policies assignments and powers are shared between states and national government

- share cost, administration, and blame for poorly executed plans

- main soure of federal aid to state and local governments

- money is used for specific purposes

- come with strings attached

- states can decide to use this money from feds as they please

- no strings attached

- easier than categorical grants

- requirements that direct states or local governments have to comply with in order to receive federal money

-states still have to budget more funds in order to receive the money

- The difference in number of men and women within a country

- a process to determine demographics of the American population

-every ten years

- When America no longer has a white, ango- saxon majority

-becoming more relevant than ever

- mostly in Califnornia, Arizona, New York etc.

- want to intervene in outside states

- tend to be Democratic, minorities, etc.

- want to give the rich higher taxes

- support equality

- want change

- tend to have Christian morals

- want to lower taxes

-isolationist

- must be 25

- in America for at least 7 years

- term is for two years

-in charge of budget, bills

- they're the one who impeach

-must be 30 years old

- living in America for 9 years

- 6 year terms

-in charge of foreign affairs

-approve presidential appointments

-approve treaties

- try impeachment

- fund projects nationally and specific to one area

-

- a system of government where the people elect representatives who make the laws

- Freedoms that people have regardless of whether they are included in government laws

- a system to deal with slaves in terms of how they would be represented in Congress

- how much taxes the state should have to pay

-any way in which a citizen is enganged to influence the selection of political leaders of the policies which they pursue

-has been declining

-most specifically voting, nationally

- league of friendship rather than a true state

- no power to tax the states

- no president or federal courts

- people were only allowed to vote for House of Reps

- the voting rights are left to states to determine voter eligibility

-19th ammendment= can't take away rights based on sex

-15th=

-26th= 18 year olds are allowed to vote based on race

- president must sign

-house and senate must past with 2/3 vote

-3/4 of states must approve

- Gives the power to determine constitutionality to the courts

- Marbury v. Madison Case= when Chief Justice Marshall decided Supreme Court had the power to determine the meaning on the constitution

^established the judicial review

- allows congres to limit future importation of slaves

-after the Articles of Confederation

- talked about tyranny of majority

-3/5ths compromise

-voting rights

- when voting places are randomely selected across the country

- used to predict electoral winners with speed and precision

- eqaulity

-open participation

- freedom of opinion

- citizens have rights

- all are included

- believe in speration

- upperclass are better and are puppeteers of the policy makers

- so many groups of people have differing views

- none of them can reach a majority

- no policy is made

-people make decisions

-government making decisions are so complex that organized groups will eventually succeed

-even if they ^ don't do it legislatively

- prez can directly speak to the people

-fast, efficient

-most popluar method to reach voters

- media is responsible, relatively, for how presidential campaigns turn out

- involves locating potential supporters

- sending information and requesting money

- effective

- incumbents don't have to pay for this

1) campaign manager- keeps candidate organized, logs meetings, planning fundraisers,

2) Campaign  Counsel: legal assistance, ensure complaince with laws

3) Media & Campaign Consultant: get candidates the most exposure

4) logistics: plan logistics with those who specialize in it

5) Research and policy staff: give info they need

- law passed for reforming campaign finances

- laws created by FEC (federal election committee)

- the money spent

-bipartisan body,

- the six members of FEC administrators campaign finance laws

- FEC in charge of distributions, $1 taken from peoples taxes

-for presidential candidates

- helps qualify presidential candidates

- contributions of up to $250 are matched from presidential election

- campaings to candidates

- all candidates for federal office must file periodic reports of how they spend their money

- safe guard against corruption

- have to put it online

- large companies can only contribute up to $1,000 dollars to president

-presidential candidates find loop wholes, don't really consider it

- challenged federal elction act

- prez could give as much money as they wanted to themselves

-considered their freedom of speech, first ammendment

-Political contributions recieved for party building expenses

-helps the funds, keeps the structure formatted

- any interest group can get into it by forming its own PAC od up to $5,000 per candidate

- in both primary and general elections

- the belief that one's participation in the political process really matters and that it can make a difference

- people of America tend to think they don't have political efficacy or just voting will result in what they want

- electors get chosen by previous president

- winner takes all mentality

- if a candidate gets a slight percentage higher than the other guy, he gets it all

-controversial in Bush election

- members of congress who review most bills coming to the floor of the houseor representatives to determine the calendar

- time for debate and amendment procedure

- one member in congress

- chosen to communicate between leaders and members about how they should vote

- count votes ahead of time aswell to see if legislation will win or not

- part of the legistlative process

- if a bill leaves both house and senate and isn't identical, this guy has to take place in order to conjoin the process

- then it's taken back to the full house/ senate

- Senators do these

- can talk for as long as they want in order to help stop a bill from being proposed

- can be stopped through a Cloture Vote of 2/3 from congress

- people who are already in office who desire to run for re-election

- they get franking, free mail

- have pork barrel projects

- and name recognition

- tend to win

- in senate and house of representatives

- the person who has served the longest gets the highest seat in the committee's

- subcommittees aswell

- federally funded projects in districts requested by congress members to help create jobs and improve quality of office

- they tend to be not liked, whatsoever

- when someone dies or is considered disabled or senile

-Senators and Reps tend to stay in their position as it is fairly difficult to defeat incumbents

- a legislative proposal introduced to either House of Reps or Senate

- has to go through a long process

-must have hearings

- might include ammendments

- President can veto a bill and it will not pass, unless it goes back and gets a 2/3rd vote then the veto will be ignored

- Pocket Veto: when they don't give the president enough time and he choses to ignore it

- and he can only chose to ignore it, but if it passes 10 days it becomes a law