Origin: Muscle fibres surrounding

opening of the mouth 

 Insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth 

 Innervation: Facial nerve. 

 Action: Closes and protrudes lips, 

 compresses lips against teeth 

Origin: Alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible.  

 Insertion: Fibers are continuous with the 

Orbicularis oris.  

 Innervation: Facial nerve.  

 Action: Presses cheeks against teeth (whistling);

draws corner of the mouth laterally. 

 Origin: Medial wall of the orbit 

 Insertion: Circular path around orbit 

 Innervation: Facial nerve. 

 Action: Closes eye 

Origin: Temporal bone. 

 Insertion: Coronoid process and ramus of 

mandible. 

 Innervation: Mandibular branch of trigeminal 

nerve. 

 Action: Mastication 

 Origin: Zygomatic arch and maxilla. 

 Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible. 

 Innervation: Mandibular branch of trigeminal 

nerve. 

 Action: Mastication

Origin: Anterior portion of manubrium, 

medial 1/3 of clavicle. 

 Insertion: Mastoid process of the temporal 

bone. 

 Innervation: Accessory nerve. 

 Action: Flexion and lateral flexion of the 

cervical spine, rotation of the 

head to the opposite side; forced 

inspiration

Arises from the sacrum, iliac crest 

and spinous processes of lumbar 

vertebrae. In the upper lumbar 

 region the muscle divides into 3 

columns: iliocostalis (lateral 

group), longissimus (intermediate 

group) and spinalis (medial group)

Spinalis is innervated by the 

dorsal rami of cervical and 

thoracic spinal nerves. This 

muscle group produces extension, 

hyperextension of the cervical 

spine.

Longissimus is innervated by the 

dorsal rami of the cervical, 

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. 

This muscle group produces 

extension, hyperextension, lateral 

flexion and rotation of the 

vertebral column to the same side.

Iliocostalis is innervated by the 

dorsal rami of the cervical, 

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. 

This muscle group produces 

extension, hyperextension, lateral 

flexion and rotation of the 

vertebral column to the same side

Insertion: Medially = aponeurosis: from 

xiphoid process ->pubic tubercle.

 Inferior border of aponeurosis

b/w anterior superior iliac spine and

pubic tubercle = inguinal ligament.  

 Innervation: T7-T12, L1 spinal nerves.  

 Action: Lateral flexion of trunk to same 

side, rotation of trunk to the 

opposite side, and flexion of trunk

 Insertion: Medially it forms a broad 

aponeurosis. Inferomedially it 

forms part of the conjoint tendon. 

 Innervation: Spinal nerves T8-T12, L1. 

 Action : Lateral flexion, rotation of trunk 

to same side, flexion of trunk

Insertion: Medially it forms an aponeurosis. 

Inferomedialy it forms the conjoint 

tendon with the lower fibers of the 

Internal Oblique. 

 Innervation: Spinal nerves T8-T12, L1 

 Action: Forced expulsion of contents of 

thorax, abdomen and pelvis

 Innervation: Spinal nerves T7-T12. 

 Action: Flexion of trunk

Origin: Transverse processes and bodies of 

 T12 - L5. 

 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur. 

 Action: Flexion and lateral rotation of the 

thigh; flexion and lateral flexion of 

the trunk. 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

Origin: Iliac fossa and sacrum. 

 Insertion: Joins tendon of Psoas major to attach on 

lesser trochanter of femur. 

 Action: Flexion of thigh. 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

 Origin: Bodies of T12 and L1. 

 Insertion: Iliopectineal eminence. 

 Action: Flexion of trunk. 

 Innervation: Branch from L1

Origin: Ilium between iliac crest and posterior 

gluteal line, lateral portion of sacrum 

and coccyx. 

 Insertion: Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity. 

 Action: Extension, hyperextension, lateral 

rotation and abduction of thigh; 

extension of the trunk. 

 Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve

Origin: Lateral surface of ilium between 

posterior gluteal and anterior gluteal 

lines. 

 Insertion: Greater trochanter. 

 Action: Abduction and medial rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve

 Origin: Lateral surface of ilium between 

anterior gluteal and inferior gluteal 

lines. 

 Insertion: Greater trochanter. 

 Action: Abduction and medial rotation of thigh. 

 Innvervation: Superior gluteal nerve

Origin: Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac 

spine. 

 Insertion: Iliotibial tract. 

 Action: Medial rotation, flexion and abduction 

of thigh. 

 Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve

Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum. 

 Insertion: Greater trochanter. 

 Action: Lateral rotation of thigh; abduction of 

thigh in the flexed position. 

 Innervation: Branches from first and second sacral 

roots

 Insertion: Greater trochanter (medial surface). 

 Action: Lateral rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Branches from sacral plexus

Superior gemellus

 Inferior gemellus

 Insertion: Joins tendon of obturator internus to 

attach on greater trochanter superiorly 

 and inferiorly respectively, to attach 

on the greater trochanter of the femur. 

 Action: Lateral rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Branches from sacral plexus.

Insertion: Upper part of intertrochanteric crest. 

 Action: Lateral rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Branches from sacral plexus

Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur. 

 Action: Lateral rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Obturator nerve

 Origin: Long head: ischial tuberosity. 

 Short head: linea aspera of femur. 

 Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of 

tibia. 

 Action: Both heads: flexion of leg; lateral 

rotation of leg in the flexed position. 

 Long head: extension, hyperextension and 

lateral rotation of thigh. 

 Innervation: Sciatic nerve.

Origin: Ischial tuberosity. 

 Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia. 

 Action: Extension and hyperextension of thigh; 

flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg 

in the flexed 

 position. 

 Innervation: Sciatic nerve

Origin: Ischial tuberosity. 

 Insertion: Medial condyle (posteromedial part) of 

tibia. 

 Action: Extension and hyperextension of thigh; 

flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg 

in the flexed position. 

 Innervation: Sciatic nerve

Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis. 

 Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia. 

 Action: Adduction of thigh; flexion of leg; 

medial rotation of leg in the flexed 

position. 

 Innervation: Obturator nerve

Origin: Superior ramus of pubis. 

 Insertion: Pectineal line of femur. 

 Action: Flexion and adduction of thigh. 

 Innvervation: Femoral and obturator nerves

Origin: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis 

 Insertion: Linea aspera of femur (middle third). 

 Action: Adduction, flexion and medial rotation 

of thigh. 

 Innervation: Obturator nerve

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis. 

 Insertion: Linea aspera of femur (upper half). 

 Action: Adduction, flexion and medial rotation 

of thigh. 

 Innervation: Obturator nerve

Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of 

ischium and ischial tuberosity. 

 Insertion: Linea aspera and along a line extending 

inferiorly to adductor tubercle of femur.

      Action: Adduction;

Upper fibers: medial rotation of thigh, flexion.

    Lowe fibers: extension, hyperextension of thigh. 

 Innervation: Obturator and sciatic nerves

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine. 

 Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia. 

 Action: Flexion; abduction and lateral rotation 

of thigh; flexion of leg; medial 

rotation of leg in the flexed position. 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

Rectus Femoris:

Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine 

 Insertion: Base of patella 

 Action: Flexion of thigh; extension of leg 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

Vastus Lateralis:

 Origin: Upper part of intertrochanteric line; 

upper half of linea aspera. 

 Insertion: Lateral border and base of patella.

Function: Extension of leg 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

Vastus Medialis

Origin: Lower part of intertrochanteric line; 

medial part of linea aspera. 

 Insertion: Medial border of patella

Function: Extension of leg 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

Vastus Intermedius:

Origin: Upper 2/3 of lateral and anterior 

surfaces of the femur. 

 Insertion: Base of patella

Function: Extension of leg 

 Innervation: Femoral nerve

Origin: Transverse processes of cervical 

 vertebrae

Insertions: scalene tubercle of 1st rib

Innervation: Cervical nerves. 

 Action: Flexion,lateral flexion and 

rotation of the cervical spine; 

forced inspiration

Origin: Transverse processes of cervical 

 vertebrae

Insertions:upper surface of 1st rib 

Innervation: Cervical nerves. 

 Action: Flexion,lateral flexion and 

rotation of the cervical spine; 

forced inspiration

Origin: Transverse processes of cervical 

 vertebrae

Insertions: outer surface of 2nd rib 

Innervation: Cervical nerves. 

 Action: Flexion,lateral flexion and 

rotation of the cervical spine; 

forced inspiration

Origin: Upper 2/3 of lateral surface of 

tibia. 

 Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of first 

metatarsal. 

 Action: Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Deep peroneal (deep fibular) nerve. 

Origin: Middle part of medial surface of 

fibula. 

 Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of first toe. 

 Action: Extension of first toe; dorsiflexion 

and inversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Deep peroneal(deep fibular) nerve.

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS: 

Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia; upper 3/4 

of medial surface of fibula. 

 Insertion: Dorsal surfaces of proximal, middle 

and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 via 

dorsal digital expansion. 

 Action: Extension of toes 2-5; dorsiflexion 

and eversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Deep peroneal (deep fibular) nerve. 

Origin: Distal 1/3 of medial surface of 

fibula. 

 Insertion: Base of fifth metatarsal. 

 Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Deep peroneal (deep fibular) nerve.

Origin: Upper and lateral surface of the 

calcaneus 

 Origin: Upper and lateral surface of the 

calcaneus 

Origin: Head and upper 2/3 of lateral surface 

of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia. 

 Insertion: First metatarsal and medial cuneiform 

(lateral side). 

 Action: Eversion and plantar flexion of foot. 

 Innervation: Superficial peroneal (superficial 

fibular) nerve. 

 Origin: Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of 

fibula. 

 Insertion: Base of fifth metatarsal. 

 Action: Eversion and plantar flexion of foot. 

 Innervation: Superficial peroneal (superficial 

fibular) nerv

 Origin: Posterior surfaces of medial condyle 

and lateral condyle of the femur. 

 Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via 

the calcaneal tendon. 

 Action: Plantar flexion of foot and flexion 

of leg. 

 Innervation: Tibial nerve. 

Origin: Lower lateral supracondylar ridge. 

 Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via 

the calcaneal tendon. 

 Action: Plantar flexion of foot. 

 Innervation: Tibial nerve

Origin: Lateral condyle of femur. 

 Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia above 

soleal line. 

 Action: Medial rotation of leg (or lateral 

 rotation of femur) to unlock knee 

joint. 

 Innervation: Tibial nerve. 

Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of 

fibula. 

 Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of first toe. 

 Action: Flexion of first toe, plantar flexion 

and inversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Tibial nerve.

 Origin: Posterior surface of tibia (below 

soleal line). 

 Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges of toes 

 2-5. 

 Action: Flexion of toes 2-5, plantar flexion 

and inversion of foot. 

 Innervation: Tibial nerve. 

Origin: inferior border of upper 

rib 

Insertion: superior border of the 

lower rib 

Action: Inspiration 

Innervation: T2-T12 spinal 

 nerves

 Origin: superior border of the 

lower rib

 Insertion: inferior border of 

upper rib 

 Action: Forced expiration 

 Innervation: T2-T12 spinal 

nerves 

Diaphragm 

Origin: from xiphoid process; inferior 6 ribs;

from lumbar vertebrae - left crus of the 

diaphragm from L 1and L2 and right crus

of diaphragm from L1-L3 

Insertion: central tendon

Action: Inspiration 

Innervation: phrenic nerve