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Gait Analysis
Phases of gait...etc
41
Anatomy
Graduate
04/11/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What 3 planes dore the foot and ankle joint move in
Definition

ankle mostly in flex/ext

subtalar mostly in inversion/eversion

midtarsal mostly abduction/adduction

Term

eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

 

effects in WB and NWB

Definition

pronation

 

WB --> flattening of MLA

NWB --> raising of MLA

Term

inversion, adduction, plantar flexion

 

effects in WB and NWB

Definition

supination

 

WB --> raising of MLA

NWB --> flattening of MLA

Term

occurs when the foot is on the ground and weightbearing

 

accounts for 60% of whole gait cycle

Definition
stance phase
Term
5 events of the stance phase
Definition

heel strike

flat foot

single leg stance

heel off

toe off

Term

instant the heel makes contact wiht the ground

 

occurs at what percent of the gait cycle

Definition

heel strike

 

0%

Term
what happens at all the joint at heel contact
Definition

hip: flexed 30-50° and IR

knee: slightl flexed or extended

tibia: laterally rotated

ankle: 90° with foot supinated

hindfoot: everted

Term

pain in heel at heel strike usually caused by?

 

how does one alter gait to releive stress on foot

Definition

bone spur, bonebruise, heel fat pad bruise, bursitis

 

pain will cause increased flex of knee and early PF

Term
what happens at heel strike is the knee is weak
Definition
pt will hit ground hard with heel to whip the knee into extension
Term

what happens at heel strike if the dorsiflexors are weak

 

Definition
foot drop, foot slaps or flops down
Term

the instnt the entire plantar surface of the foot comes into contact with the ground

 

occurs at about 8% of gait cycle

 

why is this a critical point in gait cycle?

Definition

load response (flat foot)

 

this is when a person decides whether the limb is able to bear the weight of body

Term
What happens to the joint in the flat foot point in gait cycle
Definition

pelvis: drops slightly and medially rotates on side of swing leg

hip: the flexed an ER hip move toward ext

knee: flexes to 15-25°

tibia: medially rotated and begins to move over foot

ankle: is PF

hindfoot: inverted

foot: moves into pronation (allowes shock absorption)

Term
what are abnormal responses to the flat foot point in gait cycle
Definition
excessive or no knee motion as a result of wear quads, PR contractures or spasticity
Term

the point where the bodys weight passes directly over the supporting LE

 

the point when the LE in swing phase passes the LE in the stace phase

Definition
Midstance (single leg stance)
Term
what happens at the joints in the midstance phase
Definition

pelvis: slight drop to the swing leg side

hip: is in maz ext 10-15° with lateral rotation

knee: flexes

ankle: is locked at 5-8° of DF, rolls forward onto forefoot

forefoot: pronated

hindfoot: inverted

 

Term
what happens is the gluteus medius muscle is weak
Definition
trendelenburg's sign
Term
common causes of pain during the midstance phase
Definition
arthritis, rigid pes planus, fallen MT or longitudinal arch, plantar fasciitis, mortons metatarsalgia
Term
if pain is present how does a pt hurry through the midstance phase of gait
Definition
early lift off of heel
Term
the instant the heel comes off the ground occurs at about 40% of gait cycle
Definition
terminal stance (heel off)
Term
what happens at the joint in the terminal stance of gait
Definition

pelvis: initially level and post. rotated --> dips to swing side remaining post rotated

heel: neutral and slightly IR

knee: extended

tibia: ER

ankle: PF (critical event)

forefoot: moves from inversion to eversion

 

Term
why is PF at ankle a critical event
Definition

the action helps to smooth the pathway of the COG

fore foot initially in contact with floor and weight moves forward with plantar flexion so big toe can make contact with floor

Term

instant the toe comes off the ground

 

occurs at 60% of gait cycle

 

acceleration phase as toe pushes leg forward

Definition
pressing phase (toe off)
Term
what happens at the joint in the toe off phase of gait
Definition

pelvis: post rotated

hip: ext and slightly IR

knee: flexes to 30-35°

ankle: PF

 

COG is anterior to hip so leg and accelerate forward

Term
pain in toe off usually caused by
Definition
hallux rigidus, turf toe, other pathology to hallux (MTP jnt)
Term
what happens if plantar flexors are weak in the toe off phase of gait
Definition

push off may be absent

foot will supinate to add more rigid base for better push-off

Term
if injury to joint and pt cant push off on medial aspec tof foot, what happens to allow push off?
Definition
pt pushes off of lateral aspec tof foor to compensate for painful MTP jnt, MT arch from increased pressure to MT heads
Term
swing phase of gait accounts for what % of the swing cycle
Definition
40%
Term

period from toe off to mid swing 

from 60-75% of gait

Definition
early swing phase
Term
what happes to the joints at the early swing phase of gait
Definition

pelvis: IR and dips to swing side

trunk aligned with stance leg

forefoot: continues to supinate

hindfoot: continues to evert

ankle: continues to PF

knee: exhibits max felxion of about 60°

Term
how do the dorsiflexors affect the foot in swing phase of gait
Definition
contract to allow the foot to celar the ground
Term
what happens if the quads are weak in the swing phase of gait
Definition
the pelvis is thrusted forward by the trunk muscles to provide forward momentum
Term

corresponds with mid stance event of the opposite lower extrimity when the foot in swin lasses next to  stance leg foot

 

from 75-85% of gait cycle

Definition
mid swing
Term
what happes to the joints at the mid swing phase of gait
Definition

pelvis and trunk: same as early swing

hip: continues to flex and IR

knee: continues to flex

forefoot: supinated

hindfoot: everted

 

Term
how does a pt compensate for weak ankle DF muscles
Definition
hip flexes excessively so the toes can clear the ground
Term

period form midswind to foot contact with ground

 

85-100% of gait cycle

Definition
late swing
Term
what happes to the joints at the late swing phase of gait
Definition

 

trunk/pelvis: same as other swing phases

hip: continues to flex and IR

knee: reaches max extension

ankle: DF has occured

forefoot: supinated

hindfoot: everted

 

Term
how does the hams affect the swing phase of gait and what happens if they are weak
Definition

they contract to slow the swing

 

if weak the heel strike will be excessively harsh to lock knee into extension

Term
Single support and double support phase acocunt for how much of gait
Definition

single support is 40% for each limb

 

double support phase 10%

Term
over pronating leads to
Definition

early, excessive or prolonged pronation

stresses MLA soft tisue

creates increased tibial IR --> increased functional knee valgus

Term
over supinated foot leads to
Definition

decreased pronation and poor shock absorption

increased forefoot pressure

increased stress on proximal joint structures

Term
Muscle action during gait
Definition

pretibial muscles fire at heel strike

calf muscles decelerate body motion

intrinsic muscles fire from midstance to toe off (aid in foot rigidity)

calf fires at heel off

pretibials fire again during swing to ensure toes clear ground

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