loess

fertile soil

oracle bone

animal bone used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods

Mandate of Heaven

god-given right to rule

(divine right)

dynastic cycle

rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties

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feudalism

political system where nobles/lords use lands that belong to the king

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nomad

person who travels from place to place

Name the 5 themes of geography

migration

people moving from one place to another

artifact

a simple object showing human workmanship; tool, weapon, jewelry

physical geography

bias

interdependence

goods sent to foreign markets; goods sold outside the producing nation

Land mass that is a distinct part of a continent

New Stone Age

agricultural revolution that occurred during the Neolithic period

marshy area at the mouth of a river

[image]

The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers;

where the first civilization of Sumer began

^{featherweight}

extremely light;

as light as a feather

large square or rectangle evenly divided into squares or rectangles

Indus River Valley (Harappan Civilization)

planned their cities on a grid system

people who sell goods;

shopkeepers

people just below rulers or kings in wealth and power

feudal system

[image]

silt

thick bed of rich mud deposited on the plain as a result of a river's flooding

time of the warring states

Time after the Zhou lost power when nobles fought each other for control of China

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(and Chinese Yellow River Valley)

Minoans

Group of powerful seafaring people

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Sea between moderday Greece and Turkey

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Minoan capital city

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King of Knossos

Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean Sea

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Group of Asian peoples who migrated to many different places

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Dry grasslands

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Group of Indo-European peoples who occupied Anatolia

Group of Indo-Eurpoeans

migrated to India and used Caste System

Sacred literature of the Aryans

and Hinduism

Belief that the soul is reborn;

Hinduism and Buddhism teach reincarnation

Wisdom

The ultimate goal in Buddhism

Persian king who:

1. put satraps in place and
2. built the Royal Road

Road that helped unify the Persian Empire

build during rule of Darius

Children's respect for their parents and elders

Philosophy of Laozi

that puts people in touch with the forces of nature

Chinese book that gave practicle

advise on everyday problems

Powers that govern the natural rhythms of life

and must be balanced

Qin dynasty

"Chin"

War in which the Mycenaeans attacked the city of Troy

[image] 

Member of a group of people who migrated into the Greek mainland

Not much is known about them

Greek poet who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey

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Heroic story told in the form of a long poem

Traditional story that explains why the world is the way it is

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City-state of ancient Greece

Fortified hilltop in an Ancient Greek city

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Government ruled by a king or queen

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Government ruled by a small group of noble families

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Government ruled by a few powerful people

Powerful ruler who gained control of a city-state's government by asking the common people for support

Rule by the people

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Peasant forced to stay on the land

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formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears, used by Greek foot soldiers

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Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire

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Form of government in which citizens rule directly

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Art in which harmony, order, and balance were emphasized

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Serious drama dealing with such themes as love, hate, war, or betrayal

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Light and amusing play that may poke fun at serious subjects

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War in which Athens and it's allies were defeated by Sparta and it's allies

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Thinker who uses logic and reason to explore life's important questions

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Greek thinker who

1. started his own school 
2. wrote about science, art, and law

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Socrates's student who wrote The Republic, a view of the ideal society

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1. Plato's student who developed a method for testing and organizing ideas;
2. his system of logic became the foundation of scientific thought today
3. [image]

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece

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Kingdom located just north of Greece

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Phillip II's son who estalished a huge empire

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Persian king who fell to Alexander the Great

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relating to culture that blended Greek with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences

Egyptian city that was the center of Hellenistic culture;

named for Alexander the Great

Greek mathematician and pioneer in geometry

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Archimedes

Greek scientist, inventor, and mathematician

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Huge bronze statue created on the island of Rhodes

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government in which citizens have the right to select their own leader

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aristocratic landowner

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farmer, artisan, or merchant;

commoner

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official who helped the plebeians protect their rights

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official who was like a king

 [image]

aristocratic branch of Rome's government

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Roman leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army for a brief period

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military unit of the ancient Roman army

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series of wars between Rome and Carthage

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Carthaginian general who invaded northern Italy

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conflict between two groups in the same country

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ambitious leader who brought order to Rome

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group of three rulers

tri=3

first ruler of imperial Rome

imperialism=large country taking over a smaller country increasing its power

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period of Roman peace and prosperity

Pax=peace

leader who came to be know as Christ and was believed to be a savior

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close follower of Jesus

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first apostle who helped spread Christianity through Syria and Palestine

apostle who played a key role in the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire

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moving away of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine

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head of all churches in on area

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head of the Christian Church

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Roman emperor who ended persecution of Christians

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large drop in the value of money and rise in the prices of goods

foreign soldiers who fought for money

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strong-willed army leader and Roman emperor

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new name for Byzantium under Constantine

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powerful chieftain of the Hun people

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Roman town covered by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

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Roman poet who wrote the Aeneid

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Roman historian who recorded the good and bad of imperial Rome

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pipeline or channel built to carry water

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administrative departments of a government;

also, word describing government jobs and employees

the basic physical and organizational

structures and facilities

needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

(e.g., buildings, roads, canals, etc)

corn;

the most important crop of the Americas

first urban center in the Americas,

built by the Zapotec

culture that flourished along the southern coast of Peru from around 200 B.C. to A.D. 600

culture that flourished along the northern coast of

Peru from around A.D. 100 to A.D. 700

Chanakya was an Indian teacher,

philosopher, and royal advisor;

managed the first Maurya emperor

Chandragupta's rise to power at a young age

a social system in which males are the primary authority figures central to social organization,

occupying roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property, and where fathers hold authority over women and children

First empire in India,

founded by Chandragupta Maurya

[image]

Grandson of Chandragupta; leader who brought Mauryan Empire to its greatest height

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Acceptance of the right of people to have differing beliefs

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Language of southern India; also the people who speak that language

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Second empire in India, founded by Chandra Gupta

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Sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship

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Sect of Buddhism focusing on strict spiritual discipline

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Creator of the world, in Hinduism

[image]

Preserver of the world, in Hinduism 

[image]

Destroyer of the world, in Hinduism

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One of India's greatest poets and playwrights

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Caravan routes that crisscross end Central Asia

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Chinese dynasty that ruled for most of the period from 202 B.C. To A.D. 220

[image]

administrative departments of a government;

also, word describing government jobs and employees

[image]

one group's complete control over the production and distribution of certain goods

[image]

policy of encouraging conquered peoples to adopt the institutions and customs of the conquering nation

[image]

large desert in Africa

[image]

grassy plain

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land at the southern edge of the Sahara

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religion in which spirits play a role in daily life

[image]

the basic physical and organizational

structures and facilities needed for the

operation of a society or enterprise

(e.g. buildings, roads, canals, etc.)

[image]

West African storyteller

[image]

African people who lived in what is now Nigeria from 500 B.C. to A.D. 200

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oldest known city in Africa south of the Sahara

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a permanent move from one area to another

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push-pull factors

reasons attracting or driving people to move

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people who speak one of a group of

languages related to Bantu

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Aksum

African kingdom that reached the height

of its power in the fourth century A.D.

[image]

chief seaport of Aksum

[image]

King of Aksum who conquered Kush

step-like ridges built on slopes

to improve farming

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relative, typically one more remote

than a grandparent, from whom one is descended

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group that shares common ancestors

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weaken, lose power

[image]

land bridge between Asia and the Americas

[image]

time when sheets of ice covered

large portions of North America

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corn;

the most imortant crop of the Americas

 [image]

Area that stretches south from central Mexico to the northern part of modern-day Honduras

[image]

people who flourished along the Mesoamerican coast of the Gulf of Mexico from 1200 BC to 400 BC

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Early Mesoamerican civilization that was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of what is now Mexico

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first urban center in the Americas,

built by the Zapotec

[image]

first influential culture in South America,

which flourished from around 900 BC to 200 BC

[image]

culture that flourished along the southern coast of Peru from around 200 BC to AD 600

[image]

culture that flourished along the northern coast of Peru from around AD 100 to AD 700

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mountain range in South America

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thick

[image]

uncovered

Church destroyed by mobs of rioters in 532 and rebuilt by Justinian;

most important surviving work of Byzantine empire

Located in Istanbul,Turkey (Constantinople) and today is

 [image]

a Muslim place of worship

Leader of the Eastern church

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Religious image used in practices

by Eastern Orthodox Christians

Formal declaration that someone

is no longer a member of the Church 

Alphabet invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius, in which most Slavic languages, including Russian, are written

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People from the forests north of the Black Sea

Grandson of Olga who ordered all his subjects to adopt Christianity 

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Russian ruler who helped Kiev gain power and wealth

son of Vladamir

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Prince of Novgorod

Russian noble who gained power in Moscow

[image]

Moscow prince who led rebellion against Mongol rule

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Russian emperor

Turkish group that migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and later established their own empire

[image]

Prime minister in a Muslim kingdom or empire

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Famous Seljuk sultan

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great emperor of the Tang Dynasty

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Tang ruler and only woman to be an emperor in China

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What is moveable type and

where was it invented?

wood or metal blocks, each wiht a single character, that can be arranged to make up a page for printing

[image]

China

gunpowder, moveable type, magnetic compass

[image][image][image]

developed in China where workers prove their skills by taking a test rather than being appointed because of who they know

[image]

During Tang and Song dynasties, men believed that women who had smallest feet would make the best mothers and wives.

Feet were bound when girls were small to stop them from growing, so that they would be more attractive to potential husbands.

Has been outlawed.

[image]

Genghis Khan/

Temujin

"Universal Ruler" of Mongol Empire

ruthless and strategic ruler who disciplined his army and ruled a very large empire of many cultures

[image] 

Mongol Peace

period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s when the Mongols created stability, law, and order across Eurasia

they guaranteed safety to travelers, missionaries, and traders

[image]

Define: illiterate

What group of people were illiterate and why?

Who eventually taught them to read and write?

unable to read and write

Turks because they focused on military strategies.

Persians taught them reading, writing, religion, and culture.

Prince of Novgorod

encouraged nobles to cooperate with Mongols

[image]

Grandson of Genghis Khan who became "Khanate of the Golden Horde" in southern Russia.

[image]

Czar Ivan the III

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Japan's earliest religion, based on respect for nature and worship of ancestors

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Japanese warrior who served a lord in feudal Japan

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code that samurai lived by --

"the way of the warrior"

highest military commander in feudal Japan, ruling in the name of the emperor

[image]

• made up of 4,000 islands
• mountanous
• only a few natural resources

[image]

a powerful clan who

claimed they were related

to the sun goddess

Only dynasty in Japanese history

[image]

Chinese Culture

They:

• adopted Chinese writing system
• artists copied Chinese paintings
• used Chinese model of government

person who herds and tames animals

[image]

large group of people related

through a common ancestor

[image]

mongol leader and Chinese emperor

grandson of Genghis Khan

united China for first time in 300 years

[image]

traveler from Venice who served

Kublai Khan for 17 years

[image]

Beijing, China

[image]

Koreans

[image]

a typhoon destroyed the fleet

Kamikaze = the winds that destroyed the Mongol fleet

 [image]

Kublai Khan died

struggle for power

rebellions from Chinese subjects

Where were the Mongols originally from?

Describe the conditions of that area.

The Steppes

Harsh, windy, little food

Temperature sometimes plunged to -90 degrees

[image]

Define Japanese Feudalism.

List the 7 Roles/Titles.

[image]

The Shogun was the owner of all the land. The Daimyo was like a noble, and owned provinces under the Shogun's rule. The Samurai protected their Daimyo with their life, and were considered a high social class. The peasents and farmers grew all the food, but were held in high esteem because of their selfless work. The merchants took care of importing and exporting goods, and were the lowest social class because they were considered selfish.

empire that ruled what is now Cambodia

[image]

temple complex of the Khmer Empire

[image]                        [image]

dynasty that ruled Korea from 935 to 1392

[image]

a mainland and many islands

mainland geography:

rivers, valleys, mountains

due to geography, travel was hard on the mainland

 [image]

No because more powerful Asian countries tried to influence them: India and China and it is a vast area made up of diverse geography.

India

India's influence is seen today in

SEA's languages, art, and religions;

came in peace and offered friendship

China

China's influence was not peaceful,

they wanted to conquer Southeast Asia

It is located on a peninsula between China and Japan. Because of this, travelers go through Korea on their way from one country to the other.

[image]

Wang Kon

[image]

Chapters 11 and 12

Global 9 Cottrell

started by Pope Urban II

Christian "Holy War"

Middle Ages/

Dark Ages

period of European history

from 500 to 1500

[image]

Germanic people who held power

in the Roman province called

Gaul (later became France)

[image]

religious community of people

devoting their lives to

worship and prayer

[image]

dynasty of Frankish rulers,

lasting from 751 to 987

Charlemagne/

Charles the Great

King Pepin's son who became a

powerful Frankish ruler

and who built a huge empire

[image]

in 732, during the Battle of Tours,

he and his army defeated the

Muslim forces from moving north from Spain;

the defeat meant that Christianity

would continue to be the

religion of Western Europe,

instead of Islam

[image]

became pope in 590;

he made the pope a worldly (secular) power

[image]

landowner

[image]

land granted by a lord to a vassal

[image]

person receiving a fief from a lord

warrior on horseback who promised to defend his lord's land in exchange for a fief (land)

[image]

peasant who could not lawfully

leave the place where he or she was born

[image]

lord's estate

[image]

church tax, usually one-tenth of a

peasant family's income

[image]

Who is the most powerful person

during the Dark Ages/Middle Ages?

The pope

[image]

code of behavior for knights,

stressing ideals such as courage,

loyalty, and devotion

[image]

staged battles for entertaining

audiences and training knights

[image]

poet-musicians at the

castles and courts of Europe

[image]

religious officials

[image]

important religious ceremony

[image][image][image]

Law of the church

[image]

kingdom originally made up of

what is now Germany and Italy

[image]

appointment of religious officials

by kings or nobles

[image]

complete disorder

behavior

change to another religion

banished from the Church

one who watches over the welfare of another

[image]