loess

fertile soil

oracle bone

animal bone used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods

Mandate of Heaven

god-given right to rule

(divine right)

dynastic cycle

rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties

[image]

feudalism

political system where nobles/lords use lands that belong to the king

[image]

nomad

person who travels from place to place

Name the 5 themes of geography

migration

people moving from one place to another

artifact

a simple object showing human workmanship; tool, weapon, jewelry

physical geography

bias

interdependence

goods sent to foreign markets; goods sold outside the producing nation

Land mass that is a distinct part of a continent

New Stone Age

agricultural revolution that occurred during the Neolithic period

marshy area at the mouth of a river

[image]

The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers;

where the first civilization of Sumer began

^{featherweight}

extremely light;

as light as a feather

large square or rectangle evenly divided into squares or rectangles

Indus River Valley (Harappan Civilization)

planned their cities on a grid system

people who sell goods;

shopkeepers

people just below rulers or kings in wealth and power

feudal system

[image]

silt

thick bed of rich mud deposited on the plain as a result of a river's flooding

time of the warring states

Time after the Zhou lost power when nobles fought each other for control of China

[image]

(and Chinese Yellow River Valley)

Describe Arms Race.

Both the Soviet Union and the US invested huge sums of money in building large armed forces and producing weapons of mass destruction.

Happened in 1950'-1960's.

What is autocracy?

a government in which the ruler has unlimited power.

Who were the Bolsheviks?

They were a communist group who took control of Russia after storming the Winter Palace.

This happened in November of 1917

What was the Byzantine Empire?

Empire that spread trade through Russia.

Define Capitalism.

Capitalism is an economic system that is characterized by open competition in a free market and by private or corporate owernership for the means of production and distribution.

What was the Cold War?

The Cold War was a period of political and economic struggle between the democratic nations of the West (led by the US) and the Communist Bloc (led by the Soviet Union).

After WWII.

Define Collectivization.

Collective farming or communes.

(just like China and it's Great Leap Forward Plan).

What is a Command Economy?

The government takes all manufactured/produced goods from peasants (Kulaks).

Define Communist Bloc.

The Soviet Union and the Communist Nations of Eastern Europe as distinguished from the democratic nations of the West.

During the Cold War after WWII.

Define Detente.

A relaxation or reduction of tension, as between nations.

Define Duma.

An elected assemble.

Russia's first Parliment.

Define Enlightenment.

Enlightenment was the age of growth in knowledge and creativity.

What was the Feudal System?

The Feudal System was a type of government based on oblilgation.

What was the 5 year plan in Russia?

It was an attempt to increase industry in the USSR.

pluses (+)

increased heavy industry, natural resources and military materials

negatives (-)

poor quality goods, never fully acheived quota.

Was a MAJOR FAILURE - did not produce any goods.

What was the Cult of Personality?

(Stalin)

The Cult of Personality was also known as Stalinism;

the use of propaganda

What does General Winter mean?

General Winter is a term used to describe 

Russia's bad winters and how it influenced the outcome of war.

Define Glastnost.

Glastnost is the openness and honesty in discussing the problems faced by the Soviet Union.

What was the Great Purge?

The Great Purge was when Stalin established the Secret Police who got rid of anyone who might threaten his power, including ALL of his top generals and military officers.

Who were the Kalaks?

Peasants who had become wealthy under NEP (New Economy Plan)

(Under Lenin).

Who are the Mongols.

The Mongols spread Orthodox Christianity.

What is Moscow?

Moscow is the capital city of Russia.

What does NEP stand for?

Define NEP.

New Economic Policy

Small scale version of Capitalism

(allowing small private ownership)

and allowing the sale of surplus crops.

Define Non-Aggression Pact.

Stalin and Hitler negotiated that

-neither would attack the other for 10 years;

-secretly agreed to divide Poland.

What is Propoganda?

Propaganda is the use of mass media, to spread ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.

Who were the Mensheviks?

They

       wanted change in Russia;

       wanted majority rule or changes made with a

       majority of the vote.

Describe the Bolshevik Revolution (also known as the November Revolution).

Bolsheviks took over control of Russia and ousted (kicked out) Czar Nicholas.

What was Operation Barbarossa?

When Hitler failed to keep his end of the bargain with the NAP or Non-Aggression Pact with the USSR.

On June 22, 1941, during Operation Barbarossa, Germany attacked the USSR.

What was Perestroika?

Perestroika was the restructuring of the Soviet Economy ($$$$$$$).

Define Permafrost.

Permafrost is the Arctic Tundra - permanently frozen below the surface of the Earth.

Define Pogroms.

Pogroms were an organized persecution or massacre; especially of the Jews.

Is a Provisional Government a permanent or temporary form of government?

A Provisional Government is temporary. 

What was Sputnik?

First satellite to orbit the Earth - it was a Soviet or Russian satellite.

Define Steppe.

Steppe is a fertile region.

Define Totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism is when the government controls all aspects of life.

Dictator

charismatic, appealing ideas, strict control of society, use of propaganda, use of fear or violence to maintain order and to give incentive.

Define Russification.

concuered people were forced to adopt Russian culture, language and religion to increase unification.

Who was Karl Marx?

Communist Revolutionary.

Who was Rasputin.

was allowed to make political decisions during the time that Czarina Alexandra was left to run the government when Nicholas II went to war front.

Who was Ivan the Great?

• He helped to defeat Mongol Rule
• First to call himself "Czar"
• Rise of absolutism

Who was Ivan the Terrible?

• at age 3 came to power
• "Terrible" came after wife's death
• Extreme absolutism

Describe the Russo-Japanese War.

Russian defeat by new power was devastating to national honor and Tsar's power

What was the Ukrainian Famine?

• Kulaks refused to give quota so Stalin sent army to Ukraine (the Bread Basket of Russia) and took all of the grain
• 25% of population starved to death
• cannibalism

What does USSR stand for?

Describe the USSR.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

under Lenin - Russia was renamed USSR to unite many self-governing republics under one central government.

this was hoped to reduce the threat of Nationalism among these republics and thus reduce a threat to the government.

Describe the Warsaw Pact.

Agreement in 1955 by the Soviet Union and the satellite nations of Eastern Europe to assist one another in case of invasion by the Western Powers.

Who was Russia ruled by?

Where was it?

• Czars
• Empire stretched from Eastern Europe across Asia
• Became USSR following the Russian Revolution

What was the Yalta Conference?

The US, Britain, and the USSR met in Yalta.

goals were:

World Peace

Emergency Relief

Interim government based

outcomes were:

Germany was divided

Stalin promised Eastern Europe that they would have elections

USSR joins war against Japan

Define proletariat.

Working class.

Define propaganda.

The use of mass media to spread ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.

Define tundra.

treeless Arctic Region with permafrost.

Describe the Treaty of Brest-Lotousk.

In 1918, during World War I 

Lenin signed the treaty with Germany to stop fighting on the Eastern Front. The treaty gave large portion of land to Germany.

Who was Nicholas II (son of Alex III)?

He modernized Russia through higher taxes and foreign investments;

Working conditions were poor and child labor was used.

Who was Leonid Brezhnev?

He was the leader of the Soviet Union after Khruschev.

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

He led the Marxist group the Bolsheviks.

He wanted a small number of people to sacrifice everything for radical change.

Who was Boris Yeltsin?

He was the first freely elected president of Russia.

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

He was the leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin (1953).

He called for peaceful coexistence.

Sputnik was launched under his leadership.

Who was Mikhail Gorbachev?

Head of communist party in 1985

Perestroika - restructuring of Soviet economy to make it more efficient and productive.

He allowed farmers and businessmen to be independent producers.

Glasnost - adopted policy of openness and honesty - he wanted people to be free to speak out in favor of change and reforms.

He ended Communist Party's monopoly on leadership.

Who was Josef Stalin?

He lead the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Russia after Lenin.

Who was Alexander II?

Czar of Russia in 1861.

He Freed Serfs, but most continued to live in terrible poverty.

Who was Catherine the Great?

Czarina after Peter the Great.

She strengthed nobles and treated peasants harshly.

Poland partitioned with Austria and Prussia.

Gained warm water port on the Black Sea.

Enlightenment.

Who was Peter the Great?

He unified currency (money).

He improved schools and hospitals.

Brought the church under his control.

Taxed bearded men.

Expanded Russian borders.