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Function & Structure
Nervous System - Chap. 8
223
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/24/2010

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Term
Nervous systems transmits information very rapidly by ...
Definition
Nerve impulses
Term
Transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands
Definition
endocrine system
Term
Secret directly into blood stream are called
Definition
ductless glands
Term
Communicate information to body structures, increasing or decreasing their activities as needed for healthy survival
Definition
nerve impulses & hormones
Term
Balanced and controlled internal environment of the body that is basic to life itself
Definition
homeostasis
Term
neuro refers to...
Definition
nerves
Term
Dendro means
Definition
branch
Term
Oligo means
Definition
few or little
Term
Oligondendrocyte, a glia cell, means
Definition
a cell with few branches
Term
The organs of the nervous system are
Definition
1. The brain and spinal cord

2. The numerous nerves,

3. Specialized sense organs
Term
2 principal divisions of nervous system
Definition
CNS (central nervous system)

&

PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Term
Because the brain & spinal cord occupy a mid-line or central location in the body, together they are called
Definition
central nervous system, or CNS
Term
CNS consists of
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral nervous system, or PNS consists of
Definition
nerves
Term
Gets its name because nerves extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body
Definition
PNS
Term
Peripheral nervous systems is divided into
Definition

1. Autonomic (involuntary) motor nerves

 

2.  Somantic (voluntary) motor nerves

 

and

 

3.  Sensory nerves

Term
Autonomic nervous system, or ANS regulates the body's autonomic or involuntary functions such...
Definition
the heart rate, contractions of stomach & intestines, secretions of chemical compounds by glands
Term
The two types of cells found in the nervous system are:
Definition
neurons and glias
Term
neurons are
Definition
nerve cells
Term
glias are
Definition
specialized connective tissue cells
Term
Neurons conduct...
Definition
impulses
Term
glia cells support...
Definition
neurons
Term
each neuron has 3 parts;
Definition
cell body, dendrites, and one axon
Term
Processes or projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies are
Definition
dendrites
Term
Processes that transmit impulses away from the neuron cell bodies
Definition
axons
Term
3 types of neurons are:
Definition
1. sensory neurons

2. motor neurons, and

3. interneurons
Term
Transmit impulses to the spinal cord & brain from all parts of the body are...
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
sensory neurons are also called...
Definition
afferent neurons
Term
Transmit impulses in the opposite direction - away from the brain and spinal cord...
Definition
motor neurons
Term
Motor neurons only conduct impulses to 2 kinds of tissues:
Definition
muscle & glandular epithelial tissue
Term
Motor neurons are called...
Definition
efferent neurons
Term
conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons...
Definition
interneurons
Term
interneurons are sometimes called...
Definition
central or connecting neurons
Term
segmented wrapping of a fatty material is called
Definition
myelin
Term
myelin is white, fatty substance wrapped around the axon formed by
Definition
schwann cells
Term
fibers that surround the outside of CNS are called
Definition
myelinated fibers
Term
indentations between Schawnn cells
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Outer cell membrane of a Schawnn cell is called the
Definition
Neurilemma
Term
Axons in brain and spinal cord do not contain Neurilemma. T or F
Definition
True
This is clinically significant because it plays an essential part in the regeneration of cut and injured axons.
Term
The potential for regeneration in the brain and spinal cord is far less than it is in the peripheral nervous system. T or F
Definition
True
Neurilemma outer cell membrane does not surround Schwann cell
Term
another name for Glia is
Definition
neuroglia
Term
Neuroglias do not specialize in transmitting impulses. T or F
Definition
True
They special type of supporting cells. One function of glia cells is to hold the functioning neurons together and protect them
Term
Glia in Greek means
Definition
glue
Term
One of the most common type of brain tumors is called
Definition
glioma
Term
Brain tumor called gliomas originate from what type of cells?
Definition
Glia cells
Term
Glia perform many functions, including regulation of neuron function. T or F
Definition
True
They are just not the glue, but they assist neurons to coordinate as a whole.
Term
Type of glia cells that look somewhat like stars because of their threadlike extensions that jut out from their surfaces. These are called...
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
Astrocytes mean
Definition
"star cells"
Term
Astrocytes threadlike branches attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close together to form
Definition
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Term
The 2 structures that form the blood-brain barrier are:
Definition
Blood vessels and astrocytes branches
Term
The 2 structures that form the blood-brain barrier are:
Definition
Blood vessels and astrocytes branches
Term
Separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood.
Definition
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Term
BBB
Definition
Blood-brain barrier
Term
Microglias are type of glia cells. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Smaller than astrocytes, remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and act as microbe-eating scavengers.
Definition
Microglia cells
Term
Surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them.
Definition
Microglia cells
Term
Surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. What is the scientific name for this important cellular process?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Help hold nerve fibers together, and even more important, they produce the fatty myelin sheath that develops nerve fibers located in brain and spinal cord.
Definition
Oligondendrocytes
Term
Schwann cells are glia cells that also form myelin sheaths BUT do so only in the peripheral nervous system. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable.
Definition
A nerve
Term
Peripheral nerves appear white because they have...
Definition
myelin
Term
Bundles of axons in CNS are called...
Definition
tracts
Term
Tracts appear white because they have...
Definition
myelin
Term
Tracts are myelinated thus from______________ of the brain and cord.
Definition
white matter
Term
Unmyelinated axons appear gray. This is called...
Definition
Gray matter
Term
Contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
Definition
Cell body
Term
Extensions of a nerve cell. Transfer input into cell body. These receive the impulses.
Definition
Dendrites
Term
Central structure of the cell. Responsible for characteristics of each cell.
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Carries impulses away from neurons. It is the out box. It may, or may not have myelin sheath.
Definition
Axon
Term
Myelinated axons carry impulses faster than unmyelinated axons. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Fatty covering. Insulates and spreads impulses. In order for the stimuli to travel, this has to be present.
Definition
Myelin Sheath
Term
Each axon is surrounded by a thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue called...
Definition
Endo-neurium
Term
Group of these wrapped axons are called...
Definition
Fascicles
Term
Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin, fibrous...
Definition
Peri-neurium
Term
Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve is called...
Definition
Epi-neurium
Term
What would happen if all impulse conduction ceases?
Definition
Life itself would cease
Term
Neuron provide the rapid communication between cells that is necessary for maintaining ...
Definition
Life
Term
Hormonal messages are other type of communication the body can send. These travel much...
Definition
Slower
Term
They move from one part of the body to another part of the body only via...
Definition
Blood
Term
Nerve impulses are also called...
Definition
Action Potentials
Term
Routes traveled by neurons are called...
Definition
Neuron pathway
Term
A specialized type of neuron pathway that travels only in one direction.
Definition
Reflex Arc
Term
The most simple reflex arc is a two-neuron arc, that consists of __________ neuron, and ___________ neuron.
Definition
Sensory neuron, and motor neuron
Term
Three-neuron arcs are the 2nd most simple kind. They consist of _________ neurons, ______________, and ______________ neurons.
Definition
Sensory neurons, inter-neurons, and motor neurons.
Term
____________ are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons.
Definition
Receptors
Term
Located in tendons, skin, or mucous membranes...
Definition
Receptors
Term
A knee-jerk is an example of a _________neuron reflex arc.
Definition
Two
Term
Group of nerve cells located in the PNS are called...
Definition
Ganglion
Term
Glanglions are located near the _________ cord.
Definition
Spinal cord
Term
Junction between adjacent neurons is called__________
Definition
Synapse
Term
Motor neuron axon forms a synapse with a structure called an__________
Definition
Effector
Term
Effector means_______________
Definition
and organ that puts nerve signals "into effect"
Term
Effectors can be muscles or glands. T or F
Definition
True
Muscles contract, glands secret
Term
The response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc is called_____________
Definition
reflex
Term
A three-neuron arc reaction is called____________
Definition
Withdrawal Reflex
Term
Inter-neurons lie entirely within the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Inter-neurons of three-neuron reflex arc have 2 synapses. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Inter-neurons of two-neuron reflex arc have only sensory neuron and a motor neuron with one synapse between them. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane.
Definition
Nerve Impulse
Term
How does a nerve impulse work?
Definition
A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of neuron.

Inward movement of positive sodium ions leave a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point. This marks the beginning of a nerve impulse.
Term
When a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one Node of Ranvier to the next. This is called____________ conduction.
Definition
Saltatory
Term
A place where impulses are are transmitted from one neuron to another.
Definition
The synapse
Term
A neuron situated distal to a synapse.
Definition
Post-synaptic Neuron
Term
A neuron situated proximal to a synapse.
Definition
Pre-synaptic Neuron
Term
Tiny bulge located at the end of a terminal branch of a pre-synaptic neuron.
Definition
Synaptic knob
Term
Each synaptic knob contains a small sac of vesicle that contain small quantities of a chemical called__________________
Definition
Neurotransmitter
Term
Space between the synaptic knob and plasma membrane of a post-synaptic neuron.
Definition
Synaptic Cleft
Term
Chemicals by which neurons communicate.
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are ______________-
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin belong to a group called____________
Definition
Catecholamines
which may play a role in sleep, motor functions, mood, and pleasure recognition.
Term
Two morphine-like neurotransmitters are endorphins and enkephalins are released into spinal cord and brain synapses in the pain conduction pathway. These inhibit conduction of ____________ impulses.
Definition
Pain
Term
Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, & Spinal Cord constitute the________________
Definition
Division of the CNS
Term
Consists of 3 parts of brain: names in ascending order: the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
Definition
Brainstem
Term
Sensory function
Definition
Receives information
Term
Integrative Function
Definition
Deciding - Bring information together
Term
Motor Function
Definition
React to stimuli
Term
CNS consists of:
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS consists of:
Definition
Cranial and spinal cord nerves
Term
Sensory neurons are:
Definition
afferent (into), carry impulses into CNS
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Link neurons(association) (in between) transmits nerve impulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord
Term
Motorneurons
Definition
Efferent - Carry impulses away from CNS. Carry impulses to effectors such muscles and glands
Term
Schwann cells produce__________
Definition
Myelin
Term
Can neurons in the PNS regenerate?
Definition
Injury in the cell body usually kills neuron, but damaged peripheral axon may regenerate at PNS. This is due to the fact that Myelin Sheath and neurilemma found on schwann cells.
Term
Can neurons regenerate on CNS?
Definition
Can NOT regenerate at CNS. Oligodendrocytes do not produce neurilemma on CNS.
Term
Neurotransmitter located at CNS that controls skeletal muscle actions.
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Neurotransmitter that creates a sense of well-being. Low levels may lead to depression.
Definition
Norepinephrine
Term
Called fight or flight neurotransmitter
Definition
Norepinephrine
Term
Deficiency in some brain areas of this neurotransmitter are associated with Parkinson disease.
Definition
Dopamine
Term
Neurotransmitter that leads to sleepiness.
Definition
Serotonin
Term
Primary inhibitor neurotransmitter
Definition
Serotonin
Term
Neurotransmitter that is a general inhibitor, reduce pain.
Definition
Endorphins
Term
Endorphins are called
Definition
endogenous morphine
Term
Inability to sleep
Definition
Insomnia (deficient serotonin)
Term
Related to low dopamine levels
Definition
SIDS
Term
Disorder in which the brain and spinal cord lose their myelin.
Definition
Multiple scoliosis
Term
Autoimmune disorder that causes weak and easily fatigued muscles.
Definition
Myasthenia gravis
Term
Provides 2-way communication between the CNS and PNS
Definition
Spinal cord
Term
Membranes covering of the brain and spinal cord. This soft tissues protect the brain and spinal cord.
Definition
Meninges
Term
The outer-most layer. Composed of TOUGH, white, dense connective tissue & contains many blood vessels.
Definition
Dura mater
Term
Attaches to cranial cavity and forms internal perioustium
Definition
Dura mater
Term
Thin membrane of the brain that contains blood vessels and nerves. Nourish the underlying cell of the brain & spinal cord.
Definition
Pia mater
Term
Pia mater is the shinny part you see on the brain. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Thin, web-like membrane that lacks blood vessels and it is located between dura & pia mater.
Definition
Arachnoid mater
Term
The _________________ is between the arachnoid and pia maters, and contains the cerebral spinal fluid.
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
Interconnected cavities filled with cerebral spinal fluid.
Definition
Ventricles
Term
The________________is specialized mass of capillaries from pia mater and functions to secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
Choroid Plexuses
Term
The spinal cord consists of _________ pairs of spinal nerves.
Definition
31
Term
In a cross section of the spinal cord, white matter surrounds _________ matter.
Definition
gray
Term
2 functions of spinal cord are:
Definition
1. Conduit for nerve impulses to & from brain.
2. Center for spinal reflexes
Term
Automatic, sub-conscious responses to stimuli is called___________.
Definition
Reflexes
Term
Reflexes function to maintain homeostasis by controlling many involuntary processes such as heart rate, breathing rate, etc. T or F
Definition
True
Term
The patellar reflex is an example of a simple monosynaptic reflex because it only uses 2 neurons that help maintain posture. T or F
Definition
True
Term
The withdrawal reflex occurs when a person touches something painful. Prevents or limits tissue damage. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Withdrawal reflexes involve sensory neurons, __________________, and motor neurons.
Definition
Interneurons
Term
What type of tract conduct sensory impulses to the brain. Ascending or descending?
Definition
Ascending Tracts
Term
What type of tract conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands? Ascending tracts or Descending tracts?
Definition
Descending tracts
Term
The largest and most complex part of the nervous systems is
Definition
The brain
Term
Largest part of the brain
Definition
The Cerebrum
Term
1. Interpreting impulses from sense organs

2. Thought, reasoning, determines intelligence

3. Personality, memory storage

4. Controls voluntary muscles
Definition
Functions of cerebrum
Term
Seat of intelligence and personality
Definition
The cerebrum
Term
Composed of gray matter. Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus.
Definition
Diencephalon
Term
Known as the gateway for sensory impulses. Receives all sensory impulses except for smell. Receives sense of pain.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Links nervous and endocrine systems and helps maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities.
Definition
Hypotalamus
Term
Regulates heart rate, arterial B/P, body temp., H2O and electrolyte balance, controls hunger & body weight.
Definition
Hypotalamus
Term
Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal nuclei. Responsible for feelings, emotions such: fear, anger, pleasure, & sorrow. Interpreting sense impulses.
Definition
Limbic System
Term
Joins parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain.
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Connects brain to spinal cord
Definition
brainstem
Term
Contains centers for visual and auditory reflexes.
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem, between medulla oblongata and midbrain
Definition
Pons
Term
Regulates rate & depth of breathing
Definition
Pons
Term
Enlarged continuation of spinal cord. This is the control center for visual reflexes.
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Responsible for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting (non-vital reflex control centers)
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
Posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata.
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activity & maintain posture.
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Conduct impulses into the brain and spinal cord. Sensory or Motor?
Definition
Sensory nerves
Term
Conducts impulses to muscles and glands. Sensory or Motor?
Definition
Motor nerves
Term
The autonomic Nervous system has 2 divisions:
Definition
1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic
Term
Prepares the body for fight or fly situations. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Prepares the body for resting & digesting activities. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers - collectively are called___________ centers
Definition
The vital centers
Term
The hypothalamus exerts major control over virtually all internal organs. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Some neurons of the hypothalamus function in making the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland secretes into the blood. One of these hormones is the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) T or F
Definition
True
Term
Affects the volume of urine excreted.
Definition
ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)
Term
Plays an essential role in maintaining the body's water balance.
Definition
The hypothalamus
Term
Some of the neurons in the hypothalamus function as endocrine (ductless) glands. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Thalamus and Hypothalamus are located in the ___________ ventricle.
Definition
3rd ventricle
Term
Helps produce sensations. Relay information from the sense organs to the cerebral cortex.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Associates sensations to emotions.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Plays a part in the so called "arousal" or alerting mechanism.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Surface of cerebrum is called___________
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
Islands of gray matter are called___________
Definition
cerebral nuclei or basal ganglia
Term
If other neurons were functioning normally and only cerebral neurons were NOT working, you could not do the following:
Definition
You could not: think, remember anything, you could not decide, make the smallest movement, see, hear, could not experience any of the sensations, emotions, feelings. In short, you could not be conscious.
Term
Cerebral functions:
Definition
consciousness, thinking, memory, sensation, emotions, and willed movements, vision, hearing, and normal speech.
Term
Hemorrhage from or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels.
Definition
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Term
When a cerebrovascular accident happens, victim can not voluntarily move parts of the body on the side opposite on which the CVA occured. T or F
Definition
True
Term
Specific function of temporal lobe is__________________
Definition
interpret incoming nervous signals from the ears
Term
Specific function of occipital lobe is__________________
Definition
Interprets visual images
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid filters out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as_______________
Definition
Choroid pluxes and into the ventricles
Term
Remembering that the cerebrospinal fluid forms continually from blood, circulates, and it is resorbed into blood can be useful. It can help you understand certain abnormalities.
Definition
Term
Suppose a brain tumor that presses on the cerebral aqueduct blocks the way for the return of CSF to the blood. Fluid accumulates in the ventricles and meninges causing a condition called_____________
Definition
Hydrocephalus or "water in the brain"
Term
Nerves that function in the reception of stimuli; the receiving end of sensory nerves
Definition
affector
Term
automatically regulates the action of the glands, the smooth muscles of the hollow organs, and the heart, often without one's awareness
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from body
Definition
axon
Term
consists of nerves tissues that form the bran and spinal cord; controls voluntary acts
Definition
CNS
Term
the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum
Definition
cerebral cotex
Term
watery fluid found in the ventricles of the cerebrum and surrounding the spinal cord
Definition
CSF
Term
cell body that acts as a sending and receiving center, carries on metabolism and stores energy
Definition
cyton
Term
and stores energy
Definition
Term
the part of the neuron that carries impulses to the cell body
Definition
dendrite
Term
motor nerve endings that carry out actions
Definition
effectors
Term
the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
Definition
meninges
Term
a substance that forms a sheath around the axons of some nerves
Definition
myelin
Term
thread-like projections of cytoplasm from the cell body of a neuron; axons and dendrites
Definition
nerve fibers
Term
bundle of nerve cells within the central nervous system
Definition
nerve tract
Term
supporting structure for nerve tissue consisting of blood vessels, connective tissue, and specialized cells
Definition
neuroglia
Term
the study of the nervous system
Definition
neurology
Term
basic nerve cell
Definition
neuron
Term
pertaining to the back of the head
Definition
occipital
Term
provides input from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and output from the central nervous system to effectors
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
repair, regrowth, or restoration of a part
Definition
regeneration
Term
any agent or influence that produces a response or increase in activity in living protoplasm
Definition
stimulus
Term
the junction of an axon and one or more dendrites
Definition
synapse
Term
large cavities of the brain
Definition
ventricles
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