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Government First Semester Exam
Government First Semester Exam Study Guide
379
History
12th Grade
12/11/2011

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Term
Political Institution
Definition
Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and apply laws; that mediate conflict; make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems
Term
Government
Definition
the form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is governed
Term
Order
Definition
an authoritative direction or instruction; command; mandate.
Term
Liberty
Definition
freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or control.
Term
Authority
Definition
A person or body of persons who have the power to control, command, or determine.
Term
Legitimacy
Definition
The quality of being in accordance with established rules, principles, or standards.
Term
Totalitarian Regime
Definition
a centralized government that does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life.
Term
Fascist Regime
Definition
A form of government that is dictatorial or has extreme right-wing views.
Term
Authoritarian Regime
Definition
a governmental or political system, principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate to the power or authority of the state, centered either in one person or a small group that is not constitutionally accountable to the people.
Term
Aristocracy
Definition
a government or state ruled by an elite or privileged upper class.
Term
Democracy
Definition
a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
Term
Direct Democracy
Definition
A system of Democracy in which every member of the Democratic nation has the ability to cast their vote on every election and decision of the government
Term
Legislature
Definition
the branch of government having the power to make laws
Term
Consent of the Governed
Definition
a political theory wherein a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the people or society over which that political power is exercised
Term
John Locke
Definition
an English philosopher and physician whose ideas of classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the Declaration of Independence.
Term
Republic
Definition
a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them.
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people, and that those chosen to govern must exercise power in conformity with the general will.
Term
Democratic Republic
Definition
a form of government embodying democratic principles and where a monarch is not the head of state
Term
Representative Democracy
Definition
a system of government in which the citizens elect leaders within their local areas who will represent their interests in the national governing body.
Term
Universal Suffrage
Definition
suffrage for all persons over a certain age who satisfy the requirements established by law.
Term
Majority Rule
Definition
the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group
Term
Limited Government
Definition
A form of government that is restricted with reference to governing powers by limitations prescribed in laws and in a constitution.
Term
Majoritarianism (Theory of Democracy)
Definition
rule by a majority, especially the belief that those constituting a simple majority should make the rules for all members of a group, nation, etc.
Term
Elite Theory of Democracy
Definition
The theory that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power and that this power is independent of a state's democratic elections process
Term
Pluralist Theory of Democracy
Definition
The theory that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence.
Term
Political Culture
Definition
the traditional orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics
Term
Political Socialization
Definition
a concept concerning the study of the developmental processes by which children acquire political cognition, attitudes and behaviors
Term
Equality
Definition
the state or quality of being equal
Term
Property
Definition
ownership; right of possession, enjoyment, or disposal of anything, especially of something tangible
Term
Capitalism
Definition
an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations
Term
Socialism
Definition
a theory or system of social organization that advocates the sharing of the ownership, control of the means of production, and distribution of capital, land, etc.
Term
Ideology
Definition
the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.
Term
Conservatism
Definition
the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change.
Term
Liberalism
Definition
a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
Term
Libertarianism
Definition
the political philosophy that holds individual liberty as the basic moral principle of society.
Term
Representative Assembly
Definition
a political institution in which a number of representatives come together to debate, negotiate with the executive branch, and create legislature.
Term
Mayflower Compact
Definition
the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.
Term
First Continental Congress
Definition
a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met, in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts, on September 5, 1774, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Term
Second Continental Congress
Definition
a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; adopted the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776
Term
Natural Rights
Definition
laws considered as derived from nature, right reason, or religion and as ethically binding in human society
Term
Declaration of Independence
Definition
a statement which announced the thirteen American colonies independence from the British Empire
Term
Social Contract
Definition
an agreement for mutual benefit between an individual or group and the government or community as a whole.
Term
Unicameral Legislature
Definition
a legislature which consists of one chamber or house
Term
Bicameral Legislature
Definition
a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses.
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
an agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.
Term
Shay's Rebellion
Definition
an armed uprising in Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 over the financial difficulties of farmers under The Articles of Confederation
Term
Constitutional Convention
Definition
A meeting that took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787 that was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, but opted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one.
Term
Federalists
Definition
Members of the Federalist Party; called for stronger central government; Created by Alexander Hamilton; John Adams was the only Federalist president
Term
Anti-Federalists
Definition
Members of a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
The collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
Term
Virginia Plan
Definition
a proposal by Virginia delegates, for a bicameral legislative branch at the Second Constitutional Convention
Term
James Madison
Definition
fourth President of the United States; primary author of the United States Constitution and key author of the United States Bill of Rights; Helped produce the Federalist Papers
Term
Edmund Randolf
Definition
The second Secretary of State and the first United States Attorney General.
Term
New Jersey Plan
Definition
a proposal calling for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid.
Term
William Paterson
Definition
signer of the U.S. Constitution and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court; proposed the New Jersey Plan
Term
Connecticut Compromise
Definition
Compromise between Virginia and New Jersey plans that made for proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states
Term
Roger Sherman
Definition
Served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence; Only person to sign the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.
Term
Three-Fifths Clause/Compromise
Definition
Determined that three-fifths of the slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the House of Representatives
Term
Separation of Powers
Definition
Concept that the government should be divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than another
Term
Baron de Montesquieu
Definition
A French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment; Theorized the "Separation of Powers"
Term
Checks and Balances
Definition
Regulations put in place to maintain the separation of powers
Term
Electoral College
Definition
electors appointed by each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States
Term
Unitary System
Definition
A state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate
Term
Confederal System
Definition
a permanent union of political units for common action in relation to other units
Term
Enumerated Powers
Definition
set forth the authoritative capacity of the United States Congress
Term
Necessary and Proper Clause
Definition
"The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer there of"
Term
Police Power
Definition
the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the general welfare, morals, health, and safety of their inhabitants.
Term
Concurrent Power
Definition
powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the state and the federal government.
Term
Supremacy Clause
Definition
mandates that all state judges must follow federal law when a conflict arises between federal law and either the state constitution or state law of any state
Term
Fugitive Slave Cases
Definition
Term
McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
Definition
Term
Gibbons v Ogden (1824)
Definition
Term
John Marshall
Definition
Term
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Definition
Term
Nullification Crisis
Definition
Term
Secession and Civil War
Definition
Term
Reconstruction Amendments
Definition
Term
Dual Federalism
Definition
Term
Income Tax (1894)
Definition
Term
Pollock v Farmers' Loan & Trust Company (1895)
Definition
Term
Keating-Owens Act (1916)
Definition
Term
Hammer v Dagenhart (1918)
Definition
Term
Cooperative Federalism
Definition
Term
FDR and the New Deal
Definition
Term
National Recovery Act
Definition
Term
Schecter Poultry Corp. v United States (1935)
Definition
Term
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Definition
Term
Categorical Grants
Definition
Term
Block Grants
Definition
Term
Federal Mandates
Definition
Term
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society Program
Definition
Term
Medicaid
Definition
Term
Richard Nixon and the "New Federalism"
Definition
Term
Tenth Amendment
Definition
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
Term
Incorporation of Bill of Rights into States
Definition
Term
First Amendment
Definition
Term
Establishment Clause
Definition
Term
Aid to Church-Related Schools
Definition
Term
School Vouchers
Definition
Term
School Prayer
Definition
Term
Ten Commandments and Their Public Display
Definition
Term
Teaching of Evolution
Definition
Term
Free Exercise Clause
Definition
Term
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1993)
Definition
Term
Freedom of Expression
Definition
Term
Prior Restraint
Definition
Term
Symbolic Speech
Definition
Term
Clear and Present Danger Test
Definition
Term
Problem of Obscenity
Definition
Term
Pornography and the Internet
Definition
Term
Slander (Unprotected Speech)
Definition
Term
Hate Speech - Internet
Definition
Term
Freedom of Press
Definition
Term
Libel
Definition
Term
Defamation
Definition
Term
Actual Malice
Definition
Term
Right to Assemble and Petition Government
Definition
Term
Privacy Rights
Definition
Term
Abortion and Privacy Rights
Definition
Term
"Right to Die"
Definition
Term
Privacy Rights v National Security
Definition
Term
USA Patriot Act
Definition
Term
Rights of the Accused
Definition
Term
Miranda Rule
Definition
Term
Speedy Trial
Definition
Term
Trial by Jury
Definition
Term
No Unreasonable Search and Seizures
Definition
Term
Probable Cause (Search and Seizures)
Definition
Term
Right to Counsel
Definition
Term
Right to Reasonable Bail
Definition
Term
Right to Avoid Self-Incrimination
Definition
Term
No Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Definition
Term
No Double Jeopardy
Definition
Term
Issue of the Death Penalty
Definition
Term
Gitlow v New York (1925)
Definition
Term
Griswold v Connecticut (1965)
Definition
Term
Roe v Wade (1973)
Definition
Term
Mapp v Ohio (1961)
Definition
Term
Gideon v Wainwright (1963)
Definition
Term
Schenk v United States (1919)
Definition
Term
Brandenburg v Ohio (1969)
Definition
Term
Miller v California (1973)
Definition
Term
Miranda v Arizona (1966)
Definition
Term
Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)
Definition
Term
Thirteenth Amendment
Definition
Term
Fourteenth Amendment
Definition
Term
Fifteenth Amendment
Definition
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Definition
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Definition
Term
Enforcement Act of 1870
Definition
Term
Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act of 1872
Definition
Term
U.S. v Cruikshank (1875)
Definition
Term
U.S. v Reese (1876)
Definition
Term
U.S. v Harris (1882)
Definition
Term
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Definition
Term
Plessy v Furguson (1896)
Definition
Term
Disfranchisement of African Americans
Definition
Term
Jim Crow Laws
Definition
Term
NAACP
Definition
Term
Brown v Board of Education (1954)
Definition
Term
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Definition
Term
Nonviolent Protests
Definition
Term
SCLC
Definition
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition
Term
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Definition
Term
Twenty-Fourth Amendment
Definition
Term
Consequences of Civil Rights Movement
Definition
Term
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (NWSA)
Definition
Term
Lucy Stone (AWSA)
Definition
Term
Alice Paul (Congressional Union/National Women's Party)
Definition
Term
Nineteenth Amendment
Definition
Term
Feminism
Definition
Term
Equal Rights Amendment
Definition
Term
Betty Friedan (National Organization for Women)
Definition
Term
Title VII of Civil Rights Act
Definition
Term
Sexual Harassment
Definition
Term
"Glass Ceiling"
Definition
Term
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Definition
Term
Reaction to Affirmative Action - Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1979)
Definition
Term
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Definition
Term
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Definition
Term
Voting rights for young adults – Twentieth-sixth Amendment (1971)
Definition
Term
Public Opinion
Definition
the collective opinion of many people on the government
Term
Private Opinion
Definition
A person's non-proclaimed opinion on the government
Term
Consensus
Definition
The majority opinion on a subject
Term
Divisive Opinion
Definition
Term
Peer Group
Definition
Term
Opinion Leader
Definition
Term
Media
Definition
radio, television, newspapers, and magazines influence the general public's opinion of the government by radicalizing their viewer/reader's political beleifs
Term
Agenda Setting
Definition
Term
Lifestyle Effect
Definition
Term
Generational Effect
Definition
Term
Telephone Polling
Definition
Term
Internet Polling
Definition
Term
Political Culture
Definition
Term
Political Trust
Definition
Term
Public Opinion and Policy Making
Definition
Term
Socioeconomic Status
Definition
Term
Demographic Influences
Definition
Term
Gender Gap
Definition
Term
Election-Specific Factors
Definition
Term
Opinion Poll
Definition
Term
Sampling Technique
Definition
Term
Sampling Error
Definition
Term
Interest Group
Definition
a group of people drawn or acting together in support of a common interest or to voice a common concern
Term
Lobbyist
Definition
a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest
Term
Social Movement
Definition
Term
Latent Interests
Definition
Term
Free-Rider Problem
Definition
Term
Solidary Incentives
Definition
Term
Material Incentives
Definition
Term
Purposive Incentives
Definition
Term
Economic Interest Groups
Definition
Term
Labor Movement
Definition
Term
Service Sector
Definition
Term
Public Employees
Definition
Term
Environmental Groups
Definition
Term
Public Interest Groups
Definition
Term
Ralph Nader
Definition
Term
Public Citizen
Definition
Term
Single-Interest Groups
Definition
Term
Foreign Governments as Interest Groups
Definition
Term
Size/Resources of Interest Groups
Definition
Term
Leadership
Definition
Term
Cohesiveness
Definition
Term
Interest Group Strategies
Definition
Term
Direct Technique
Definition
Term
Indirect Technique
Definition
Term
Climate Control
Definition
Term
Boycott
Definition
Term
Reforms of 1995
Definition
Term
Recent Lobbying Scandals
Definition
Term
Jack Abramoff
Definition
Term
Interest Groups & Representative Democracy
Definition
Term
Elitism v Pluralism
Definition
Term
Political Party
Definition
Term
Faction
Definition
Term
James Madison
Definition
Term
Tenth Federalist
Definition
Term
Alexis de Tocqueville
Definition
Term
Two-Party System
Definition
Term
Federalists
Definition
Term
Jeffersonian Republicans
Definition
Term
Alexander Hamilton
Definition
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
Term
James Monroe
Definition
Term
Era of Good Feelings
Definition
Term
Democratic Party
Definition
Term
Whig Party
Definition
Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition
Term
Civil War Crisis
Definition
Term
Gilded Age
Definition
Term
"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"
Definition
Term
Populism
Definition
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
Term
Free Silver
Definition
Term
Progressive Era
Definition
Term
Theodore Roosevelt
Definition
Term
Woodrow Wilson
Definition
Term
Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
Definition
Term
New Deal Era
Definition
Term
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Definition
Term
"New Deal Coalition"
Definition
Term
Post-1968 Era of Divided Gov.
Definition
Term
Richard Nixon (Southern Strategy)
Definition
Term
Red/Blue States
Definition
Term
Core Constituents of Parties
Definition
Term
Economic Beliefs of Parties
Definition
Term
Cultural Politics
Definition
Term
Regionalism in Party Identification
Definition
Term
Party-in-the-Electorate
Definition
Term
Republican Party
Definition
Term
Abraham Lincoln
Definition
Term
Reconstruction Amendments
Definition
Term
Party Platform
Definition
Term
State Central Committee
Definition
Term
Patronage
Definition
Term
Divided Government
Definition
Term
Safe Seat in Congress
Definition
Term
Political Socialization
Definition
Term
Proportional Voting
Definition
Term
Third Party
Definition
Term
Socialist Party
Definition
Term
Impact of Minor Parties
Definition
Term
De-alignment
Definition
Term
Independents
Definition
Term
Party Organization
Definition
Term
Party-in-Government
Definition
Term
National Party Convention
Definition
Term
National Committee
Definition
Term
Unit Rule
Definition
Term
County Committees
Definition
Term
Ticket Splitting
Definition
Term
Historical Foundations of Two Party System
Definition
Term
Winner-Take-All Political System
Definition
Term
Electoral College
Definition
Term
Ideological Third Parties
Definition
Term
Splinter Party
Definition
Term
Realignment
Definition
Term
Tipping
Definition
Term
Swing Voters
Definition
Term
Australian Ballot
Definition
Term
Coattail Effect
Definition
Term
Elector
Definition
Term
Indiana Ballot
Definition
Term
Massachusetts Ballot
Definition
Term
Rational Ignorance Effect
Definition
Term
Registration Requirements
Definition
Term
Voter Turnout
Definition
Term
Electoral College
Definition
Term
Voter Fraud
Definition
Term
Legal Restrictions on Voting
Definition
Term
Factors Influencing Who Votes
Definition
Term
Bicameral Legislature
Definition
Term
Seniority
Definition
Term
Incumbency
Definition
Term
Divided Government
Definition
Term
Logrolling
Definition
Term
Support Agencies for Congress
Definition
Term
Markup
Definition
Term
Hold
Definition
Term
Filibuster
Definition
Term
Cloture
Definition
Term
Veto
Definition
Term
Pocket Veto
Definition
Term
Oversight Functions
Definition
Term
Senatorial Courtesy
Definition
Term
Earmark
Definition
Term
Bill --> Law
Definition
Term
Structure of Congress
Definition
Term
Qualifications for Election to Congress
Definition
Term
Powers of Congress
Definition
Term
Apportionment
Definition
Term
Redistricting
Definition
Term
Bill
Definition
Term
Law
Definition
Term
Majority Party
Definition
Term
Minority Party
Definition
Term
House of Representatives
Definition
Term
Senate
Definition
Term
Speaker of the House
Definition
Term
Senate Pro Tempure
Definition
Term
Party Caucus or Conference
Definition
Term
Majority Leader
Definition
Term
Minority Leader
Definition
Term
Whip
Definition
Term
Standing Committee
Definition
Term
Joint Committee
Definition
Term
Conference Committee
Definition
Term
Select/Special Committee
Definition
Term
Pork
Definition
Term
Qualifications for President
Definition
Term
Twenty-Second Amendment
Definition
Term
Impeachment
Definition
Term
Executive Privilege
Definition
Term
U.S. v Nixon (1974)
Definition
Term
Twenty-Fifth Amendment
Definition
Term
Cabinet
Definition
Term
Constitutional Powers of President
Definition
Term
Appointment Power of President
Definition
Term
Presidential Powers
Definition
1) Can Convene Congress
2) Can Make Treaties and Executive Agreements
3) Can Veto Bills
4) Commander-in-Chief
5) Pardoning
Term
War Powers Act (1973)
Definition
Term
Growth of Presidency
Definition
Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition
Term
Abraham Lincoln
Definition
Term
Franklin Roosevelt
Definition
Term
New Deal
Definition
Term
Vice-President
Definition
Term
First Lady
Definition
Term
Executive Office of President
Definition
Term
White House Staff
Definition
Term
Public Opinion of Presidency
Definition
Term
Mobilizing Public Opinion
Definition
Term
Double Expectations Gap
Definition
Term
President as Policy Maker
Definition
Term
President's Role in Legislation
Definition
Term
Budget
Definition
Term
Executive Order
Definition
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