Shared Flashcard Set

Details

gait
gait biomechanics
218
Anatomy
Graduate
12/10/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what do joint moments come from?
Definition
internal and external forces
Term
what causes external forces?
Definition
gravity and ground reaction force
Term
why do we generate internal forces?
Definition
to maintain equilibrium
Term
describe gait
Definition
cyclical/repeatable, bipedal/symmetrical, variable speeds, stable vertical position during stance
Term
what is a gait cycle?
Definition
the time between something happening and when it happens again
Term
what is convention for gait cycle?
Definition
foot contact (initial contact/heel strike) to the same foot contact
Term
what are kinematics?
Definition
motions without regard to force
Term
what are kinetics?
Definition
forces that cause motion (ground reaction forces, moments)
Term
what is stride?
Definition
one side's hitting the ground to same side's hitting ground (gait)
Term
what is step length?
Definition
from right heel strike to left heel strike
Term
which is longer, stride or step?
Definition
stride
Term
what is step width?
Definition
how far apart your feet are while you're walking
Term
if you feel unbalanced, what will your step width be like?
Definition
wide
Term
what is a normal toe out angle?
Definition
7 deg
Term
what does temporal descriptions mean
Definition
time measures
Term
define cadence
Definition
steps/minute
Term
define stance time
Definition
how long you're standing on one foot
Term
define step time
Definition
time it takes to get from one step to the next
Term
what temporal descriptions are inverses?
Definition
cadence, step time
Term
define stride tim
Definition
time it takes to get from one stride to the next
Term
how are stride and step time related?
Definition
stride time = twice step time if step time symmetrical
Term
what is walking speed
Definition
how long it took someone to move and how far they went
Term
what temporal description consists of both temporal and spatial measures?
Definition
walking speed
Term
how to calculate cadence
Definition
steps/unit time (minutes)
Term
what is normal cadence for men
Definition
110 steps/min
Term
what is normal cadence for women
Definition
120 steps/min
Term
how is cadence related to energy expenditure
Definition
slower or faster gait requires more energy
Term
what is the most funcitonal measure of someone's walking ability
Definition
walking speed
Term
how is speed measured in PT?
Definition
6 min walk or 10 meter walk
Term
what can you do to increase walking speed
Definition
longer strides or steps, increase the cadence
Term
what can you do to decrease walking speed
Definition
shorten strides or steps, decrease cadence
Term
what description do I need to add when documenting walking speed?
Definition
comfortable, fast, etc
Term
how much of stride is in stance phase?
Definition
60.00000%
Term
how much of stride is in swing phase?
Definition
40.00000%
Term
define single limb support
Definition
period when only 1 foot is on ground
Term
define double limb support
Definition
period when both feet are on the ground at the same time
Term
how does double limb support change with increased speed?
Definition
DLS decreases with increased speed
Term
how does single limb support relate to swing time of other foot?
Definition
same
Term
how do you increase DLS
Definition
decrease walking speed
Term
what happens during DLS
Definition
body weight is transferred to "new" stance limb
Term
what do phases of gait cycle do?
Definition
identify the functional significance of the events within a gait cycle
Term
what are the 2 different terminologies of subdivisions of gait?
Definition
traditional, rancho los amigos
Term
what is traditional heel contact in RLA
Definition
Initial Contact
Term
what is traditional foot flat in RLA
Definition
Loading Response
Term
what is traditional mid-stance in RLA
Definition
mid-stance
Term
what is traditional heel off in rla
Definition
Terminal Stance
Term
what is traditional toe off in RLA
Definition
Pre-Swing
Term
what is traditional early swing in RLA
Definition
Initial Swing
Term
what is traditional mid swing in RLA?
Definition
Mid Swing
Term
what is traditional late swing in RLA?
Definition
Terminal Swing
Term
what are the gait phases in order for Rancho Los Amigos
Definition
Initial Contact, Loading Response, Mid-Stance, Terminal Stance, Pre-Swing, Initial Swing, Mid Swing, Terminal Swing
Term
what is the phase of weight acceptance?
Definition
initial contact and loading response (mostly loading response)
Term
what are the phases of single limb support?
Definition
mid stance, terminal stance
Term
what are the stance phases
Definition
initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing
Term
what are the phases of limb advancement
Definition
pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing, terminal swing
Term
what are the phases of swing
Definition
initial swing, mid-swing, terminal swing
Term
how can gait be analyzed quantitatively
Definition
kinematics, kinetics, EMG
Term
what can be used to measure the kinetics of gait?
Definition
force plate
Term
what forces does a force plate measure?
Definition
anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, vertial
Term
what is a vertical ground reaction force?
Definition
once you put your foot on the ground, the ground pushes back at you with the same force that you push down onto it
Term
why does a typical vertical GRF graph have 2 humps?
Definition
1st when you step down and 2nd when you push off
Term
describe anterior-posterior GRF
Definition
when I 1st step down, I push forward and the ground pushes back at me to slow me down (braking force.) when Ipush off, I push back into ground and it pushes me forward (propulsion force)
Term
what is the initial anterior-posterior GRF
Definition
posteriorly directed braking force
Term
what is the second GRF force
Definition
anteriorly directed propulsion force
Term
what is the medial-lateral component of GRF?
Definition
very small: when you land, you land on the lateral side of your foot so the ground pushes you in a medial direction.
Term
what makes a larger medial-lateral GRF component?
Definition
wider step width
Term
what is center of pressure?
Definition
point where COG goes through foot; moves forward through foot as we go through stance
Term
how does pelvis motion increase with walking?
Definition
motion increases with faster walking speeds to increase step length
Term
describe hip flexion/extension in walking
Definition
as I land, hip is in flexion. As I go over foot, hip moves to extension. Then hip flexes again for swing.
Term
where does hip flexion begin?
Definition
pre-swing, to prepare to lift foot off ground
Term
at initial contact, what is the degree of hip flexion?
Definition
30 deg
Term
if I'm walking at a constant speed, how are braking and propulsion related?
Definition
they are the same
Term
if my propulsive impulse is greater than my braking impulse, what is happening?
Definition
speeding up
Term
if my braking impulse is greater than my propulsion impulse, what is happening?
Definition
slowing down
Term
when do we get the most knee flexion and why?
Definition
swing: get foot off ground and keep you from tripping
Term
how much knee flexion do I have at initial contac?
Definition
5 deg
Term
as I accept weight onto my leg (loading response), how does knee flex/ext change?
Definition
increased flexion
Term
what controls knee flexion during loading response
Definition
eccentric control from quads
Term
how much does my knee flex during loading response
Definition
to 20 deg
Term
what happens to knee as I get to midstance?
Definition
extend again
Term
what happens to knee as I get to terminal stance?
Definition
start flexing again
Term
when is peak knee flexion
Definition
in swing
Term
how much does knee flex in swing
Definition
about 65 deg
Term
why does knee flex in swing?
Definition
shorten limb to help with toe clearance
Term
what is PF/DF of ankle at initial contact?
Definition
land in neutral
Term
what happens at ankle following initial contact
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
what controls plantarflexion to lower foot to ground after initial contact?
Definition
eccentric Tibialis anterior contraction slowly lowers foot and minimizes foot slap
Term
what is the next ankle movement after plantarflexion lowers foot to ground
Definition
dorsiflexion as tibia moves anteriorly over foot
Term
once tibia moves over foot, what is the ankle movement
Definition
plantarflexion to push off (pre-swing)
Term
what is the ankle angle in swing?
Definition
dorsiflexion to improve toe clearance
Term
hip position at initial contact
Definition
30 deg flexion
Term
knee position at initial contact
Definition
nearly extended (5 deg flexion)
Term
ankle position at initial contact
Definition
neutral
Term
where is GRF at hip in initial contact
Definition
anterior
Term
external force of hip at initial contact
Definition
external flexion moment
Term
internal moment of hip at initial contact
Definition
extension
Term
where is GRF at knee in initial contact
Definition
slightly anterior
Term
what is external moment of knee at initial contact
Definition
extension
Term
what is internal moment of knee at initial contact?
Definition
flexion
Term
where is GRF of ankle at initial contact
Definition
posterior
Term
what is external moment of knee at initial contact?
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
what is internal moment of ankle at initial contact
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
what is leg doing in initial contact?
Definition
reaching out for the ground
Term
what is leg doing in loading response?
Definition
cushioning the load
Term
what are the critical events of loading response?
Definition
hip stability, controlled knee flexion, ankle PF/heel rocker
Term
position of hip in loading response
Definition
flexed 25 deg
Term
position of knee in loading response
Definition
flexed 20 deg
Term
position of ankle in loading response
Definition
plantarflexed 10 deg, STJ pronation
Term
why is ankle plantarflexed in loading response
Definition
to bring foot down to the ground
Term
why is the knee flexed in loading response
Definition
shock absorbing
Term
where is GRF of hip in loading response?
Definition
anterior
Term
external moment of hip at loading response?
Definition
external flexion moment
Term
internal moment of hip at loading response
Definition
internal extension
Term
what provides internal extension moment for hip at loading response?
Definition
glutes
Term
what muscles provide stability of hip in loading response?
Definition
glutes
Term
when are glutes working?
Definition
first part of stance
Term
where is GRF of knee in loading response?
Definition
posterior
Term
what is the external moment of the knee in loading resposne?
Definition
extension
Term
what is the internal moment of the knee in loading response?
Definition
flexion
Term
what muscles are working in knee during loading response?
Definition
quads are working eccentrically
Term
where is LOG at ankle in loading response?
Definition
posterior
Term
what is the external moment of the ankle in loading response?
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
what is the internal moment of the ankle in loading response?
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
describe what is happening at ankle in loading response
Definition
lowering foot down into plantarflexion from neutral
Term
what muscle is working and how in ankle during loading response?
Definition
tibialis anterior working eccentrically to lower foot into plantarflexxion
Term
where is the 1st heel rocker?
Definition
Loading Response
Term
what is the name of the 1st rocker
Definition
heel rocker
Term
what happens in the heel rocker
Definition
brining foot down and rocking forward on the heel
Term
describe LOG at hip from beginning to end of loading response
Definition
anterior the whole time
Term
describe LOG at knee from beginning to end of loading response
Definition
starts anterior, ends posterior
Term
describe LOG at ankle from beginning to end of loading response
Definition
posterior the whole time
Term
what is the leg doing during midstance?
Definition
limb extends to allow easy passage of swing limb
Term
what is the critical event of midstance?
Definition
controlled tibial advancement
Term
what does the hip do in midstance?
Definition
extends to neutral, 5 deg adductec
Term
what does knee do in midstance?
Definition
extends to 5 deg
Term
what does ankle do in midstance?
Definition
5-10 deg DF
Term
where does GRF go at hip in midstance?
Definition
starts anterior, goes posterior
Term
what is external moment of hip in midstance?
Definition
extension
Term
what is internal moment of hip in midstance
Definition
flexion
Term
what muscles are working in hip in midstance
Definition
nothing really. Glutes can turn off now that we're in extension
Term
where is GRF at knee in midstance
Definition
moves from posterior to anterior
Term
what is external moment at knees in midstance?
Definition
extension
Term
what is internal moment at knees in midstance
Definition
flexion
Term
what muscles are being used in midstance at knee
Definition
nothing really. Quads can turn off as we go into extension
Term
where is GRF at ankle
Definition
starts posterior, goes anterior
Term
what is the external moment at ankle in midstance?
Definition
dorsiflesion
Term
what is the internal moment at ankle in midstance?
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
what muscles are working at ankle in midstance?
Definition
soleus
Term
where is our LOG at the end of loading response?
Definition
anterior to hip, posterior to knee and ankle
Term
where is the LOG at the end of midstance?
Definition
posterior to hip, anterior to knee and ankle
Term
what rocker occurs in midstance?
Definition
ankle rocker
Term
what is the ankle rocker?
Definition
tibia moving anteriorly on the foot to dorsiflex ankle
Term
in what phase do all joints have a change in LOG?
Definition
midstance
Term
what is happening in terminal stance
Definition
limb is preparing for swing phase
Term
what is the critical event of terminal stance?
Definition
rigid foot/ankle
Term
what is the position of the hip in terminal stance?
Definition
10-20 deg extension
Term
what is the position of the knee in terminal stance
Definition
full extension
Term
what is the position of the ankle in terminal stance?
Definition
goes to neutral with STJ supination
Term
what makes the STJ supinate?
Definition
windlass mechanism
Term
where is GRF at hip in all of terminal stance?
Definition
posterior
Term
what is the external moment at hip in terminal stance?
Definition
extension
Term
what is the internal moment at hip in terminal stance?
Definition
flexion
Term
what muscles are active at the hip in terminal stance?
Definition
eccentric action of hip flexors
Term
where is the GRF at the knee for all of terminal stance?
Definition
anterior
Term
external moment of knee at terminal stance
Definition
extension
Term
internal moment of knee in terminal stance
Definition
flexion
Term
where is GRF at ankle in terminal stance?
Definition
anterior
Term
external moment of ankle at terminal stance?
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
internal moment of ankle at terminal stance?
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
what muscles are active at ankle in terminal stance?
Definition
triceps surae eccentric control of dorsiflexion then concentric plantarflexion
Term
what is the final rocker?
Definition
forefoot rocker
Term
when does forefoot rocker occur?
Definition
terminal stance
Term
what is forefoot rocker
Definition
start to bring foot up and get a metatarsal break
Term
how does GRF move in terminal stance?
Definition
stays posterior at hip and stays anterior at knee and ankle
Term
what is happening in preswing?
Definition
limb is beginning to flex for swing but foot is still on floor
Term
what are the critical events of terminal stance?
Definition
passive knee flexion, weight shift
Term
how does hip move in terminal stance?
Definition
flexes to neutral
Term
position of knee in terminal stance
Definition
flexed 35-40 deg
Term
positoin of ankle in terminal stance
Definition
20 deg plantarflexion
Term
GRF of hip in preswing
Definition
posterior
Term
hip external moment in preswing
Definition
extension
Term
hip internal moment in preswing
Definition
flexion
Term
hip muscle actions in preswing
Definition
hip flexors active, concentric
Term
grf of knee in preswing
Definition
posterior
Term
knee external moment in preswing
Definition
flexion
Term
knee internal moment in preswing
Definition
extension
Term
knee muscle movement in preswing
Definition
passive
Term
grf at ankle in preswing
Definition
anterior
Term
ankle external moment preswing
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
ankle internal moment in preswing
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
ankle muscle movement/action in preswin
Definition
gastrocs concentric pushoff
Term
summarize line of gravity in preswing
Definition
still posterior to ankle, still anterior to ankle. Posterior to knee
Term
what happens in initial swing
Definition
limb begins to move forward
Term
critical events of initial swing
Definition
hip flexion, knee flexion. Thigh advances
Term
positoin of hip in initial swing
Definition
20 deg flexion
Term
position of knee in initial swing
Definition
60 deg flexion
Term
position of ankle in initial swing
Definition
10 deg plantarflexion
Term
critical events of midswing
Definition
hip flexion, knee extends to 30 deg flexion, ankle DF to neutral
Term
positition of hip in midswing
Definition
30 flexion
Term
position of knee in midswing
Definition
30 deg flexion
Term
position of ankle in midswing
Definition
DF to neutral
Term
critical events of terminal swing
Definition
knee extension, hip/knee deceleration, ankle DF
Term
hip in midswing
Definition
30 deg flexion
Term
knee in midswing
Definition
0-5 deg extension
Term
ankle in midswing
Definition
neutral
Term
what muscles act on knee in terminal swing
Definition
some quads for extension, hamstrings for deceleration
Term
what is total excursion of pelvis in frontal plane during walking?
Definition
10 deg
Term
as we land and go into loading response, what muscles are active and why?
Definition
glutes, quads: internal hip and knee extension moments
Term
in midstance, why are quads active
Definition
extend knee
Term
when is glute max active in gait?
Definition
when LOG is anterior, in early stance
Term
when are hip flexors active in gait?
Definition
end of stance to bring femur forward and flex knee
Term
when is glute med active in gait?
Definition
early in stance to stabilize frontal plane and prevent adduction
Term
when are quads active in gait?
Definition
eccentric control of knee flexion in loading response
Term
when is rectus active in gait
Definition
extend knee and flex hip. Works same as vasti. Also see activity at end of stance beginning with swing as it flexes hip and brings femur forward
Term
when are hamstrings active
Definition
start towards end of swing to slow foot down. Stabilize during beginning of stance
Term
when is TA active in gait
Definition
beginning of stance gives eccentric control of PF to lower foot to ground. Works again at beginning of swing to pull foot back up
Term
when are gastroc/soleus active in gait
Definition
through much of stance to control tibial progression (tibia moving anteriorly) and provide strong pushoff
Term
when are both feet on the ground?
Definition
initial contact/loading response
Supporting users have an ad free experience!