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term means rebirth.
int his context, it refers to a revival of art and learning. |
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| an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. |
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worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.
they are more concerned of their life rather than spiritual existence/religion. |
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people who financially support artists.
Renaissance merchants + wealthy families were patrons of the arts. Also Church leaders. |
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| A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a " universal man " or " Renaissance man. " |
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According to The Courtier, upper-class women should know the classics and be charming.
They were not expected to seek fame.
They were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it.
Upper-class Renaissance women were better educated than medieval women. Still, Renaissance women had little influence in politics. |
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An art technique artists used.
Shows three dimensions on a flat surface. |
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was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. (A Renaissance Man) Curious in how things worked, and studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf.
Among his many masterpieces, Leonardo painted one of the best-known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa.
Leonardo also produced a famous religious painting called The Last Supper. It shows the personalities of Jesus' disciples through facial expressions. |
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younger than Michelangelo + Leonardo.
Learned from studying their works.
Raphael's favourite subjects was the Madonna and child. He often portrayed their expressions as gentle + calm. Famous for use of perspective.
Greatest achievement: filled the walls of Pope Julius II's library with paintings.
One of them, School of Athens, conveys classical influence on the Renaissance. |
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A Renaissance man. Excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet.
Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting + sculpture.
Influenced by classical art, he created figures that are forceful + show heroic grandeur.
Achievements :　the dome of St. Peter's, the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the statue of David. |
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Dante's native language; Italian.
[[Some renaissance writers followed the example of the medieval writer Dante.]]
-Wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects. |
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was one of the earliest and most influential humanists.
-Some call him " Father of Renaissance Humanism "
-wrote both in Italian + Latin.
Italian: wrote sonnets-14-line poems; about a mysterious woman named Laura, who was his ideal.
Latin: he wrote letters to many important friends. |
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best known for the Decameron, a series of realistic, sometimes off-color stories.
The Decameron presents both tragic + comic views of life. In its stories, the author uses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition. |
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Wrote the Prince (1513) ; examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. It does so by taking the form of a political guidebook.
-examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies.
-Answering this question, he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt.
TO SUCCEED IN WORLD : a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. He might have to trick his enemies + even his own people for the good of the state.
=>Was not concerned with what was morally right, but with what was politically effective. |
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tried to show a better model of society.
Wrote the book Utopia. In greek Utopia means " no place. " In English, it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More's book. (About an imaginary land where green, corruption and war have been weeded out. There was little green, Utopians had little use for money.) |
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-greatest playwrite of all time. Born in 1564.
-Renaissance writer, revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots.
-works display a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings.
-revealed souls of men and women through scenes of dramatic conflict.
-examines human flaws. |
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incorporated a number of technologies in a new way.
process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply.
using this improved process, gutenberg printed a complete bible, the gutenberg bible.
-enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies of a single work.
-for the first time, books were cheap enough that people could buy them. |
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| a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, that developed the printing press. |
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Parents wanted him to be a lawyer- but he became a monk instead due to childhood.
-all he wanted to be was to be a good christian, not to lead a religious revolution.
-Posted the 95 Theses against Johann Tetzel, whom sell indulgences for a pardon "from God." Someone took the 95 theses and made copies of it in all different languages- and his ideas spread throughout the land.
-Lutherans were formed. |
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-formal statements attacking the "pardon-merchants"
-posted these statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him.
-Someone copied Luther's words and took them to a printer.
Quickly, Luther's name became known all over Germany. It began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform. |
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a Holy Roman Emperor, a devout Catholic, who opposed Luther's teaching.
-Controlled a vast empire, including the German states.
-Summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Told to recant, or take back his statements, but Luther refused.
Therefore, Charles V issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms.
It declared that Luther was an outlaw or a heretic. |
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| Luther and his followers' religious group. |
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| Frederick the Wise of Saxony |
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| disobeyed the emperor Charles V. For almost a year after the trial, he sheltered Luther in one of his castles. While there, Luther translated the New Testament into German. |
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some people began to apply Luther's revolutionary ideas to society. German peasants, excited by reformers' talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom.
-Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging,and burning.
-Revolt horrified Luther.
-He wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show the peasants no mercy.
-The princes armies crushed ther evolt, killing as many as 100k people.
-Feeling betrayed, many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership. |
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| Each ruler of his state would decide the religion of his state. |
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| the parliament that wanted to end the pope's power in England. |
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1534. Originated in England. Founded by Henry VIII. The head of the Church was Elizabeth I after Henry VIII died.
-Included Baptism.
-people had to obey the laws of the land, loyal to king + the Church was a mix of Catholic and protestant ideas.
-PURITANS were not happy with the Church. |
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-daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
-When Henry VIII died and Edward ruled but died quick due to ill health. Then Mary ruled but died. Elizabeth then was the one who inherited the throne. |
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| Elizabeth was able to defeat the Spanish Armada, and it showed that she was to stay in the throne of the Anglican Church. |
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-grew up to have as much influence in the spread of Protestantism.
-published INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION.
-Book expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary of protestant religious beliefs.
-People were sinful by nature.
-humans cannot earn salvation.
-idea of predestination. |
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| a government run by religion. |
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| the idea that God had already chosen the people who will go to heaven, the "elects." |
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| called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church. |
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-wrote his famous work THE PRAISE OF FOLLY
-Poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests.
-believed in Christianity by the heart, not one of ceremonies or rules.
-thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible. |
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-produced woodcuts and engravings.
-many of his prints portray religious subjects.
-others portray classical myths or realistic land-scapes.
-emphasis upon realism influenced the work of other german artists. |
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-used recently developed oil-based paints to make techniques that painters still use.
-applying layer upon layer of paint, he was able to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels.
-oil painting became popular and spread to italy.
-paintings display unusually realistic details and reveal the personality of their subjects. |
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