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GI Histology-Part 1
N/A
86
Anatomy
Graduate
09/30/2010

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Term
What is the innermost layer of the GI tract?
Definition
mucosa
Term
In the mucosa, what are the layers going from innermost to outermost?
Definition
lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
Term
The lining epithelium of the mucosa ____________ to form _________.
Definition
invaginates; glands
Term
The lamina propria of the mucosa contains...
Definition
blood vessels and lymphatic nodules
Term
What type of muscle makes up the muscularis mucosa layer?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
What layer is under the mucosa of the GI tract?
Definition
submucosa
Term
What is the function of the submucosa?
Definition
provides the nerve, vascular, and lymphatic supply to the mucosa
Term
In the esophagus and duodenum, the submucosa contains ________.
Definition
glands
Term
What structure is responsible for autonomic innervation of the GI tract wall?
Definition
Meissner's plexus
Term
The mucosa and submucosa form _____ in the stomach and _____ _______ in the small intestine.
Definition
rugae; plicae circulares
Term
What is the third layer of tissue in the GI tract, right under the submucosa?
Definition
muscularis externa
Term
What layers does the muscularis externa have?
Definition
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Term
What structure is found in the muscularis externa and is responsible for it's innervation?
Definition
Auerbach's plexus (myenteric plexus)
Term
What is the outermost layer of the GI tract in the retroperitoneal organs?
Definition
adventitia
Term
What is the outermost layer of the GI tract in intraperitoneal organs?
Definition
serosa
Term
What type of cells make up the adventitia and serosa?
Definition
simple squamous epithelial cells
Term
The lips are lined with thin _________ externally.
Definition
skin
Term
What type of cells make up the inner surface of the lips?
Definition
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
Term
The central core of the lips is formed by what muscle?
Definition
orbicularis oris
Term
The crown of a tooth is covered by...
Definition
enamel and dentin
Term
Which layer is most superficial: enamel or dentin?
Definition
enamel
Term
What does the dentin contain?
Definition
soft tissue called the pulp
Term
The root of a tooth is covered by...
Definition
cementum and dentin
Term
Which is more external: cementum or dentin?
Definition
cementum
Term
What are the parts of a tooth?
Definition
crown and root(s)
Term
What type of muscle makes up the tongue?
Definition
skeletal
Term
The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is actually the...
Definition
lingual tonsils
Term
What type of cells make up the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Definition
non-keratinized squamous epithelial cells
Term
What are the four types of lingual papillae?
Definition
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, foliate
Term
What is significant about lingual papillae?
Definition
contain taste buds
Term
Which type of lingual papillae does NOT contain taste buds?
Definition
filiform
Term
Which type of lingual papillae are not well-developed in humans?
Definition
foliate
Term
What are Ebner's glands and which type of lingual papillae are they found in?
Definition
minor salivary glands; associated with the circumvallate papillae
Term
What type of cells make up the mucosa of the esophagus?
Definition
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
Term
What is the found in the submucosa of the esophagus?
Definition
glands
Term
What type(s) of muscle makes up the muscularis externa in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?
Definition
striated
Term
What type(s) of muscle makes up the muscularis externa of the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?
Definition
smooth and striated
Term
What type(s) of muscle make up the muscularis externa of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?
Definition
smooth
Term
At the beginning of the stomach, the cell type of the mucosa changes from __________ to ____________.
Definition
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) to simple columnar epithelium (stomach)
Term
The epithelium in the stomach invaginates into the mucosa to form _________.
Definition
gastric pits
Term
What is the function of gastric pits?
Definition
serve to increase surface area of the gastric lining
Term
What is found in the lamina propria of the stomach?
Definition
glands
Term
Which regions of the stomach have rugae?
Definition
all
Term
What is the function of mucous neck cells?
Definition
secrete mucin
Term
Where are mucous neck cells found?
Definition
stomach
Term
Where are stem cells found?
Definition
stomach and large intestine
Term
Stem cells in the stomach replace all cells except the ___________ cells.
Definition
enteroendocrine
Term
Where are parietal cells located?
Definition
stomach
Term
Parietal cells found within the stomach have round ________ located nuclei and ___________ cytoplasm
Definition
basally; eosinophilic
Term
What is the function of the parietal cells in the stomach?
Definition
secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor
Term
What is the significance of gastric intrinsic factor?
Definition
essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
Term
Where are chief cells found?
Definition
stomach
Term
Chief cells found in the stomach have __________ located nuclei and _________ cytoplasm.
Definition
basally; basophilic
Term
What is the function of chief cells in the stomach?
Definition
secrete pepsinogen
Term
What are the four types of enteroendocrine cells found in the stomach?
Definition
A cells
D cells
EC cells
G cells
Term
What do A cells secrete?
Definition
glucagon
Term
What do D cells secrete?
Definition
somatostatin
Term
What do EC cells secrete?
Definition
serotonin
Term
What do G cells secrete?
Definition
gastrin
Term
What structure is found in the submucosa of the stomach and is responsible for it's innervation?
Definition
Meissner's plexus
Term
What are the layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach from innermost to outermost?
Definition
oblique, circular, longitudinal
Term
What layer of the muscularis externa forms the pyloric sphincter?
Definition
circular
Term
What structure is found in the muscularis externa of the stomach that is repsonsible for it's innervation?
Definition
myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
Term
In the muscularis externa of the stomach, which layers is Auerbach's plexus found between?
Definition
circular and longitudinal layers
Term
What are the four common features of all sections of the small intestine?
Definition
plicae ciculares
intestinal villi
intestinal glands
microvilli
Term
What are plicae circulares?
Definition
found in the small intestine; also called valves of Kerkring; transverse folds
Term
What are intestinal villi?
Definition
finger-like projections of the mucosa of the small intestine
Term
What is another name for intestinal glands found in the small intestine?
Definition
crypts of Lieberkuhn
Term
What differentiates the duodenum from other sections of the small intestine?
Definition
Brunner's glands in the submucosa
Term
What differentiates the jejunum from other sections of the small intestine?
Definition
long, finger-like villi
no submucosal glands
Term
What differentiates the ileum from other sections of the small intestine?
Definition
Peyer's patches
fewer villi (eventually disappear in terminal portion of ileum)
Term
What are Peyer's patches and where are they found?
Definition
aggregates of lymphoid follicles found in the ileum
Term
What types of cells are found in the small intestine?
Definition
enterocytes
goblet cells
enteroendocrine cells
paneth cells
Term
What is the function of goblet cells in the small intestine?
Definition
secrete mucous for protection of the mucosa
Term
Where are paneth cells found and what is their function?
Definition
found in the small intestine

secrete substances that serve as protection from pathogenic organisms
Term
What cell types make up the mucosa of the large intestine?
Definition
simple columnar epithelial cells
glandular epithelial cells
lymphoid follicles
Term
What types of cells are found in the simple columnar epithelium of the large intestine mucosa?
Definition
enterocytes and goblet cells
Term
What types of cells are found in the glandular epithelium of the large intestine mucosa?
Definition
enterocytes
goblet cells
stem cells
enteroendocrine cells
Term
The longitudinal layer of the muscularis of the large intestine forms ________.
Definition
taenia coli
Term
The serosa of the large intestine contains _______ ________ which are just adipose tissue.
Definition
appendices epiploicae
Term
What disappears in the anal canal?
Definition
crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands)
Term
What type of epithelium is found in the anal canal?
Definition
simple columnar until the pectinate line, then it turns into stratified squamous
Term
What layer of the muscularis externa forms the internal anal sphincter?
Definition
circular
Term
What is the characteristic feature of the appendix?
Definition
multiple lymphatic follicles
Term
In the colon, there are no _______ or _______ ________.
Definition
villi; plicae circulares
Term
In the colon, the abundant crypts of Lieberkuhn and goblet cells __________ in number from the cecum to the sigmoid colon.
Definition
increase
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