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| The Second Industrial Revolution |
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| Took place between the Civil War and the early twentieth century. The United States underwent one of the most rapid and profound economic revolutions and country has ever experienced. Grouth of natural resources, labor, market for manufactured goods, and capital for investment. |
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| Opened vast new areas to commercial farming and created a truly ational market for manufactured goods. Made transportation possible for mines, farms, ranches, and forests from eastern markets and western markets. Also created the four time zones we still use today. Caused the spread of national brands. |
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| the era's greates inventor, born in Ohio in 1847, he had little formal education, read popular books on science and began doing chemistry experiments. Opened the first electric generating station in Manhattan in 1882, the forerunner of General Electric to market electrical equipment. |
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| Came from scotland at the age of thirteen and worked in a pennslylvania textile factory. Hired by Thomas A. Scott as his private telegraph operator and was, by the end of the civil war, promoted to on of the Pennsylvania Railroad's major management positions. at the begining of the depresion he created a vertically inegrated steel company. became a millionare and spread his wealth around by creating lirbrarys. |
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| began his working career as a clerk for a Cleveland merchant and rose to dominate the oil industry, a ruthless competitor, began with horizontal expansion, buying out competing oil refineries, but like Carnegie, Rockefeller soon established a vertically integrated monopoly. |
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| Made by Senator Henry L. Dawes of assachusetts, The act broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families. |
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| The Civil Service Act of 1883 |
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| created a merit system for federal employees, with appointment via competitve examination rather than political influence. first step on removing office holding from the hands of political machines. |
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| The ICC (Interstate Commerce Commision) |
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| First federal agency intended to regulate economic activity. |
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| stated that evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere. |
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| believed that freedom was basically the right that social classes owe each other nothing, that we should not help or be charged with helping anyone else. |
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| an idea that laws of contract are the foundation of civilization, labor contracts reconciled greedom authority in the workplace. |
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| Technological Innovations |
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| The opening of the Atlantic cable in 1866 spurred the use of the telephone, type writer, and handheld camera in the 1870s and 1880s |
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| A workers economic independence rested on technical skill rather than ownership of one's own shop and tools as in earlier times. Skilled workers had a degree of freedom as unskilled workers were stuck in factories with harsh conditions. |
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| An obvious divisions between classes came apparent as there were the middle class, upper class and the wealthyest americans started a trend of lifestyles. |
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| Excercised by the upper class, was the act of speding money not on needed or even desired goods, but simply to demonstrate the possession of wealth. |
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| Gave a lecture in 1893, called "The significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that on the western frontier the distinctive qualities of American culture were forged: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility. |
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| The west acted as a "safety valve" drawing off those dissatisfied with their situation in the East. Americans moved west for oportunities working on the railroad, mining, or the gold rush, evenutally caused the resistance from the indians. |
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| Covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers, could develope large scale irrigation projects to survive in the arid land and limited rainfall of the west. |
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| dominated the trans-mississippi west, became increasingly oriented to tnational and internation markets, specializing in the production of single crops for sale in faraway places. became more dependent on loans to purchase land, machinery, and industrial products. Became more and more vulnerable to the ups and downs of prices for agriculture. |
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| A collection of white, Mexican, and black men who conducted cattle drives to Kansas Pacific Railroad's stations. They became a symbol of a life of greedom on the open range, but most were low-paid wage workers. |
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| U.S. policy/actions towards the Great Plains Indians |
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| dey killed dem niggas for dey lands, and deen put in reservations where they were preyed uppon by bad dudes. |
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| 1876 When General George A. Custer and his entire command of 250 men were killed, the most famous indian victory. |
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| escaped to Canada after the army defeated the Sioux, but he retureed and was imprisoned in 1881, became a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. |
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| in 1877 they were chased 1700 across the far west, they were seeking to escape to canada after fights with settlers who had encroached on tribal lands in Oregon and Idaho, after four months, howard forced the indians to surrender, and they were removed to Oklahoma. |
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| The Nez Perce Leader, delievered speeches in washington to audiences and presidents to gain freedom and equal rights for indians. was unsucessful. |
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| Establsihed boarding schools where indian children removed from the negative influences of ther paeents and tribes, were dressed in non indian clothes given new names and eucated in white ways. also enacted the Dawes Act. |
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| Elk v Wilkins and Native American citizenship |
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| 1884 the us supreme court agreed, even though jon elk had left his tribe in Oklahoma and lived amoung white settlers in nebraska, the court questioned whether any indian had achieved the degreee of Civiliation requried for american citiznes. |
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| The ghost dance and wounded knee massacre |
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| the ghost dance massacre was a gathering of indians that was siingin and dancing and religious observances, fearing a general uprising the government sent troops to the reservations. On december 29 1890 soldiers opened fire on gost dancers encamped near wounded knee creek in south dakaota killing between 150 and 200 indians. marked the end of conflict. |
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| Law makers held stock or directorships in companies and buisness that recieved public aid. Also the start of the something boss where a person would take care of the poor if they would promise to vote for who he/she says. |
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| Political reforms and government regulation |
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| The civil service act marked the first steep in establishing a prefessional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines. The ICC was established by congress in 1887. As weak as they were, these laws helped to establish the precedent that the antional governemnt could regulate the ceconomy to promot the publisc good. |
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| Passed by congress in 1890, it banned comvinations and practices that restrained gree trade. |
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| Social strife and inequality |
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| Manuy Americans sensed that something had gone wrong in the nations social development. Talk of better classes, respectable classes, and dangerous classes dominated public discussion. also most interviewed workers complained of overwork, poor housing, and tyrannical employres, the employers claimed that the workers were the scum of the english and irish whos complaintes reflected nothing more than a hereditary feeling of discontent. |
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| Led by Terence V. Powderly, the first group to try to organize unskilled workers as well as skilled. involved millions of workers in strikes, boycotts, political action, and eeducational and social activites. Some believed that the remedy of to this "slave power" was to engraft republican principles into our industrial system. |
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| Social Gospel and Walter Rauschenbusch |
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| Walter Rauschenbusch a baptist minister in new yourk city with others insisted that greedom and spiritual selfdevelpment required an equalization of wealth and poer tand that unbridled competition macked the christian ideal of brotherhood. |
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| Haymarket Square incident |
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| 1886 four striker workers were killed by policia, the nest day a rally was held in haymarket square to protest the killings, someone through a bomb into the crowd killing a police officer, the paniced police opened fire, shooting several bystanders and a number of their own force. eight anarchists were charged with plotting and carrying out the bombings even tho they didnt do it, four were hanged and one commited sucide. |
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