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(1632-1704) English philosopher and political theorist. He wrote Two Treaties on Government which explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights. |
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| A movement in the 18th century that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society. Occurred in Western Europe. |
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| Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens. |
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| Concept of John Locke’s that states all people have the right to life, liberty, and property |
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Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens.
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| The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress |
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| Term given to the middle class people in society |
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In colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry, They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens, and were denied political rights.
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In colonial Latin America, Spanish official sent to govern Latin American colonies. They controlled government completely.
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José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25
February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader ... |
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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
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| Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty. |
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(1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.
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| an assembly of guests in such a room, esp. an assembly, common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leaders in society, art, politics, etc. |
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A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas.
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Pride in one’s country or culture, often excessive in nature.
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(1689) A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation.
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| the codes napoleon made up |
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Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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| A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status |
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| (May 8, 1753 – July 30, 1811), also known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, or simply as Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader. He is regarded by most Mexican people as the "Father of the Country"; and was the founder of the Mexican War of Independence movement which fought for independence from Spain in the early 19th century. |
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| a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government |
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| Political revolution in France starting in 1789 that brought about many changes in France. The revolution ultimately ended with a dictatorship under Napoleon Bonaparte before his defeat by the combined powers of Europe |
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| Class system in France before the French Revolution. There were three Estates, First Estate was Clergy, Second was Nobility, and Third was peasants, merchants, and townspeople. |
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| 1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded. |
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| He studied at College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris and became a lawyer. His supporters called him "The Incorruptible." He was an influential member of the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and execution in 1794. |
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| First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution. |
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A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia.
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| an agreement between the pope and a secular government regarding the regulation of church matters. |
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(1783-1830) Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Spain from much of South America during the 19th century. He is considered to be the most important figure in the fight for Latin American independence.
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| (1743?-1803) Revolutionary leader who is responsible for ousting France from Haiti during the Latin American Revolutions in the early 19th century. |
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| Money that is used for investment |
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The change to industrial methods of production such as the use of factories.
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A company with business dealings in many different areas.
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| the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change. |
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The manufacturing of products on a large scale, usually through the use of machines.
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A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.
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| (1820-1895) German socialist and co-author of The Communist Manifesto. |
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often Utopian Of, relating to, describing or having the characteristics of a Utopia: a Utopian island; Utopian novels. |
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| (1807-1882?) Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy. |
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| political realism or practical politics, esp. policy based on power rather than on ideals. |
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| 1796–1859, U.S. educational reformer: instrumental in establishing the first normal school in the U.S. 1839. |
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| A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. |
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| This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution. |
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| The movement of people to urban areas in search of work |
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A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.
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An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand.
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| The act of uniting or the state of being united. |
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| Term given to the working class people in society |
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| (1810-61) Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Instrumental in the unification of Italy |
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| 1859–1935, German aircraft designer and builder. |
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| (1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war. |
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In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.
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| 1723–90, Scottish economist |
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| the quality or state of being liberal, as in behavior or attitude. |
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| a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs. |
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| a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, esp. a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. |
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| (1818-1883), German political philosopher and writer. Coauthor with Friedrich Engels of The Communist Manifesto which described the new philosophy of scientific socialism, which is the basis for modern communism. |
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| A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services |
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| (1805-1872), Nationalistic leader in Italy, who started a group called Young Italy in 1831. Young Italy was a nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy. |
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| In 1871, Otto von Bismarck was raised to the rank of Fürst (Prince) von Bismarck. |
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| a collection of various resources which contribute to producing goods or services |
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| (1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. |
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| (1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony. |
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| 1869–1964, Filipino leader during the Spanish-American war: opposed to U.S. occupation. |
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| A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism. |
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| (1794-1858) Commodore. United States Navy officer who is responsible for opening Japan to trade and imperialism. |
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| The First World War is historically important for its causes and effects more so than specific events surrounding actual battles. This page will deal with the long-range and more immediate causes of World War I, the technological advances created during the war, some aspects of WWI battles, and the far-reaching effects of the conflict on Europe and the rest of the world. |
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Political policy that is dominated by the military and the competitive buildup of arms.
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| An address given to the United States’ Congress by President Woodrow Wilson concerning the end of World War I and the treatment of all concerned with the war. The speech outlines the League of Nations and the ideas of self determination for different ethnic groups. |
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| An alliance that was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during World War I. |
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| (initial capital letter[image]) (in World War I) the powers of the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia), with the nations allied with them (Belgium, Serbia, Japan, Italy, etc., not including the United States), or, loosely, with all the nations (including the United States) allied or associated with them as opposed to the Central Powers. |
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| (1870-1924) Russian revolutionary leader and political theorist. He was the first leader of the new communist government of Soviet Russia. Later, he was also the first leader of the Soviet Union, which was composed of most of the republics of the former Russian Empire. |
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The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.
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A prosperous landed peasant in czarist Russia, characterized by the Communists during the October Revolution as an exploiter.
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| The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation. |
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Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.
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| In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars. Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties. |
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| (1900) A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination |
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The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.
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The alliance system was started by Bismarck, the German Chancellor from 1871 to
1890. After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck held that Germany |
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A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches.
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| (1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference |
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| An alliance that was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain during World War I. |
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| a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted |
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| A multinational peace keeping organization which began as an idea of United States President Woodrow Wilson following the first World War. The Treaty of Versailles created a League with over 40 different countries joining. The United States was not one of them. The League of Nations was to be an international body that would settle future problems through negotiations instead of warfare. The member nations were to work cooperatively through economic and military means to enforce its decisions. However, since the United States did not join, the League never achieved its intentions. While the League did attempt to halt the aggressiveness of Hitler's Germany, their inherent weakness prevented them from stopping World War II. |
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(1879-1953) The General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party from 1922 until 1953. Known for his brutality in dealing with opponents and his failed policies of collectivism that caused widespread famine across the Soviet Union.
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| An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods. |
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A poem by Rudyard Kipling written in 1899. It is also the name given to the idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling’s poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands.
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(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.
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| An association of merchants or craftspeople in medieval Europe, formed to make regulations and set standards for a particular trade or craft. |
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| An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. |
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| archduke francis ferdinand |
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(1863-1914) Archduke of Austria, nephew to the Emperor. He was assainated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia in 1914. This resulted in the start of World War I.
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| Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II. |
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| A political policy of the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United States could intervene in the affairs of South America. |
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| (in World War I) Germany and Austria-Hungary, often with their allies Turkey and Bulgaria, as opposed to the Allies. |
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| information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. |
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Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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An ideology where all social, economic, and political powers are centered in the government completely.
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| Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after World War II. Included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms, often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants resisted this policy. |
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