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| Leading member of the settlement house movement. In 1889, Addams founded Hull House in Chicago as a home for unwed mothers and the poor. She exemplified the “social gospel” movement by providing food, education and care for the less fortunate. |
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| American writer whose novels exemplified the “rags to riches” potential of entrepreneurial businessmen during the “Gilded Age”. Ragged Dick. |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| 1886. A craft union, uniting skilled workers from many trades, which worked for higher wages, safer working conditions and fewer hours for industrial workers. Led by Samuel Gompers. |
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| Places of recreation in major urban areas which grew up during the Gilded Age. Workers, who now enjoyed higher pay and fewer hours, had an opportunity to enjoy “8 hours for what we will,” due to unions. |
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| The settlement of a dispute between laborers and management by an impartial government representative. A part of the “collective bargaining” strategy for unions. |
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| Scottish born inventor. Significantly improved the education of the deaf and hard of hearing before inventing the telephone. The telephone allowed instant communication for businesses in America. Allowed industries to coordinate business activities, coast to coast. |
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| An industrial process that allowed raw iron to be turned into high quality steel, cheaply. The “new steel” allowed the building of suspension bridges, better railroads, and skyscrapers during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. |
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| Positive perception of business leaders during the Gilded Age. |
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| Billionaire steel and railroad owner. Scottish immigrant who used vertical integration to make the Carnegie Steel Company the world’s largest producer of steel. His “robber baron” business tactics were leavened by extreme philanthropy. He gave away his entire fortune to the Carnegie Peace Endowment. |
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| The practice of employing children as young as 5 years old in mines, farms and factories. Before compulsory education, some children worked 8-12 hour days. Work activities were so stressful that children often had poor health, misshapen bones, or died due to industrial accidents. |
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| Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 |
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| Due to fears of Chinese immigrants taking West Coast jobs, Congress passed a law to exclude all Chinese immigrants except students, teachers, tourists, and merchants. |
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| An agreement between labor and management in which no non-union member will be allowed to work in a business. Eventually abolished by the Taft-Hartley Act. |
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| Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 |
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| Due to fears of Chinese immigrants taking West Coast jobs, Congress passed a law to exclude all Chinese immigrants except students, teachers, tourists, and merchants. |
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| The right of labor unions to negotiate as a group with management, rather than individually. This right was later guaranteed by the Wagner Act, passed during the New Deal. |
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| Unions of skilled workers organized by trade. A forerunner to the “umbrella” unions of the AFL and CIO. |
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| A Gilded Age scandal. The Credit Mobilier company was paid exorbitant fees for laying track for the Union Pacific Railroad. 20 members of Congress also profited from this illegal enterprise. Cost was passed on to the tax payer and the railroad traveler. |
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| The ideal of accepting the validity and worth of other cultures’ attitudes and actions. This value became more important during the late 1800s as immigrants swelled the population of the U.S. |
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| The condition of feeling unfamiliar or confused by the dominant culture of a new place. Many immigrants to the US were unfamiliar with the language, ideals and social values of the United States during the late 1800s. |
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| Socialist, labor leader. Debs would advocate for better pay and work conditions for railroad workers though the American Railway Union. Later, he would become an advocate for workers across America. His anti-war speeches during WWI would violate the Espionage and Sedition Act and cause him to serve 6 years in jail. |
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| Pioneer in the oil industry. He sunk the first profitable oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. 1859 |
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| A poorly ventilated, dark apartment complex with cramped rooms and communal baths. |
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| The premier American inventor and the holder of 1,093 patents. He would be responsible for establishing one of the world’s first industrial research at Meno Park, N.J. Incandescent light bulb, movie camera, and phonograph. |
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| A form of mass transportation used in urban areas. This allowed workers to live in the less crowded suburbs, but work and shop in the central city. Contributed to urban sprawl. |
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| Makes building and use of high rise skyscrapers possible and convenient |
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| Along with Angel Island in California, Ellis Island, NY was one of the main terminals for immigrants to enter the US. New Arrivals were subjectrd to health inspections, had to have cash, had to prove they could work and often had to wait for over a day to be processed. |
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| An age of corruption, related to industrial productivity and entrepreneurial wealth during the late 1870s-1890s. |
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| Labor leader and first president of the AFL. |
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| The belief that rich entrepreneurs were responsible for helping society by building libraries, endowing colleges and medical schools. Andrew Carnegie was an example of this philosophy. |
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| The illegal taking of bribes or kickbacks by a municipal official in exchange for speeding up a legal process or ignoring illegal activity. |
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| A crowd of 3,000 workers protested police brutality at the McCormick Harvester Plant in Chicago. Anarchists threw a bomb at the police who were keeping order in the square. This event would discredit the labor union movement in the U.S. |
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| Workers at the Carnegie Steel Company strike due to a reduction in wages. Because of violence, 3 policemen and 9 workers die, afterwards support for the strike and labor unions declined. |
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| A Progressive era reform allowing the voters of a state to propose a law to their legislature for debate and possible passage. |
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| Led by Uriah Stevens, this labor union was open to all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, color or trade. It advocated for an 8 hour day and equal pay for women and men. |
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| The settlement of a dispute between laborers and management by an impartial government representative. A part of the “collective bargaining” strategy for unions. |
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| The ideal of different cultural groups blending together to form one homogenous cultural group. Immigrants were expected to shed their language, traditions, and ethnic identities. |
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| The ownership of all the productive resources or factories in a particular industry. Example: Standard Oil, then; Microsoft, now. |
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| Investment banker. Owner of US Steel. Creditor of the US government. One of the first persons to make over $1 billion, but never actually to start a business or to produce a product. |
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| Algonquin word for big chiefs, groups of Republican party leaders who threw their support to Democrat Grover Cleveland because of their dislike for Republican candidate James Blaine of Maine. |
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| Political cartoonist from the Progressive era. Exposed the corruption of Tammany Hall through cartoons. His drawings led to the capture of Boss William Tweed in Spain, after he fled the U. S. Also drew the most famous version of Santa Claus for Coca Cola. |
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| A feeling of hostility and distrust of immigrants. Especially present during the eras just before and after WWI. |
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| The use of discussion to solve labor disputes between labor and management. |
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| 2nd major wave of immigration – primarily from southern and eastern Europe. |
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| Urban architect and park designer. Provided recreation and sunshine for urban dwellers. |
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| A law establishing the civil service test for those seeking government jobs. Reaction to the assassination of James A. Garfield. |
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| Organizations in urban areas which focused on “getting out the vote” for party-approved candidates. Usually supported by voters who gained favors or jobs and businessmen who conspired with “bosses” to gain graft. |
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| A farm movement which aimed to curb the abuses of the railroad companies and opposed the gold standard to help break the cycle of credit/debt for farmers. |
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| A strike against the Pullman Company by workers, protesting the tight control that Pullman exercised over his employees by setting rent and prices in stores, etc. |
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| A Progressive reform which allowed voters to “un-elect” a governor or official in state government. |
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| A Progressive reform which allowed voters in a state to directly approve or deny a law. |
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| Photographer and muckraker who showed how “The Other Half” lived in a series of photo documentaries in urban areas. Part of the Progressive movement. |
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| Negative perception of industry leaders during the Gilded Age. |
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| American multi-billionaire. Owner of Standard Oil. Controlled 90% of oil industry. |
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| Secret ballot (Australian) |
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| Casting a vote in privacy. Aimed at weakening political machines. One of the Progressives’ reform planks. |
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| Established to aid immigrants to the US upon their arrival. Most associated with Jane Addams and her Hull House. |
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| Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 |
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| 1890 law that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade. Difficult to enforce because it didn’t define what a trust was. |
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| Survival of the fittest as applied in society to individuals and businesses. |
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| Sports that people viewed for entertainment as their leisure time and disposable income increased in the late 1800s. |
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| Company owned by John D. Rockefeller in which he attempted to control other businesses by using interlocking directors. |
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| Tool of unions. Workers refuse to work until their demands for better wages, conditions, and treatment are met. |
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| Factories with bad working conditions mainly in the garment industry. Employed young children for low wages at long hours. |
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| Democratic political machine in New York, led by “Boss” Tweed. |
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| Invented by A. G. Bell; allowed instant voice communication. |
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| Railroad Strike which led to government siding with business. |
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| Organization of workers. Craft union (skilled labor) or industrial union (unskilled labor) to fight for higher pay and safer worker conditions. Minimal gains in this time period. Opposed by government and business. |
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| A form of business organization in which a group of corporations place their businesses under a single board of directors. Invented by John D. Rockefeller. |
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| William “Boss” Tweed, New York City, ran the most powerful political machine—known as Tammany Hall. |
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| Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867; it changed the workplace and created jobs for women as secretaries. |
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| Carnegie Steel and J.P. Morgan merged to form the largest steel corporation in the world. |
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| Growth of cities caused by industrialization. |
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| An influential family whose enormous wealth was created in the railroad industry. |
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| Money earned by a worker. |
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| An employer-employee contract in which the employee agrees not to join a union while employed. |
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| Airbrakes for trains invented by this African-American |
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| Grant’s administration; a corruption case involving uncollected taxes and bribes among whiskey distillers. |
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| The environment a worker enjoys during his or her workday |
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