Term
| Which enzyme is activated by HCL? |
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Definition
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Term
The right enzyme for:
disaccharides >>> monosaccharides |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which enzymes are associated with the duodenum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the enzyme responsible for digesting a steak (protein)? |
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Definition
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Term
The right enzyme for:
triglyecerides >>> monoglycerides + fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release more digestive enzymes into the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the absorption of glucose from the lumen of the small intestines thru the plasma membrane of microvilli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which stimulates the pancreas to release more bicarbonate into the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
The right enzyme for:
oligosaccharides >> disaccharides? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which enzyme supplies the HCL in the stomach? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which enzyme is associated with the oral cavity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are fatty acids absorped from the lumen of the small intestines thru plasma membrane of microvilli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme can be found in the "brush border" of small intestines? |
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Definition
|
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Term
The right enzyme for:
polysaccharides >>> oligosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme is found in the stomach? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three steps in stomach secretion control? |
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Definition
1. Cephalic phase (thinking of food)
2. Gastric phase (food reaches stomach)
3. Intestinal phase (food reaches duodenum) |
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Term
| Exocrine Glands of stomach |
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Definition
| Found at fundus and body of stomach. Includes Chief cells which secrete pepsinogen, parietal cells which secrete HCL and Intrinsic Factor, and mucus secreting cells for lubrication. |
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Term
| Endocrine Glands of stomach |
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Definition
| Found at pylorus of stomach. Includes G cells which secret the hormone Gastrin and mucus secreting cells for lubrication. |
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Term
| Why is Intrinsic Factor important? |
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Definition
| It is a protein that is essential for Vitamin B12 absorption |
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Term
| What STIMULATES gastric motility and emptying? |
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Definition
| The presence of chyme in the STOMACH leads to distention and an increase in gastric motility and emptying. |
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Term
| What INHIBITS gastric motility and emptying? |
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Definition
| The presence of chyme is the DUODENUM leads to the entero-gastric reflex and decreased gastric motility and emptying. |
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Term
| What type of epithelium is found in the small intestines? |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
|
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Term
| WHat type of epithelium is found in the colon? |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium EXCEPT in anus where solids pass there is stratified squamous. |
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Term
| Small Intestine vs. Large Intestine |
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Definition
| Only the small intestine has folding. There are three levels of folding here (Plicae circulares, Villi, and Microvilli). The colon has no folding, no villi, and no enzymes. |
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Term
| Structures and molecules that guard mucus membrane? |
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Definition
1.SALIVA:has antibacterial proteins like immunoglobin A, bacteriolytic lysozyme enzyme
2. THICK EPITHELIUM OF ESOPHAGUS
3.TONSILS
4. STOMACH: HCL, pH-2
5. ILLEUM: Peyer's Patch
6. LIVER: Kuppfer cell is livers macrophage |
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Term
| Steps of carbohydrate digestion? |
|
Definition
1. Mouth - Salivary amylase breaks polymer >>> oligomer
2. Small intestine lumen- does NOT produce enzyme so pancreatic amylase from the pancreas breaks oligosaccharides >>> disaccharides
3. Small intestine brush border - disaccharidase breaks disaccharide >>> monosaccharide |
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Term
| Steps of protein digestion? |
|
Definition
1.Stomach: HCL activates pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin breaks polypeptide>>>oligopeptide
2.Small intestine lumen: Pancreatic Protease breaks oligopeptide >>> dipeptide
3. Small Intestine Brush border: Aminopeptidase breaks dipeptides >>> amino acids |
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Term
| Steps of fat digestion and absorption? |
|
Definition
1. EMULSIFICATION (bile salts maintain small fat droplets for pancreatic amylase)
2.DIGESTION (Pancreatic Amylase breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids)
3.MICELLES form (bile salts make digested fat droplets water soluble)
4.MONOMERS EXIT micelles and absorped by simple diff. from lumen into columnar epi.
5.MONOMERS RESYNTHESIZE back into triglycerides
6. CHYLOMICRON forms in columnar epi. cells (protein covers the fat droplets making them water soluble)
7.ABSORPTION of chylomicrons by exocytosis from columnar pi. cells to lacteal |
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Term
| What controls pancreas secretion? |
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Definition
| Pancreas secretion is controlled by the duodenum as an endocrone gland. |
|
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Term
| How many plasma membranes must be crossed from lumen to blood or lymph? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the submucosal nerve plexus? |
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Definition
| In the submucosal layer of the alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| WHere is the Myenteic nerve plexis? |
|
Definition
| In between the two layers of the muscularis externa: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer |
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|
Term
| Stomach Structure and Function |
|
Definition
S: 3 muscle layers -oblique, circular, and longitudinal
F: storage, mechanical digestion by churning,chemical digestion of only protein begins,propulsion,hormonal controls (gastrin, CCK, and secretin) |
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|
Term
| What is the Brunner's gland? |
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Definition
| Found in the submucosa of duodenum and responsible for neutralizing acidic chyme from stomach |
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Term
| Which part of small intestine is not fully wrapped in peritoneum? |
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Definition
| THe duodenum is retroperitoneal meaning itt sits behind the peritoneum while the illeum and jejenum are intraperitoneal or completely wrapped. |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are made by bacteria in the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine functions of Pancreas |
|
Definition
-Produce bicarbonate to neutralize acid
-Produces pancreatic enzymes:
Pancreatic amylase (digests complex carbohydrates)
Pancreatic lipase (digests fats)
Pancreatic proteases (digests proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine functions of Pancreas |
|
Definition
| Glucose homeostasis by insulin + glucagon hormone secretion ( |
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Term
| What controls the contraction of the cholecyst and the bile delivery to the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| Cholecytokinin hormone (CCK) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the "pacemaker cells" of the guts? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial Cells of Cajal |
|
|
Term
| What causes action potential to develop in the Cajal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the graded potential that is reached in the guts? |
|
Definition
| Slow wave potential OR Basic Electric Rhythm |
|
|
Term
| Nervous system control in the guts |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic NS (rest & DIGEST) will increase gut motility and gut secretions
Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) will decrease gut activity, motility, and secretions. |
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Term
| Frequency of graded potential in the guts: |
|
Definition
Stomach: 3 BER/minute
Duodenum: 12 BER/minute
Illeum: 9 BER/minute
Colon: 3 BER/day (this is when defecation occurs) |
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