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| any of the modern or extinct bipedal (walks on two feet) primates; includes all species of the genera "Homo." |
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| species of primates to which modern humans belong |
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| an extinct subspecies of humans that inhavited Europe and western Asia between 100,00 - 35,000 years ago |
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| a Babylonian king who enslaved the Hebrews and built the Hanging Gardens during the 6th century BC |
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| Persian who developed Zoroastrianism c.600 BC; lead to religious ideas about God, the devil, and judgment day would inluence Christian and Islamic thought |
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| Jewish spiritual leaders who were believed to have heard the voice of God |
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| A "New Kingdom" Egyptian pharoah whose tomb was discovered undisturbed in the 1020's |
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| seafaring civilization that existed along the eastern Mediterranean coast, north of Israel, during ancient times; were renown for their purple dye and influential alphabet |
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| founded the Persian Empire in 539 BC after capturing Babylon; he also freed the Hebrews from slavery |
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| an early Hebrew king who built a temple to house the Arc of the Covenant (The Temple of Solomon); his policies of taxation led to the division of Israel into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) |
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| A Hebrew prophet who freed his people from enslavement in Egypt c.1250 BC, and renewed the covenant between the Hebrews and God with the Ten Commandments |
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| A Babylonian king who created the world's first written law code c.1790 BC |
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| A Persian king who developed a provincial system of governing, C.500 BC |
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| an ancient Semitic tribe that migrated out of Mesopotamia to Canaan (Israel), c.1800 BC |
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| a Mauryan ruler of the Indian subcontinent during the 3rd century BC, converted to Buddhism and helped the religion gain acceptance and spread across the subcontinent through missionary work |
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| light skinned Asiatic nomads who coquered the Dravidians c.1500 BC |
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| the most influential Chinese philosopher whose ideas are still followed today as a way of life by millions of people, especially in East Asia; he lived in the sixth century BC |
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| the author of the "Iliad," and the "Odyssey;" he lived c.750 BC |
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| Persian emperor who was defeated by a united Greek force in the Persian War |
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| Greek conqueror who created the largest land emire of ancient times; c.330 BC. |
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| the "father of history;" he wrote "The Persian Wars" and attempted to chronicle the history of the known world |
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| Athenian archon, expanded voting rights in the legislature to all male citizens over the age of 30 |
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| mathematician and philosopher who lived c.500 BC; also created the Pythagorean Theorem |
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| Greek philosopher who developed the Socratic method of questioning to seek truth; also was the teacher of Plato |
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| Helenistic era mathematician who wrote "The Elements;" this became the basis of modern geometry |
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| a Greek scholar, lived c.350 BC; his writings were the basis of western education for 2000 years |
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| anchon or "president" of Athens in the 5th century BC; spent lavishly to beautify the city (ex. Parthenon) |
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| the "father of medicine;" studied the causes of illness, promoted healthy living, and refuted (argued against) superstitions |
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| Helenistic era scientist who improved on and diagrammed simple machines (ex. lever, pulley, catapult) |
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| a ruler who has total control over a government but is not regared as royal by his people |
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| early Christian missionaries |
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| nomadic Asiatic tribe led by Attila, invaded Europe c.AD 430, caused Germanic tribes of the northern Europe to flee into and eventurally conquer the western Roman Empire |
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| the aristocrats of Roman society |
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| elected officials whose job was to protect plebian interests in the Roman Republic |
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| Roman general who launched a civil war on the republic, made himself "dictator for life;" proved that the plebeians no longer supported the republic and preferred a strong-man who would help them |
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| people who suffer or die for their beliefs, ex's: many early Christians like Peter and Paul |
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| man who is believed byt many to be the messiah; was regarded as a thrreat by Romans and Sadducees; was crucified c.33 AD; religion of Christianity is based on his life and teachings |
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| hired foreign soldiers, used increasingly during the Roman Empire |
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| the non-aristocratic majority of the Roman population |
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| Carthaginian general who invaded the Italian peninsula during the Second Punic War |
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| tribunes who attempted to reform Roman law to aid the plebeians during the 2nd century C; both were killed by Senate hired thugs,proving the unwillingness of the patricians to help the majority |
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| a Church official who is responsible for all the Christians in an area called a diocese |
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| Roman emperor c.AD 300, converted to Christianity, & moved the Empire's capital to Constantinople |
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| "presidents" and military commanders of the Roman Republic |
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| the most powerful law making body in the Roman Republic, dominated by the patricians |
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| "exalted one," a.k.a. Octavian, first Roman emperor who reigned from 31 BC to AD 14 |
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| a savior sent by God; many Jews were expecting one to save them from Roman occupation |
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| the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church today; Peter was the first |
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| most important apostle; spread Christianity across much of the eastern Mediterranean; author of many books of the New Testament; creator of many basic Christian beliefs, ex. original sin |
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| Frankish king who united much of western Europe between 768-814 AD |
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| the lowest ranking members of the nobility, professional soldiers, followed the code of chivalry |
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| Russian monarchs, derived from the word "Caesar" |
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| Scandinavian people who raided and colonized Europe from the late 8th to the late 10th centuries |
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| non-noble majority of European society; serfs were the landless and poorest component |
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| a trainee who learned trade from a master craftsman; usually required to join a guild (a trade union) |
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| the major ethnic group of eastern Europe; combined with Vikings to form the nation of Russia |
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| Viking explorer who briefly conlonized North America (Newfoundland) c.1000 AD |
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| the aristocratic minority of European society; high ranking lords managed large pieces of land called fiefs that were entrusted to them by their kings |
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| Church officials (ex.'s: priests, nuns) apart from the laity |
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| low ranking nobles of the feudal system who managed small pieces of land called manors |
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| peasant girl who helped drive the English from France during the Hundred Years War, c.1430 |
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| a.k.a. "The Conqueror"; French descendant of Vikings who conquereed and untited England, c.1066 |
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| founded the religion of Islam; "submission" in the early 7th century; united the Bedouin of Arabia |
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| nomadic herders and merchants of the Arabian Peninsula, became first Muslims (followers of Islam) |
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| word for king or ruler in many Muslim nations |
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| a.k.a. "Ibn Rushd"; translated and mommented on Aristotle's works, preserving them for future generations |
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| warrior who united the Mongol tribes c.1200 AD; created the worlds largest land empire to-date |
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| warlords of feudal japan, entrusted with lands and samurai by the Shogun (supreme military leader) |
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| Japan's first Shogun; took prolitical power from the emperor c.1192 AD; founded Kamakura Shogunate |
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| a.k.a. "Ibn Sina"; wrote "Canon on Medicine," the standard medical text in Europe for 500 years |
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| first European to chronicle a journey to China c.1300 AD; visited the court of the Mongol ruler Kubla Khan; his stories helped inspire the European Age of Exploration |
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| warriors in feudal Japan; followed "Code of Bushido"; emphasized honor, bravery, and loyalty |
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| "Mughals" Muslim Mongols; dominated India (1526-1857); reached height of power under Akbar |
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| an African-Muslim who traveled more than 75,000 miles; most well traveled man of the Middle Ages |
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| Chinese admiral of the early 15th century who was first supported and later restricted by the Ming Dynasty from exploring Pacific and Indian oceans |
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| warlord; founded the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868); pursued isolation from the world |
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| successors to Muhammad; spiritual/political leaders of Muslims; Umayyad and Abbassid families held dynasties from 661-1258 AD |
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| Mugol warrior; wreaked havoc on the Middle East c1400 AD; contributed to the end of Islam's golden age |
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| the king of Mali; went on a jajj c1325 AD where his display of wealth attracted outsiders to Africa |
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| a Buddhist sect that emphasizes meditation and devotion to duty; popular amongst Japanese Samurai |
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| a financial supporter, especially of the arts; ex. Medici family of the Italian Renaissance |
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| Italian artist; famous works include: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, "David," and "Pieta" |
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| prolific English playwright of the 16th and early 17th centuries; works include "Romeo and Juliet" |
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| Protestant reformer; 2nd to Luther in importance; affected cretion of many sects, such as the Presbyterians |
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| Catholic religious order; founded in 1540 by Ignatious Loyola; helped Chatholic Church regain moral authority through creation of universities and missionary work in Asia, Arica, and the Americas |
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| European explorer who began the process of global exchange with his voyage of discovery in 1492 |
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| South American empire led by Atahualpa c.1530; conquered by the Spanish conquistador Pizzaro |
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| Italian inventor and artist whose most famous works include: "Mona Lisa," and "The Last Supper" |
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| German inventor of the printing press c.1450 |
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| French Protestants; persecuted by Catholic majority; ex. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572 |
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| Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric (sun centered) model of the universe in 1543 |
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| 17th century Dutch inventor of the single lens microscope |
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| ancient Central American empire that reached its height c.AD 700; decline remains a mystery |
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| Italian author of "The Prince" (1513), a book that described the inner workings of politics |
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| German monk who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 with his "95 Theses" |
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| king who brought Protestantism to England by starting the Anglican Church (Church of England) |
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| English scientist who developed the theory of gravity, calculus, laws of motion and optics in the 1600's |
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| German artist who studied in Italy and helped spread the Renaissance into northern Europe |
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| Italian scientist; "father of the telescope"; gathered evidence to support the heliocentric theory of the universe |
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| Portuguese explorer; first European to find a water route around Africa to Asia c.1498 |
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| Central American empire led by Montezuma c.1520; conquered by the conquistador Hernan Cortez |
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| Spanish monarch during 16th century; wasted Spain's wealth fighting Dutch and English Protestants |
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| 17th century English philosopher who proposed the idea of "natural rights" |
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| 18th century British philosopher who advocted the "free market" (forces of supply and demand) |
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| the most radical party in the French legislature; led by Maximilien Robespierre; started Reign of Terror |
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| French general; became emperor 1804-1814; dominated much of Europe before being defeated by alliance of European nations; Napoleonic Code supported most of French Revolution's ideals |
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| English queen who financed pirates; ex. Francis Drake, and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 |
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| leader of the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War; president of the Commonwealth (a republican government that lasted for a decade following the war) |
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| Russian czarina of the late 18th century; partitioned Poland; defeated Turks to access the Black Sea |
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| French philosopher who advocated freedom of speech and religion; most prolific (widely written) writer in history |
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| 18th century British philospher who advocted women's rights |
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| 18th century French philosopher who promoted the "will of the majority" |
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| the middle class of the French third estate; leaders of the French Revolution |
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| monarch who made France a major power in the 17th century; built Versailles to control the nobility |
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| Russian czar 1682-1725; modernized/westernized militarily and economically; built St. Petersburg |
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| 18th century French philospher who promoted "separation of powers" and "checks and balances" |
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