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Global 1
Regents World history. Part 1
68
History
9th Grade
01/24/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Crusades
Definition
  • A series of wars to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rulers.
  • Pope called on all christains in Europe to unite and fight
  • never achieved more than temporary control of Jerusalem.
  • A successful failure
  • Effects: New ideas and products, increased trade, growth of a middle class, decline of feudalism.
Term
Deserfication
Definition
  • Expansion/ growth of desert land.
  • Ex. Africa's desert is growing each year.
Term
Feudalism
Definition
  • Type of economic. social and political system.
  • Manor with lord's house and peasants living around it.
  • The king relied on service of his nobles, who were given nearly absolute power over their own local areas.
  • Ex. Feudal Europe and Middle ages/ Japanese feudalism.
Term
Great Wall of China
Definition
  • Built during the Qin dynasty (221-206)
  • protected China from nomadic peoples to the northwest.
  • Over 1500 miles long, 22 feet high and 15 feet thick.
  • Took 1000's of workers many years to complete.
Term
Gupta
Definition
  • Empire that emerged in Northeastern India from 320-535 A.D.
  • Peace, prosperity and trade.
  • Sometimes called the "Golden age of Hindu culture"
Term
Shintoism
Definition
  • Believing each object had its own spirit
Term
Analects
Definition
  • Collection of Confucius sayings
  • His followers published them
Term
8 fold path
Definition
  • Major belief of Buddhism
  • They believe that one should follow this path
  • Give up wealth
  • act in a worthy manner
  • soeak truthfully
  • live righteously
  • respect all living things
  • meditate
Term
Encomienda
Definition
  • Right the Spanish government granted to its American colonist to demand labor or trubute from Native Americans
Term
Five Pillars
Definition
  • The five basic duties of the Islam faith
  • Fasting- Holy month of Ramada
  • Faith- one god who they call Allah
  • hajj/ pilgrimage - all able Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca
  • alms- give to charity
  • prayer- pray to Mecca 5 times a day
  • Fat (faith) Pigs (prayer) Are (Alms) Fried (Fasting) Pork (Pilgramige)
Term
Humanisum
Definition
  • Intellectual movemnet at the heart of the italian renaissance that focused on worldy subjects rather than on religious issues
  • Ex. Individual Focus
Term
Nile River
Definition
  • River in Africa that supports early civilization, because of the fertile soil.
  • Ex. Nubia, Kush (Egypt) with yearly floods
Term
Polytheistic
Definition
  • Believeing in many Gods

 

Ex. Hinduism

Term
Hinduism
Definition
  • religion started in India
  • one God who can take many forms.
  • Goal: to achieve moksha
  • Reincarnation ; Rebirth of soul in another bodily form
  • The Vedas- sacred text (book)
Term
Incas
Definition
  • Early South American Civilization (1400-1535) on the narrow coastal plain
  • Center of learning: calendar, medicine, surgery
  • polytheistic: worshipped gods linked to forces of nature
  • Sapa Inca: absolute power and owned all land
Term
Indus River Valley Civilization
Definition
  • First Indian Civilization (2500 B.C.E- 1500 B.C.E) on the Indus River Valley
  • Capitals: Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro: laid out in grid patterns
  • House had plumbing
  • mostly farmers
  • polytheistic, well organized government, perhaps priest-kings
Term
Islam
Definition
  • Major belief system began in Arabia in 622 A.D.
  • monotheistic
  • The Quran- Holy Book
  • One all-powerful, compassionate God "Allah"
  • Five Pillars of Islam
  • Muammed was the prophet
Term
Judaism
Definition
  • Founded in the fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) and Palestine about 2000 B.C.E.
  • Torah- Sacred text
  • Monoteistic
  • Ten Commandments
  • God's "chosen people"
  • strong code of ethics
Term
Gahna
Definition
  • 800A.D located in broad "V" made by the niger and Senegal rivers
  • King was considered a semi-divine (god-like) autority
  • Very wealthy, because trade centers met here: gold-salt supplies
  • 25 years reign of peace and order
  • Musa converted to Islam and made the hijj
Term
Songhai Trade
Definition
  • Empire in west Africa (1450-1600)
  • The wealthy captal (from trading) was Gao
  • On the Nile River bend
  • Largest state in West Africa
  • Timbuktu: city that was the leading center of learning
Term
Qin
Definition
  • Dynasty in China (1600's)
  • Adopted confuscian system of government
  • Chinese economy expanded inder bot emperors
Term
Devine right/ Mandate of Heaven
Definition
  • The devine right to rule: the idea that rulers get their right to rule from god, or heaven.
  • Rulers have support from heaven when they are good to their people.
Term
Maurya
Definition
  • First great Indian empire (321 B.C.E- 185 B.C.)
  • Started by Chandragupta Maurya
  • Had school, library, palaces, temples and parks.
  • Royal officials supervised public works for trade
  • Golden Age
Term
Mayans
Definition
  • early civilization (300-900 A. D) in central America/ Mexic
  • Government was led by cities ruling chiefs
  • pyramid temples where priests performed human sacrifices
  • developed hieroglyphic writing system, calendar, number system
  • reason for decline unknown (natural disaster, too heavy taxes?)
Term
Mesopatamia
Definition
  • First known civilizations in the Fertile Crescent (between Tigris and Euphates River)
  • Control of these rivers key to development
  • Temple priests, or royal officials provided leadership to organize villagers: build dikes and irrigation ditches.
Term
Middle Ages
Definition
  • 500-1300 Early 1050-1450 high
  • Constant warfare of this period disrupted trade and made travel unsafe (also called "Dark Ages")
  • People gave up an interest in learning.
  • Feudalism was the social structure.
  • Manorialism was the economic system.
  • Roman Catholic Church was very powerful.
  • Churches and monasteries were the only places where people could read and write.
Term
Mansa Musa
Definition
  • Kingdom of Mali in west Africa's most powerful ruler.
  • He turned the capital city of Timbuktu into a center of trade and learning.
  • Was Muslim, and because west Africans needed to be able to read the Quran  (Islam Holy Book) more were able to read and write
Term
Printing Press
Definition
  • In1456, Johann Gutenberg of Germany invented movable type; one of the most important inventions ever
  • Effects:
  • Books were cheaper and easier to produce
  • More people became literate (Able to read)
  • Ability to read and interpret Bible (reform)
  • Gained access to range of topics

 

Term
Silk Roads
Definition
  • Trained route or "road" that went through central Asia, connecting China to the Middle East and Rome
  • Started during Han Dynasty (206B.C.E.)
  • China exported silk, iron and bronze in exchange for gold, ivory and horses.
  • Effects:
  • Led to introduction of Buddhism to China
Term
Steppes
Definition
  • An area of deserts and treeless grassland
  • Where do they exist? Central Asia: south of Russia, north of Iran, India and China.
  • Effects: people in this area have become herders and traders
Term
Song
Definition
  • Dynasty that ruled China from 960 A.D-1200 A.D
  • Golden Age: Chinese wealth and culture dominated East Asia
  • Foreign trade did well
  • Improved farming techniques with rice and irrigation
Term
Tang
Definition
  • Ruled from 618-907 A.D
  • Golden Age: reunited China and brought prosperity
  • Civil service exam: had to have knowledge of confucianism philosophy
  • Developed block printing
Term
Law
Definition
  • Rome's greatest accomplishment that we still use today
  • Twelve Tables of Roman Law:
  • created to Protect citizens
  • Covered civil and criminal law
  • Bail, trial by a jury of peers
  • all citizens were equal under law, and innocent until proven guilty
Term
Atlantic Slave Trade
Definition
  • Took place from 1500-1800
  • people were captured by warring African tribes and traded to European and American slave traders in exchange for guns and other goods
  • Over two million died on the way due to horrible conditions
  • Taken over to replace the Native Americans in the workforce
Term
Zhoo
Definition
  • Ruling family in China
  • Rulers used the Mandate of Heaven to justify authority
  • in Huang He and Yangtze River Valleys
  • Greatest legacy: 2 philosophers
  • 1) Confucius
  • 2) Lao-zi (Daoism)
Term
Ming
Definition
  • Chinese Dynast (1368-1644)
  • Believed in ethnocentrism - or that the chinese way of life is superior
  • Traded with Europe
  • Literature and art flourished
Term
Mongals
Definition
  • Empire of nomadic peoples from the 13th century (1200's)
  • Began by Ghengis Khan- who united the tribes and attacked surrounding regions
  • Skilled horsemen, soldiers could survive on very ittle in very harsh conditions
  • The largest empire ever seen
  • Isolated Russia from Western Europe
Term
Monotheistic
Definition
  • Belief in only one God
  • Three main religions:
  • Judaism
  • Christanity
  • Islam
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
  • 10,000 years ago when people learned to farm
  • Learned how to spread seeds of grains to grow crops
  • Also domesticated and herded farm animals
  • Effects:
  • 1) No longer Nomadic and they built permanent homes
  • 2) population Increase
  • 3) Grow more food
  • 4) Two new social classes: Warriors and priests
Term
95 Theses
Definition
  • Martin Luther wrote this list of arguments against the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation(1500's)
  • Protested the indulgences (Pardon for sins- could be bought)
  • Also protested the worldliness of the church, and its love of money.
Term
Pharo
Definition
  • Title of the rulers of ancient Egypt
  • ex: Ramses II
Term
Turks
Definition
  • 16th century : These Turkish people gained control of the Middle East and parts of Europe
  • By 1700's European commerce and military technology led to decline of the Empire
Term
Quran
Definition
  • Islams holy book
Term
Protastin Reformation
Definition
  • During this time (early 1500's) many people protested against abuses of the Catholic Church
  • Ex: Martin Luther 95 theses: called for change against indulgences (buying way into Heaven)
  • Effects of reformation:
  • 1) End of religious unity in Europe (not everyone was Catholic anymore)
  • 2) Growth of royal power
Term
Renaissance
Definition
  • 1400's- started in Italy
  • New interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations period of intellectual and artistis creativity
  • Trade began between East and West
  • Humanism - greater emphasis on the individual
  • Wealthy merchants and nobles were patrons ($$$) supporting artists, writers and scholars
Term
Rome
Definition
  • City- state located in Italy and lasted for 400 years
  • Two main social classes: patricians (wealth) and plebians (Farmers/ Merchants)
  • Republic- power is with its citizens
  • Built roads, arches and aqueducts
  • Biggest achievement: Twelve Tables of Roman Law (Innocent until proven guilty): large role in our legal system today
  • Language: Latin
  • adopted Christianity
Term
Savana
Definition
  • Grassy plain with irregular patterns of rainfall
  • Ex: In Africa - stretches north and south
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
  • Began during the Renaissance and went on through 17th and 18th centuries
  • Rejected traditional ideas and church teachings in favor of theScientific Method (Observations, Hypotheses, test, experiments)
  • Thinkers: Galileo and Newton
Term
Showgun
Definition
  • In Japanese Feudal society, supreme military commander who held more power than the emperor
Term
Reincarnation
Definition
  • In Hinduism, belief in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form
Term
Karma
Definition
  • In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a persons fate in the next life
Term
3 schools of chinese thought
Definition
  • In China
  • 1) Confucianism- harmony results when people accepted their place in society / people naturally good
  • Education is good
  • 2) Legalism - nature of man is evil / only way to achieve order is with strict laws and harsh punishments
  • Daoism - live in harmony with nature / no govenment
Term
Shinto
Definition
  • Worship the forces of nature
  • Never evolved into a major international religion
  • Mostly in Japan
Term
Filatly Piety
Definition
  • In Confucianism, the respect for Parents
  • Above all other duties
Term
Five Relationships
Definition
  • Confucius taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society
  • 5 key relationships
  • 1) Father to son
  • 2) Elder brother to younger brother
  • 3) Husband to wife
  • 4) Ruler to subject
  • 5) Friend to friend (Only equal relationships)
Term
Aztects
Definition
  • Civilzation in Central Mexico from 1200-1521 A.D
  • Farmers who used chinampas, or "Floating islands" to create more farmland
  • Had a single ruler chosen by a council of nobles
  • Taken over by Spanish

 

Term
Buddhism
Definition
  • Religion founded in Northern India in 500 B.C.E by Buddha
  • One God, but many names
  • Final goal is to reach nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
  • Tripitake: Collection of Buddha's teachings
  • Four Noble Truths
  • Eightfold Path
Term
Byzantium
Definition
  • Empire that took over the eastern Roman empire from 476-1500 A.D
  • 1054- permanent split and eastern portion became Easter (Gree) Orthodox Church
  • Constantinople as capital, and key trade route center

 

Term
Pericles
Definition
  • Greek statesmen
  • Called the Age of age of Pericles
  • Believed that all male citizens, regardless of weak or social class, should take part in government: allowed poor men to serve in government
Term
Cast System
Definition
  • In traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born
Term
Code of Haummurabi
Definition

1790B.C.E.- Haummurabi, the king of Babylon published these set of laws to unite Mesopotamia

Carved on stone for all to see: First collection of laws

Ex. "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"

Term
Justinain
Definition
  • Emperor of Byzantine empire from 527-565
  • Organized all the laws of early Rome
  • Body of Civil Law
  • Also used today in internation law
Term
Commercial Revolution
Definition
  • Age of exploration caused an increase in trade
  • Joint stock companies (sales of shares in stock)
  • Modern banking system started
  • Mercantilism started
Term
Catholic Reformation
Definition
  • The Catholic counter attack against the Protestant Reformation
  • Purpose of ending abuse in the church
  • Not totally successful: church remained split
Term
Confucianism
Definition
  • Founded in 500B.C.E. by confucius
  • Five Relationships: Harmony when you accepted your place in society
  • Filial Piety: respect for your parents
  • The Analects: students collected his saying
Term
Niccolo Machcavell
Definition
  • Renaissance writer that had believed that leaders should do whatever is neccessary to achiece their goals
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
  • The wealthy of the colonial power increased at the expense of the colony
  • In Latin America
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
  • During this exchange, new diseases were brought to Europe and resulted in massive deaths caused by the plague
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