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Global Regents Review- Egan
Aaron Boswell
39
History
10th Grade
07/10/2008

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Term

Geocentric Model

Definition
Theory of the universe that states the earth is the center, and that the sun revolves around it.
Term
Heliocentric Model
Definition
Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it.
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.
Term
Galileo Galilei
Definition
(1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct.
Term
Cultural Diffusion
Definition
The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war.
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe.
Term
natural rights
Definition
Concept of John Locke’s that states all people have the right to life, liberty, and property.
Term
social contract
Definition
Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens.
Term

estates general

Definition
The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress.
Term

bourgeoisie

Definition
Term given to the middle class people in society.
Term
Creoles
Definition
In colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry, They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens, and were denied political rights.
Term
Peninsulares
Definition
In colonial Latin America, Spanish official sent to govern Latin American colonies. They controlled government completely.
Term
Voltaire
Definition
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Term
Baron de Montesquieu
Definition
(1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.
Term
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
Definition
 (1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.
Term

nationalism

Definition
Pride in one’s country or culture, often excessive in nature.
Term
enlightened despots
Definition
 A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas.
Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Term
balance of power
Definition
A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status.
Term
revolution
Definition
a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government.
Term
louis xvi
Definition
 (1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded.
Term
National Assembly
Definition
First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution.
Term
Bolívar, Simón
Definition
(1783-1830) Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Spain from much of South America during the 19th century. He is considered to be the most important figure in the fight for Latin American independence.
Term
capital
Definition
the city or town that is the official seat of government in a country, state,
Term
factories
Definition
a building or group of buildings with facilities for the manufacture of goods.
Term
corporation
Definition
an association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members.
Term
conservatism
Definition
the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change.
Term
mass production
Definition
the production or manufacture of goods in large quantities, esp. by machinery.
Term
socialism
Definition
a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
Term
utopian
Definition
A zealous but impractical reformer of human society.
Term
realpolitik
Definition
political realism or practical politics, esp. policy based on power rather than on ideals.
Term
urbanization
Definition
 the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban 
Term
social darwinism
Definition
a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated.
Term

capitalism

 

Definition
an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
Term
proletariat
Definition
the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class.
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the ones that took place in England in the late 18th century, that are brought about when extensive mechanization of production systems results in a shift from home-based hand manufacturing to large-scale factory production.
Term
liberalism
Definition
a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
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