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GI System
Unit 4 Exam
44
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/01/2012

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Term
Which enzyme is activated by HCL?
Definition
pepsinogen
Term
The right enzyme for:
disaccharides >>> monosaccharides
Definition
disaccharidase
Term
Which enzymes are associated with the duodenum?
Definition
secretin and CCK
Term
What is the enzyme responsible for digesting a steak (protein)?
Definition
Pepsin
Term
The right enzyme for:
triglyecerides >>> monoglycerides + fatty acids?
Definition
Pacreatic Lipase
Term
Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release more digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
Definition
CCK
Term
What is the absorption of glucose from the lumen of the small intestines thru the plasma membrane of microvilli?
Definition
Na+ Symport
Term
Which stimulates the pancreas to release more bicarbonate into the duodenum?
Definition
Secretin
Term
The right enzyme for:
oligosaccharides >> disaccharides?
Definition
Pancreatic Amylase
Term
Which enzyme supplies the HCL in the stomach?
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
Which enzyme is associated with the oral cavity?
Definition
Salivary amylase
Term
How are fatty acids absorped from the lumen of the small intestines thru plasma membrane of microvilli?
Definition
Simple Diffusion
Term
Which enzyme can be found in the "brush border" of small intestines?
Definition
Disaccharidase
Term
The right enzyme for:
polysaccharides >>> oligosaccharides?
Definition
Salivary Amylase
Term
Which enzyme is found in the stomach?
Definition
Pepsin
Term
What are the three steps in stomach secretion control?
Definition
1. Cephalic phase (thinking of food)
2. Gastric phase (food reaches stomach)
3. Intestinal phase (food reaches duodenum)
Term
Exocrine Glands of stomach
Definition
Found at fundus and body of stomach. Includes Chief cells which secrete pepsinogen, parietal cells which secrete HCL and Intrinsic Factor, and mucus secreting cells for lubrication.
Term
Endocrine Glands of stomach
Definition
Found at pylorus of stomach. Includes G cells which secret the hormone Gastrin and mucus secreting cells for lubrication.
Term
Why is Intrinsic Factor important?
Definition
It is a protein that is essential for Vitamin B12 absorption
Term
What STIMULATES gastric motility and emptying?
Definition
The presence of chyme in the STOMACH leads to distention and an increase in gastric motility and emptying.
Term
What INHIBITS gastric motility and emptying?
Definition
The presence of chyme is the DUODENUM leads to the entero-gastric reflex and decreased gastric motility and emptying.
Term
What type of epithelium is found in the small intestines?
Definition
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Term
WHat type of epithelium is found in the colon?
Definition
simple columnar epithelium EXCEPT in anus where solids pass there is stratified squamous.
Term
Small Intestine vs. Large Intestine
Definition
Only the small intestine has folding. There are three levels of folding here (Plicae circulares, Villi, and Microvilli). The colon has no folding, no villi, and no enzymes.
Term
Structures and molecules that guard mucus membrane?
Definition
1.SALIVA:has antibacterial proteins like immunoglobin A, bacteriolytic lysozyme enzyme
2. THICK EPITHELIUM OF ESOPHAGUS
3.TONSILS
4. STOMACH: HCL, pH-2
5. ILLEUM: Peyer's Patch
6. LIVER: Kuppfer cell is livers macrophage
Term
Steps of carbohydrate digestion?
Definition
1. Mouth - Salivary amylase breaks polymer >>> oligomer
2. Small intestine lumen- does NOT produce enzyme so pancreatic amylase from the pancreas breaks oligosaccharides >>> disaccharides
3. Small intestine brush border - disaccharidase breaks disaccharide >>> monosaccharide
Term
Steps of protein digestion?
Definition
1.Stomach: HCL activates pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin breaks polypeptide>>>oligopeptide
2.Small intestine lumen: Pancreatic Protease breaks oligopeptide >>> dipeptide
3. Small Intestine Brush border: Aminopeptidase breaks dipeptides >>> amino acids
Term
Steps of fat digestion and absorption?
Definition
1. EMULSIFICATION (bile salts maintain small fat droplets for pancreatic amylase)
2.DIGESTION (Pancreatic Amylase breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids)
3.MICELLES form (bile salts make digested fat droplets water soluble)
4.MONOMERS EXIT micelles and absorped by simple diff. from lumen into columnar epi.
5.MONOMERS RESYNTHESIZE back into triglycerides
6. CHYLOMICRON forms in columnar epi. cells (protein covers the fat droplets making them water soluble)
7.ABSORPTION of chylomicrons by exocytosis from columnar pi. cells to lacteal
Term
What controls pancreas secretion?
Definition
Pancreas secretion is controlled by the duodenum as an endocrone gland.
Term
How many plasma membranes must be crossed from lumen to blood or lymph?
Definition
FOUR plasma membranes.
Term
Where is the submucosal nerve plexus?
Definition
In the submucosal layer of the alimentary canal
Term
WHere is the Myenteic nerve plexis?
Definition
In between the two layers of the muscularis externa: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Term
Stomach Structure and Function
Definition
S: 3 muscle layers -oblique, circular, and longitudinal
F: storage, mechanical digestion by churning,chemical digestion of only protein begins,propulsion,hormonal controls (gastrin, CCK, and secretin)
Term
What is the Brunner's gland?
Definition
Found in the submucosa of duodenum and responsible for neutralizing acidic chyme from stomach
Term
Which part of small intestine is not fully wrapped in peritoneum?
Definition
THe duodenum is retroperitoneal meaning itt sits behind the peritoneum while the illeum and jejenum are intraperitoneal or completely wrapped.
Term
What vitamins are made by bacteria in the colon?
Definition
Vitamin K and vitamin B7
Term
Exocrine functions of Pancreas
Definition
-Produce bicarbonate to neutralize acid
-Produces pancreatic enzymes:
Pancreatic amylase (digests complex carbohydrates)
Pancreatic lipase (digests fats)
Pancreatic proteases (digests proteins)
Term
Endocrine functions of Pancreas
Definition
Glucose homeostasis by insulin + glucagon hormone secretion (
Term
What controls the contraction of the cholecyst and the bile delivery to the duodenum?
Definition
Cholecytokinin hormone (CCK)
Term
What is the name for the "pacemaker cells" of the guts?
Definition
Interstitial Cells of Cajal
Term
What causes action potential to develop in the Cajal cells?
Definition
The bolus.
Term
What is the name for the graded potential that is reached in the guts?
Definition
Slow wave potential OR Basic Electric Rhythm
Term
Nervous system control in the guts
Definition
Parasympathetic NS (rest & DIGEST) will increase gut motility and gut secretions
Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) will decrease gut activity, motility, and secretions.
Term
Frequency of graded potential in the guts:
Definition
Stomach: 3 BER/minute
Duodenum: 12 BER/minute
Illeum: 9 BER/minute
Colon: 3 BER/day (this is when defecation occurs)
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