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Government Ch. 11,17,18,19
Words and Concepts to know for the test on thursday
119
History
12th Grade
11/04/2013

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Term
"Elastic clause"
Definition
Gives Congress the means to execute its enuemerated powers(expressed). Also called the necessary and proper clause
Term
Agenda Setting
Definition
Problems are defined as political issues. Factors that set the agenda are highly visible events(oil spills, natural disasters) and the effects of technology(air polution) and irrational human behavior)
Term
Aggregate Demand
Definition
total income that consumers, businesses, government, wish to spend on goods
Term
Appropriation
Definition
Act of giving money to spend on programs
Term
Appropriations Committees
Definition
Decide which programs passed by authorization committees will actually be funded. (given money to spend)
Term
Authorization Committees
Definition
Committees of Congress that can authorize spending in their particular areas of Responsibility
Term
Balanced Budget Act (BBA)
Definition
Promised to balance the budget by 2002
Term
Bicameral
Definition
Having two branches or chambers of government(House and Senate)
Term
Budget Authority
Definition
Amount Government agencies are authorized to spend on current and future programs.
Term
Budget Committees
Definition
One Committee in each house of Congress that supervises a comprehensive budget review process.
Term
Budget Enforcement Act (BEA)
Definition
A law, that distinguishs between mandatory(uncontrollable) and discretionary(controllable) spending.
Term
Budget Outlay
Definition
Amount that government agencies are expected to spend in a fiscal year. Expenditures
Term
Business cycles
Definition
The reacurring expansion and contraction of business activity
Term
Casework
Definition
Solving problems for constituents, especially problems in government agencies
Term
Caucuses
Definition
A closed meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions fo policy and the selection of candidates for office
Term
Center for Disease Control
Definition
Created by congress, and given appropriationed funds
Term
Central Intelligence Agency
Definition
Created by congress, and given appropriationed funds
Term
Closed rules, open rules
Definition
Set rules for how the Senate is allowed to debate
Term
Cloture
Definition
A means of limiting a debate. A mechanism by which a filibuster is cut off in senate.
Term
Committee of the Whole
Definition
Whole House or Whole Senate. Entire Chamber to debate. must have a quorum(50%+1)
Term
Comparative Advantage
Definition
A principle of international trade that states that all nations will benefit when each nation specializes in those goods that it can producemost efficiently
Term
Conference Committee
Definition
Irons out differneces between pieces of Legislation. COmpromised version of bill is sent back to house and senate for another vote. They can only address points of difference between version. May NOT add or remove integral components of the legislation
Term
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Definition
Supply Budgetary expertise equal to presidents OMB, prepares alternative budget. Broke down because Reagan submitted heavy military budget and huge deficits
Term
Constituents
Definition
voters in a legislators district
Term
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
Definition
A group that works within the executive branch to provide advice on maintaining a stable economy.
Term
Deficit Financing
Definition
spending in excess of tax revenues, to combat economic slumps
Term
Delegate
Definition
legislator whose primary responsibility is to represent the majority view of his or her constituents, regardless of his or her view
Term
Descriptive Representation
Definition
constituents are most effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics race, ethnicity, religion, or gender
Term
Diplomacy
Definition
the art of dealing with people in a sensitive and effective way,the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.
Term
Discretionary Spending
Definition
Programs that congress has the choice of funding(flexible)
Term
Distributive Policies
Definition
policies designed to confer a benefit on a particular institution or group(pay for taxes)
Term
Discretionary Outlays
Definition
Expenditures authorized to be spent from the total amount of appropriated during the year
Term
Earmark/Pork Barrel Legislation
Definition
little pieces added on that cannot go through by themselves. Tack on to specifically allocate funds
Term
Economic Depression
Definition
high unemployment and business failures
Term
Efficient Market Hypothesis
Definition
market response to highs and will fix itself to reach a point of balance
Term
Entitlements
Definition
benefits to every eligible person. has a legal right and government cannot deny them without changing the law.
Term
Environmental Protection Agency
Definition
Created by Congress and given appropriation funds
Term
Estate Taxes
Definition
taxes on property when die
Term
Excise Taxes
Definition
levied on consumption of goods. Taxed because we use things. Like sales tax but not.
Term
Executive Agreement
Definition
A pack between the heads of two countries
Term
Federal Reserve Board
Definition
changes change in money and money in circulation. Controls monetary policies
Term
Federal Reserve System
Definition
central bank of US. control inflation, maintain max employment, insure moderate interest rates
Term
Filibuster
Definition
a delaying tactics used in senate. Involves speech making to prevent action on a piece of legislation
Term
Fiscal Policy
Definition
change in government spending and taxing. president and congress in act demand too low. too much demand cut spending or raise taxes.
Term
Fiscal Year
Definition
The 12 month period from October 1 to Sept 30 used by the government for accounting purposes. name for the year in which it ends.
Term
Food and Drug Administration
Definition
Created by legislature funds appropriated to it
Term
Foreign Service
Definition
Created by Congress. Funds appropriated to it.
Term
Fragmentation
Definition
phenomenon of attacking a single problem in different and competing ways. caused by fundamental nature of gov.
Term
Free Trade
Definition
An economic policy that allows businesses in different nations to sell and buy goods without paying tarrifs or other limitations
Term
Germane Amendments
Definition
Connected to bills. Rules Committee. connected to topics of a bill
Term
Gerrymandering
Definition
when lines are drawn to the advantage of a particular group. drawing the district lines within the state is held by state legislators
Term
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Definition
value of goods and services actually produced
Term
Head Start
Definition
Domestic program authorized and appropriated
Term
Impeachment
Definition
only can be done by House. The formal charging of government official with "treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors"
Term
Implementation
Definition
process of putting specific policies into operation
Term
Incremental Budgeting
Definition
budgetmaking that involves adding new funds onto amount previously budgeted
Term
Incumbent
Definition
current officeholder
Term
Inflation
Definition
an economic condition characterized by price increases linked to a decrease in the value of currency
Term
Issue Definition
Definition
conception of problem at hand. tries to get people to see broad new world
Term
Issue Network
Definition
shared knowledge group of many representatives of many interests involved. NOT just congressman.
Term
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Definition
military leaders
Term
Joint Committee
Definition
mixture of house and senate together to talk about legislature
Term
Keynesian Theory
Definition
aggregate demand can be adjusted through combo of fiscal and monetary policy
Term
Laissez-faire policy
Definition
absence of government control
Term
Leave No Child Behind
Definition
Program given appropriated funds by congress. Failed.
Term
Logrolling
Definition
forcing through legislation. tack on something to a piece of legislature. force authorization
Term
Majority Leader
Definition
head of the majority party in the senate. the second-highest ranking member of the majority party in the house. Speaker of House above them
Term
Malapportionment
Definition
When measuring population of country, legislature is out of balance and needs to be corrected
Term
Mandatory Outlays
Definition
already created and funded by law.
Term
Mandatory Spending
Definition
money reserved by previous commitments
Term
Mark Up
Definition
committees debate and amend legislation
Term
Medicaid
Definition
Entitlement Program
Term
Medicare
Definition
Entitlement program
Term
Minority Leaders
Definition
3rd highest in House. part of the party not with most people. if leading is republican then minority is democrate
Term
Minority/Majoriting districting
Definition
gerrymandering
Term
Monetarists
Definition
impacts money available by federal reserve board. How much money costs. availability of money
Term
Monetary Policy
Definition
changes in money supply and operates less directly on economy
Term
Monopolies
Definition
companies that control a majority of businesses in a specific trade.
Term
National Security Advisor
Definition
help president create a coherent approach to foreign policy
Term
National Security Council
Definition
Agency like headstart from legislation(domestic program authorized and appropriated)
Term
Nonprofits
Definition
not part of gov. and cannot distribute profits to anyone else. receives tax breaks from government
Term
Office of Management and Budget
Definition
budgeting arm of executive office, prepares presidents budget.
Term
Oversight
Definition
process of reviewing the operations of an agency to determine whether it is carrying out policies as congress intended
Term
Party Whips
Definition
Term
Pay-go
Definition
Congress appropriates funds and take those funds from somewhere else
Term
Pigeonholing
Definition
bill gets set aside and ignores its existence. too costly wait to fund it. or proposal of another group.
Term
Policy Evaluation
Definition
analysis of results of public policy. use to provide concrete measurements of program outcomes
Term
Policy Formulation
Definition
formal proposals are developed and adopted. sometimes not published, formulates policy though regulations
Term
Preemption
Definition
power of congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state government function
Term
President Pro Tempore
Definition
officer of senate, majority party and elected. if president of senate is not present they are leader. (Not participate in voting-president)
Term
Productive Capacity
Definition
total value of goods and services that can be produced when economy is working at full capacity
Term
Progressive Taxation
Definition
Term
Protectionism
Definition
measure to protect domestic trade, tariff, regulation
Term
Public Debt
Definition
sum of all unpaid gov. deficits
Term
Public Health Service
Definition
Created by Congress and Appropriated Funds
Term
Public Policy
Definition
general plan of action adopted by gov. to solve a social problem a threat or pursue an object
Term
Racial Gerrymandering
Definition
occurs positive if unites a group or bad if divides vote. Divides lines to disadvantage of racial identity
Term
Reapportionment
Definition
redistribution of seats in a House of Rep every 10 years based on census data
Term
Receipts
Definition
amount obtained in taxes and other revenues
Term
Redistributional Policies
Definition
take gov. resources to confer a benefit on a particular institution or group (pay for through taxes)
Term
Regressive Tax
Definition
a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases
Term
Regulation
Definition
rules that guide the operation of a government program
Term
Resolutions: simple, concurrent, joint
Definition
passed by either house or senate, passed by both houses but not passed by executive branck or in law, passed by both into law.
Term
Revenue Bills
Definition
House alone has right to start this type of bill
Term
Select Committee
Definition
temporary committee created for a specific purpose and disbanded once fulfilled.
Term
Seniority
Definition
years of consecutive service on a particular committee.
Term
Social Insurance Taxes
Definition
a guarantee against loss by individuals without regard to need
Term
Social Security
Definition
entitlement programs. social welfare portions of funds appropriated
Term
Social Welfare Programs
Definition
entitlement programs. social welfare portions of funds appropriated
Term
Speaker of the House
Definition
presiding officer of House.
Term
Stagflation
Definition
joint occurrence of slow growth, unemployment, and inflantion
Term
Standing Committees
Definition
always their. Never changes
Term
Supply-Side Economics
Definition
increase supply of goods; tax cuts for investors, less regulation of businesses
Term
Tax Committees
Definition
two commities of congress responsible for raising revenue with which to run the gov.
Term
Term Limits
Definition
No term limits for Congress. President limited to 2 terms.
Term
Transfer Payment
Definition
payment by gov. to an individual, mainly through social security or unemployment insurance
Term
Trustee
Definition
an individual person or member of a board given control or powers of administration of property in trust with a legal obligation to administer it solely for the purposes specified.
Term
Veto
Definition
presidents disapproval of a bill that has been passed by congress
Term
Votes: teller, voice, division, roll call, electronic
Definition
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