Term
| Water content is _______% of body weight in mature animals and _____% body weight in young animals. Of this water content, intracellular fluid is _______% of body weight and extracellular fluid is _______% body weight. In this extracellular fluid category, ____% of body weight is plasma water, _____% is interstitial fluid, and ______% is transcellular fluid. |
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Definition
60% total body weight
70-75% body weight (young animals)
40% intracellular
20% extracellular
5% plasma water
15% interstitial fluid
1-6% trancellular fluid |
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Term
| Body water turnover ranges from _____-_____ ml/kg/day, with an average maintenance requirement of ____ ml/kg/day. |
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Definition
50-70 ml/kg/day
65 ml/kg/day |
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Term
| T/F: electrolytes react in proportion to their equivalence, but not to their weight. |
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Definition
True
Equivalent weight = molecular weight/ionic valence |
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Term
| How many mg is in 1 mEq of NaCl? Molecular weight is 58.5. |
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Definition
1 mEq = 1 mmol = X mg/58.5
mg = 58.5 |
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Term
| How many mg are in 1 mEq of CaCl2? Molecular weight is 111. |
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Definition
111/2 = 55.5
1 mEq = 1 mmol = X mg/55.5
mg = 55.5 |
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Term
| Most of the electrolyte concentrations of plasma are expressed as ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the total plasma concentration of cations in mEq/L must be equal to that of the anions to maintain isotonicity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma Ca and P concentrations are usually measured as ____ or ______. |
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Definition
mg%
mM
This is because plasma calcium has two forms: ionized and bound, and phosphorous three forms: free, monophasic, biphasic |
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Term
| The main goals of fluid and electrolyte therapy are to correct what 3 imbalances? |
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Definition
Dehydration
Acid-base disturbances
Electrolyte imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmolarity is the number of particles in solution: mOsm/L |
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Term
| How many mOsm/L is 1 mM of NaCl? |
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Definition
| 1 mM NaCl = 1 mmol/L = 2 mOsm/L |
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Term
| What would the osmolarity of an isotonic solution be for glucose? For NaCl? |
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Definition
Glucose: does not dissociate--isotonic solution is 300 mOsm/L, so glucose would have an isotonic concentration of 300 mM
NaCl: dissociates into 2 mOsm/L, so an isotonic solution would be 150 mM |
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Term
| How can molarity be calculated? |
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Definition
| mM = (wt in mg/molecular weight) X (1000/volume in mg) |
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Term
| The three types of dehydration are ____________, ____________, and _____________. Lack of water intake leads to ___________ dehydration and is usually due to a _________________________ but can also be caused by disorders of the buccal cavity or pharynx, as well as CNS disturbances/paralysis. Respiratory loss of water leads to __________________ dehydration. Loss of body fluid leads to ______________ or ______________ dehydration and can be caused by polyuria, profuse sweating, vomiting/diarrhea, or third space loss. |
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Definition
Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic
Hypertonic
Lack of water source
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic |
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Term
| Describe the mechanisms by which carbohydrate metabolism can lead to dehydration, acidosis, and ketoacidosis: |
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Definition
Increased CHO intake or decreased CHO utilization--> hyperglycemia-->glucosuria-->polyuria-->dehydration
Increased CHO intake-->increased lactic acid production-->lactic acidosis
Decreased CHO utilization-->increased gluconeogenesis-->ketoacidosis |
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Term
| Determination of fluid replacement therapy is based on what three calculations/factors? |
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Definition
Maintenance fluid
Fluid deficits
Ongoing losses |
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Term
Which of the following indicates a history of water loss but no outward clinical signs and requires no fluid replacement?
a. 4% dehydration
b. 6% dehydration
c. 8-10% dehydration
d. 12% dehydration
e. None of the above. Any % dehydration will require fluid replacement. |
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Definition
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Term
A dog comes in with leathery skin that, when pulled on the lateral thorax, tents and slowly returns to normal. The dog exhibits a dull haircoat and dry mucous membranes. Based on these clinical signs, estimate the % dehydration. If the dog had tight skin, where else could skin tenting be performed?
a. 4%
b. 6%
c. 8-10%
d. 12%
e. 18% |
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Definition
6%
If the skin of the lateral thorax could not be tented, another area to try would be the dorsal eyelid area. |
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Term
A calf comes into your clinic and when you tent the skin, the skin stays tented. You note dry mucous membranes, a dry tongue, cold limbs, a CRT > 3 seconds, and enophthalmos. Estimate the % dehydration based on these clinical signs.
a. 2%
b. 4%
c. 6%
d. 8-10%
e. 12% |
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Definition
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Term
A horse comes into your clinic and when you tent the skin, the skin stays tented. You note dry mucous membranes, a dry tongue, cold limbs, a CRT > 3 seconds, and enophthalmos. In addition, the horse is exhibiting signs of circulatory collapse. Estimate the % dehydration based on these clinical signs.
a. 2%
b. 4%
c. 6%
d. 8-10%
e. 12% |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give the equation to determine the replacement volume for dehydration: |
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Definition
| % dehydration (in decimal form) * BW (kg) = volume (in Liters) |
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Term
| Dehydration will affect younger/older animals much faster and more severely. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs such as ________________ and _____________ may change an animal's fluid requirement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased sodium in the ECF will lead to water loss/retention. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased potassium in the plasma leads to increased ____________ and decreased ___________ in the urine, resulting in _______________ (blood pH). |
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Definition
Potassium
Hydrogen
Acidemia |
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Term
| Decreased potassium in the plasma leads to ________________ (pH) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Direct Alkalinizing Agents |
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Definition
NaHCO3
THAM (tris, triomethamine) |
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Term
| Indirect Alkalinizing Agents |
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Definition
Sodium Lactate*
Sodium Acetate*
Sodium Gluconate
Sodium Citrate
Lactated Ringer's Solution
Acetated Polionic Solution |
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Term
Which of the following may induce vomiting?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following can induce vasodilation, and therefore might be a poor choice to administer IV to a patient in shock?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is contraindicated in ketoacidosis?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following would be a poor choice in a horse with grain overload (increased CHO intake)?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is metabolized in the liver?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is metabolized throughout the body, mostly in the muscles, and is therefore pretty efficient?
a. Na lactate
b. Na acetate
c. Na citrate
d. Na gluconate
e. LRS |
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Definition
|
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Term
| D-lactate/L-lactate is the form that is most readily metabolized. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do direct alkalinizing agents work? |
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Definition
| They directly neutralize the excess hydrogen ions. |
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Term
| How does Na lactate work as an alkalinizing agent? |
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Definition
| Na lactate is metabolized in the liver via the Krebs Cycle to form an equal number of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Through this process, a hydrogen ion is used. Therefore, for every set of 3 (equal) bicarbonate/H combinations produced, 1 hydrogen ion is used up, and therefore the plasma is slowly alkalinized. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of the direct alkalinizing agents? |
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Definition
Short shelf life (2 years at 4C)
Can't be autoclaved
Oral dosing interferes with gastric acidity/milk digestion |
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Term
| Assuming you have a 44 lb dog with 10% dehydration and continuing losses of 1 liter/day, how much fluid should you give for the day? What are you going to do for the next day regarding fluid therapy? |
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Definition
44lb = 20kg
20* 0.1 = 2 L to replace deficit
65 ml/kg/day * 20kg = 1.3 L for maintenance (or .875 L if going off the chart in his book)
1 L for ongoing losses
Total fluids for first day: 4.3 L (or 3.875 if going off of chart in book)
For the next day, we want to REASSESS the patient |
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