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Foot and Ankle
Foot and Ankle
120
Anatomy
Graduate
12/01/2014

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Term
How many bones are there in the foot and ankle?
Definition
28
Term
How many articulations are there in the foot and ankle
Definition
55
Term
How many synovial joints are there in the foot and ankle
Definition
30
Term
The bones of the ankle and foot are interconnected by what
Definition
ligaments and muscles
Term
the foot and ankle serve to convert the rotational movements that occur with weight bearing activities into what
Definition
sagittal, frontal, and transverse movements
Term
Lower Kinetic Chain functions to what (4)
Definition
absorb shock, provide stance stability, propulsion, energy conservation
Term
anatomically and biomechanically the foot is subdivided into what 3 sections
Definition
rearfoot/hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot
Term
rearfoot/hindfoot consists of what
Definition
talus, calcaneus
Term
midfoot consists off what
Definition
navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
Term
forefoot consists of what
Definition
14 bones of the toes, 5 metatarsals, medial and lateral sesamoids
Term
valgus or varus may refer to the relationship between what 3 pairs?
Definition
tibia and ground, tibia and calcaneus, rearfoot and forefoot
Term
pronation and supination are component movements of which articulation?
Definition
subtalar joint
Term
pronation and supination are component movements of the subtalar articulation, but affect what else
Definition
joints proximal and distal to STJ
Term
pronation and supination have what planes of motion
Definition
frontal, sagittal, transverse
Term
what must be considered in pronation and supination, in terms of the position of the foot?
Definition
Non-weight bearing (open kinetic chain), weight bearing (closed kinetic chain)
Term
open kinetic chain pronation requires what 3 motions
Definition
calcaneal eversion(valgus), calcaneal abduction, calcaneal dorsiflexion
Term
open kinetic chain supination involves what 3 motions
Definition
calcaneal inversion(varus), calceneal adduction, calcaneal plantar flexion
Term
open kinetic chain supination and pronation all involve which one bone
Definition
calcaneus
Term
closed kinetic chain pronation involves what 4 movements
Definition
calceneal eversion (valgus), talar adduction (internal rotation), talar plantar flexion, internal rotation of tib/fib articulation
Term
when does pronation occur
Definition
directly after initial contact into midstance
Term
functions of pronation (3)
Definition
shock absorption, adjustment to uneven terrain, torque conversion
Term
closed kinetic chain supination involves what 4 movements
Definition
calcaneal inversion(varus), talar abduction (external rotation), talar dorsiflexion, tib/fib external rotation
Term
when does supination occur
Definition
from midstance through terminal stance
Term
2 functions of supination
Definition
provides a rigid lever for propulsion, allows muscle pulleys to be established increasing efficiency of muscle function
Term
midposition of the subtalar range of motion, zero pronation, and zero supination is known as what
Definition
subtalar neutral
Term
one third of the way through the total range of mtion of the subtalar joint from the fully everted position to full inversion
Definition
subtalar neutral
Term
resting position of foot/ankle
Definition
10 degrees of plantar flexion, foot in subtalar neutral
Term
close packed position of foot and ankle
Definition
full dorsiflexion
Term
the distal tib/fib articulation is what type of joint
Definition
syndesmosis
Term
what does a syndesmosis lack
Definition
articular cartilage, synovium
Term
distal tib/fib articulation is supported by what
Definition
ant/post tib-fib ligaments, transverse ligament, interosseous membrane
Term
the ankle joint is made up of what
Definition
talus, distal fibula, distal tibia
Term
which facet of the talus is wider?
Definition
anterior
Term
ankle joint capsule attaches to what 3 surfaces
Definition
margins of talar articular surfaces, tibia and fibula, dorsal neck of talus
Term
what is the ankle joint capsule lined by?
Definition
synovial membrane
Term
ankle joint capsule is well supported medially and laterally by what
Definition
ligaments
Term
what does the subtalar joint consist of
Definition
articulation between anterior, medial, and posterior facets of talus and calcaneus
Term
what shape does the talus take: con_____
Definition
concave
Term
what are shape is the anterior and middle facet of the subtalar joint? con_____
Definition
convex
Term
subtalar joint allows for motion in how many planes
Definition
triplanr motion
Term
subtalar joint allows for rotation around what axis
Definition
vertical
Term
how does the subtalar joint tilt?
Definition
medially, laterally
Term
how does the subtalar joint glide?
Definition
anteriorly, posteriorly
Term
transverse tarsal joint aka
Definition
chopart's joint
Term
the transverse tarsal joint/chopart's joint consist of what articulations
Definition
talonavicular, calcaneocuboid
Term
transverse tarsal joint/chopart's joint consist of what axes
Definition
longitudinal, transverse
Term
what movements does the transverse tarsal joint/chopart's joint allow for?
Definition
inversion/eversion, Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction
Term
movement of the transverse tarsal joint/chopart's joint occurs in conjunction with what
Definition
subtalar joint
Term
transverse tarsal joint axes are _______ in neutral/pronation
Definition
parallel
Term
when the transverse tarsal joint axes are parallel in neutral/pronation it allows for what
Definition
loose packing the joint and increasing motion
Term
what happens to the transverse tarsal joint axes when in supination
Definition
axes are divergent, allowing little motion
Term
how is the ankle joint locked?
Definition
STJ supinates, tranverse tarsal joint pronates
Term
how is the ankle joint unlocked?
Definition
STJ pronates, transverse tarsal supinates
Term
a pronated foot results in decreased what between rearfoot and forefoot
Definition
twisting
Term
a pronated foot results in decreased twisting between what and what?
Definition
rearfoot and forefoot
Term
in a pronated foot the axes of transverse tarsal joint are what
Definition
parallel
Term
in a pronated foot what axes are parallel
Definition
transverse tarsal
Term
a supinated foot results in increased what between rearfoot and forefoot
Definition
twisting
Term
a supinated foot results in increased twisting between what and what
Definition
rearfoot and forefoot
Term
in a supinated foot the axes of transverse tarsal joints are what?
Definition
less congruent
Term
what kind of joint is the the talonavicular artiuclation?
Definition
ball and socket
Term
talar head of the talonavicular joint is what shape
Definition
convex
Term
navicular of the talonavicular articulation is what shape
Definition
concave
Term
what is the key bone in the medial plantar arch
Definition
navicular
Term
calacaneocuboid articulation is what type of joint
Definition
sellar
Term
what bone is the key bone in the lateral plantar arch?
Definition
cuboid
Term
in the calcaneocuboid articulation, what shape are the Superior/Inferior surfaces of the calcaneus
Definition
concave
Term
in the calcaneocuboid articulation what shape are the medial/lateral surface of the calcaneus
Definition
convex
Term
in the calcaneocuboid articulation what shape are the medial/lateral surfaces of the cuboid
Definition
concave
Term
in the calcaneocuboid articulation what shape are the superior/inferior surfaces of the cuboid
Definition
convex
Term
tarsometatarsal joint aka
Definition
lisfranc's joint
Term
tarsometatarsal joint/lisfranc's joint is what type of joint
Definition
plane synovial
Term
the tarsometatarsal joitn allows for what motion of ALL the metatarsals
Definition
flexion/extension
Term
tarsometatarsal joint/lisfranc's joint allows for what motion of MT's 1 and 5 ONLY
Definition
supination and pronation
Term
what forms the transverse arch?
Definition
metatarsal bases
Term
what is the apex of the transverse metatarsal arch?
Definition
2nd metatarsal
Term
the metatarsal head of the metatarsalphalangeal joint is what shape?
Definition
convex
Term
the proximal phalanx of the metatarsalphalangeal joint is what shape
Definition
concave
Term
how many degrees of freedom does the metatarsal phalangeal joints have?
Definition
2
Term
what are the 2 degrees of freedom of teh metatarsal phalangeal joints?
Definition
flex/ext, abd/add
Term
metatarsalphalangeal joints flex ROM
Definition
50
Term
metatarsalphalangeal joint ext ROM
Definition
70
Term
extension of the metatarsalphalangeal joints creates tension in what
Definition
plantar fascia
Term
extension of the metatarsalphalangeal joints creates tesnion in the plantar fascia, for what purpose?
Definition
stabilize foot during end of stance
Term
1st MTP, ROM flexion
Definition
50
Term
1st MTP ROM extension
Definition
70-90
Term
1st MTP joint requires maximal extension during what
Definition
toe off or pre-swing
Term
1st MTP joint requires maximal extension during toe off or pre-swing, requiring a minimum ROM Of what?
Definition
60-70
Term
1st MTP joint provides stability for foot through what
Definition
windlass mechanism
Term
any condition affecting depression of the 1st MT head results in what
Definition
load transmission to 2nd and 3rd MT heads
Term
the superior/inferior surfaces of the proximal phalanx of the interphalangeal joint are what shape
Definition
convex
Term
the medial lateral surfaces of the proximal phalanx of the interphalangeal joints are what shape
Definition
concave
Term
the superior/inferior surfaces of the distal phalanx of the interphalangeal joint are what shape?
Definition
concave
Term
the medial/lateral surfaces of the distal phalanx of the interphalangeal joints are what shape
Definition
convex
Term
ROM of interphalnageal joints at PIP
Definition
90 flexion
Term
ROM of interphalangeal joints at IP
Definition
40 flexion
Term
what are the 3 categories of ligaments of the foot and ankle complex?
Definition
medial/tibial collateral ligaments, lateral/fibular collateral ligaments, plantar ligaments
Term
how are the lateral collateral ligaments injured?
Definition
plantar flexion with inversion
Term
what is the most commonly sprained lateral collateral ligament?
Definition
anterior talofibular
Term
Which ligaments supports the transverse tarsal joint?
Definition
long and short plantar ligaments
Term
What support the medial and lateral arches of the foot?
Definition
tendons of posterior tibialis mm and fibularis longus mm
Term
what increase the longitudinal arch?
Definition
extension of MTP creating tension on plantar fascia/aponeurosis
Term
where does teh plantar fascia/aponeurosis extend from?
Definition
medial tubercle of the calcaneus
Term
where does the plantar fascia/aponeurosis extend to?
Definition
bases of the proximal phalanx
Term
medial longitudinal arch is supported by what statically? (4)
Definition
plantar fascia, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament, spring ligament
Term
medial longitudinal arch is supported by what dynamically? (3)
Definition
posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Term
what is the transverse arch formed by
Definition
cuneiforms and cuboid
Term
transverse arch extends to what
Definition
base of the metatarsals
Term
lateral arch is known as what
Definition
true arch
Term
what is the lateral arch formed by
Definition
cuboid, calcaneus, 4th MT, 5th MT
Term
role of the heel/fatpad
Definition
provides cushioning for plantar aspect of calcaneus
Term
what increases the thickness of the heel/fat pad
Definition
containment through external support, appropriately fitting shoes
Term
what provides cutaneous distribution to the medial aspect of the foot?
Definition
saphenous nn
Term
largest cutaenous branch of the femoral nn
Definition
saphenous nerve
Term
what provides sensory and motor innervation for the foot and leg?
Definition
sciatic nn
Term
sciatic nn divides into what
Definition
common fibular nn, tibial nn
Term
common fibular nn divides into what
Definition
superficial fibular nn, deep fibular nn
Term
tibial nn divides into what (4)
Definition
sural, medial calcaneal, medial plantar, lateral plantar
Term
What provides main blood supply to the foot
Definition
anterior tibial and posterior tibial artery
Term
anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery are two branches of what artery
Definition
popliteal
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