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| a person who withdrew from society and was considered truly serious about earning his salvation |
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| men and women who practiced monasticism |
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| the earliest monks that lived in the wilderness and sought to please God by torturing themselves |
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| A hermit who perched alone for 37 years atop a stone pillar |
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| religious communities isolated from the rest of society |
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| rigid rules in monastery life |
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| Italian monk who founded a monastery at Monte Cassino |
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| lived like other monks, but did work outside the monasteries |
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| Franciscans and Dominicans |
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| Two prominent orders of friars that largely responsible for conducting the merciless persecutions who opposed the Roman church |
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| first great Frankish military and political leader. Professed conversion to Christianity |
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| Clovis's descendants that ruled after his death. The "do nothing" kings |
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| The most famous Mayor of the Palace that halted a Muslim invasion of Europe |
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| Muslims from North Africa |
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| the last Merovingian ruler |
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| land given to the pope known as the Papal states |
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| Pepin's son Charles; French for Charles the Great |
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| a series of provinces to act as buffer states between his empire and his enemies |
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| Charlemagne was proclaimed Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans |
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| became the basis for modern handwriting styles as well as the roman typeface |
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| Charlemagne's only surviving son and whose three sons fell into bitter rivalry during his weak reign |
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| Divided the Empire in 843 |
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| The land of the middle kingdom north of the Alps |
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| The Scourge of Europe who settled down in the area known since as Hungary |
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| German barbarians that dwelt in Scandinavia |
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| one of the most important Viking settlements |
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