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Foot/ Overview of Lower Limb Vessels and Nerves
Rinaldi 2/16/11
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/09/2011

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Cards

Term
inferior extensor retinaculum(crural fascia), thin
Definition
what is the fascia of the dorsum of the foot continuous with? is it thick or thin?
Term
thick & fibrous, plantar aponeurosis
Definition
fascia on the plantar surface is (thick/thin)? and has a special name, what is it?
Term
-holds parts of the foot together
-helps protect the plantar surface from injury
-helps support the longitudinal arches
Definition
list the 3 functions of the plantar aponeurosis
Term
plantar fasciitis
Definition
caused by inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis commonly resulting from running and high-impact aerobics
Term
Passive dorsiflexion of the hallux (stretches the aponeurosis)
Definition
how can you elicit pain in someone who has plantar fasciitis?
Term
a superficial bursa
Definition
if someone has plantar fasciitis and there is a calcaneal spur, what can develop and become inflammed & painful?
Term
calcaneal spur
Definition
[image]
Term
that's where the plantar aponeurosis attaches (associated with plantar fasciitis), sometimes can get one where the achilles tendon attaches
Definition
why does a calcaneal spur develop?
Term
the structures that form the lateral longitudinal arch (calcaneus + cuboid + metatarsals/phlanges of digits 4 & 5)
Definition
what are/is the lateral rays?
Term
structures that form the medial longitudinal arch

(phalanges/metatarsals of digits 1-3 + cuneiforms + navicular + talus)
Definition
what is/are the medial rays?
Term
wedge shape of cuneiforms
Definition
most important part of maintaining the transverse arch of the foot
Term
flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
Definition
what two tendons support the longitudinal arch from above?
Term
plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, long and short plantar ligaments
Definition
what ligaments support the medial longitudinal arch in quiet standing?
Term
hell no, that's why that one professor dances all around when he gave lectures
Definition
do you like to stand still if you have plantar fasciitis?
Term
tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, short muscles
Definition
in activity, what maintains the medial longitudinal arch? (4 things)
Term
deep peroneal, it passes under the inferior extensor retinaculum then remains relatively superficial on the dorsum of the foot

-pain between big toe and second toe
Definition
what nerve can become entrapped with a ski boot, tight fitting shoe (roller skate), or tight running shoe? why? where would you have pain?
Term
extensor digitorum brevis
Definition
this muscle usually does not have a counterpart in the hand
Term
abductor hallucis
Definition
what muscle allows you to spread your toes and is well developed in sailors and people that have to balance with no shoes?
Term
digit 2
Definition
what digit is the axis on the foot?
Term
BUNION!
Definition
what is hallux valgus?
Term
tight shoes with narrow toes -> move the big toe laterally, moving the base of metarsal 1 medially

this can cause the joint to rub the shoe and develop a painful bursa and/or

sesamoid bones that normally are on the bottom of the foot deviate into the space between metatarsals 1 and 2 = ouch and must be corrected by surgery
Definition
what causes hallux valgus?
Term
they help the flexor tendon bend the big toe downwards
Definition
what do the lateral and medial sesamoid bones do when they are not causing hallux valgus?
Term
flexor hallucis brevis
Definition
what muscle of the foot has 2 associated sesamoid bones?
Term
deformity of the toe, in which the end of the toe is bent downward (like mallet finger)

-Women who wear shoes that do not fit well or have high heels
-Children who keep wearing shoes they have outgrown

usually the second toe

has to do with the lumbricals -the muscles shorten after the toes being bent up
Definition
what is hammer toe? what causes it?
Term
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
Definition
what muscles are in the first layer of muscle of the foot?
Term
quadratus plantae, lumbricals
Definition
what muscles are in the second layer of the foot?
Term
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi
Definition
what muscles are in the third layer of the foot?
Term
flexors are in the 3rd group so they are deeper
Definition
on the plantar foot, are the abductors deeper or the flexors?
Term
3
Definition
how many plantar interossei are there?
Term
4 (remember 4-door, cars don't come in 3 door)
Definition
how many dorsal interossei are there?
Term
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis
dorsal interossei
Definition
what muscles are found on the dorsum of the foot?
Term
plantar/dorsal interossei
Definition
what is in the fourth layer of muscles of the foot?
Term
all of the first layer of foot muscles (AH, FDB, ADM)
Definition
what originates off the calcaneal tuberosity?
Term
anterior and posterior tibial
Definition
which arteries is the arterial blood supply derived from?
Term
dorsalis pedis
Definition
anterior tibial artery becomes what distal to the inferior extensor retinaculum?
Term
-arcuate artery
-deep plantar artery(joins plantar arch from above)
-lateral tarsal artery (anastomoses with arcuate arch)
Definition
what does the dorsalis pedis divide into?
Term
dorsal digital arteries
Definition
what arteries come of the dorsal metatarsal arteries?
Term
dorsal metatarsal arteries
Definition
what arteries come off the arcuate arch?
Term
lateral and medial plantar arteries (deep to abductor hallucis)
Definition
what does the posterior tibial artery divide into?
Term
medal and lateral plantar arteries
Definition
what arteries create the plantar arch?
Term
plantar metatarsals -> plantar digital
Definition
what comes off the plantar arch? off that?
Term
just lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon (like middle of the dorsum of the foot)
Definition
where do you take the pulse in the foot?
Term
between muscle layers 1 & 2 (superficial)
between muscle layers 3 & 4 (deep)
Definition
where are the 2 neurovascular planes in the foot?
Term
posterior to medial malleolus
Definition
where does the tibial nerve divide into the medial and lateral plantar nerves?
Term
abductor haullucis
Definition
the medial nerve passes deep to the _____ ____ and runs anteriorly between it and flexor digitorum brevis
Term
medial plantar n.
Definition
supplies sensory to medial 3.5 digits, and motor to AH, FDB, FHB, and 1st lumbrical
Term
lateral plantar n.
Definition
nerve that runs anteriorly between first and second layers of mucles
Term
lateral plantar n.
Definition
supplies sensory to lateral 1.5 digits and motor to all short muscles not supplied by medial plantar n.
Term
deep and superficial peroneal
Definition
what nerves go down the dorsum of the foot?
Term
adductor hiatus
Definition
gap between the adductor magnus muscle and the femur that allows the passage of the femoral vessels from the posterior thigh to the popliteal fossa
Term
femoral artery and vein (become popliteal as they pass through)

saphenous branch of descending genicular artery and the saphenous nerve
Definition
structures int he adductor hiatus (only two go THROUGH it)
Term
AFTER the bottom 4 inches of the femoral triangle(the femoral sheath)

laterally bordered by vastus medialis, medially by adductor magnus and longus, and the roof being the sartorius muscle

femoral artery, femoral vein, and branches of the femoral nerv

e (specifically, the saphenous nerve, and the nerve to the Vastus medialis)
Definition
what is in the adductor canal? where is this?
Term
distal (termination of canal = hiatus)
Definition
where is the adductor hiatus in relation to the adductor canal?
Term
anterior: sartorius
posterior: adductor longus
medial: vastus intermedius
Definition
borders of the adductor canal
Term
anterior tibial artery
Definition
branch of popliteal artery that goes through IOM
Term
lateral femoral cutaneous n. (or lateral cutaneous n to thigh)
Definition
sensory on the lateral thigh is subject to parasthesia if wearing heavy belts etc and this nerve is entrapped
Term
femoral n.
Definition
posterior division of L2-L4
Term
obturaror n.
Definition
anterior division of L2-L4
Term
femoral n.
Definition
, exits with psoas in anterior compartment then breaks into motor and sensory branches, does knee extension and hip flexion
Term
Obturator n.
Definition
passes on the medial side of psoas major the exits through obturator foramen, innervates medial compartment of thigh (mostly motor adduction of thigh)
Term
front of thigh, and medial, also medial leg = saphenous
Definition
sensory area of femoral n.
Term
1/2 between femoral head and ischial tuberosity
Definition
location of sciatic n. using markers?
Term
sciatic n.
Definition
becomes tibial n. (muscles with ischial tuberosity origin) and common peroneal
Term
name says it all, larges area of skin by a cutaneous n. branches from sacral plexus
Definition
sensory area of posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh
Term
lateral leg(common peroneal) + sole of foot (tibial)
Definition
sciatic n. sensory distribution
Term
between 1st n 2nd toes
Definition
deep peroneal n sensory innervation
Term
anterior talofibular ligament
Definition
ligament most commonly injured in ankle sprains
Term
inversion
Definition
ankle injuries are usually (inversion/eversion)?
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