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Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Fluid and Electrolyte balance
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/27/2012

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Term
What is the intracellular fluid compartment?
Definition
fluid inside of cells
Term
What is the intracellular fluid composition?
Definition
most proteins, larger molecules remain in the intracellular fluid. water moves in and out via osmosis
Term
What is the extracellular fluid compartment?
Definition
all fluid outside the cells. Subcompartments include interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid.
Term
What is the composition of the extrecellular fluid?
Definition
substances such as RBC, albumins, stay in blood vessels
Term
What is normal water intake and output per day?
Definition
2500 ml/day
Term
What are three mechanisms for water intake?
Definition
60% drinking
30% moist food
10% internal metabolic pathways
Term
Four major routs we lose water
Definition
urine - 60%
skin diffusion and lung evaporation - 28%
sweat - 8%
Feces - 4%
Term
What stimulates the thirst mechanism?
Definition
Plasma osmolality increase of 1-2% or blood volume drop stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Term
What hormone controls excretion of sodium ions?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
what is hypernatremia?
Definition
increased sodium ions in plasma
Term
what causes hypernatremia?
Definition
too much aldosterone, hypertonic saline solutions, dehydration
Term
what are symptoms of hypernatremia?
Definition
confusion and lethargy, neuromuscular irritability with twitching and convulsions.
Term
what causes hyponatremia?
Definition
vomiting, dirrhea, burns, dilution, increased diuresis, aldosterone deficiency
Term
what are symptoms of hyponatremia?
Definition
lethargy, confusion, seziures, coma
Term
What is the predominant anion in ECF?
Definition
Chloride ions. Strongly attracted to positive cations so the mechanisms that control cations are also responsible for controlling these.
Term
What is the most important intracellular cation?
Definition
Potassium. Increased ECF K causes excessive depolarization of cell membranes. Decreased ECF K ions causes hyperpolarization of cell membranes
Term
What controls potassium levels?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
What causes hyperkalemia?
Definition
decreased aldosterone, cell rupture due to burns or other trauma
Term
what are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Definition
restlessness, neuromuscular irritability followed by fatigue due to overexcitment, which leads to muscular weakness and flaccid paralysis
Term
What causes hypokalemia?
Definition
too much aldosterone, reduced intake, GI tract problems
Term
what are the symptoms of hypokalemia?
Definition
hyperpolarization of cells and leads to muscle weakness and mental confusion
Term
How are calcium levels regulated?
Definition
parathyroid hormone. A decrease in blood Ca causes PTH secretion which raises blood calcium
Term
What causes hypercalemia
Definition
hyperparathyroidism, too much vitamin D
Term
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Definition
bone wasting, fractures, kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias, depressed respiration
Term
What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
Definition
nutritional, vitamin D deficiencies, burns
Term
What are the symptoms for hypocalcemia?
Definition
neuromuscular excitability, tetany, depressed excitability of heart
Term
What does bicarbonate buffer system do?
Definition
converts strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases. primary buffer in ECF
Term
What is the purpose of phosphate buffer system?
Definition
same as bicarbonate buffer but works in nephron
Term
What is purpose of protein buffer system?
Definition
most powerful ICF buffers in the body. Can bind or release H+ when necesssary
Term
How does respiratory system act as a buffer?
Definition
slower than chemical buffers, increase hydrogen leads to increased Carbon dioxide levels and increased respiration
Term
What is renal regulation?
Definition
slowest action, but only system that can get rid of acids generated by metabolism
Term
What is respiratory acidosis?
Definition
caused by any condition that impairs gas exchange, shallow breathing. PCO2 increases and pH decreases
Term
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
hyperventalion, tumor on respiratory center. CO2 washed out of body too quickly. PCO2 decreases and pH increases
Term
What is metabolic acidosis
Definition
caused by severe diarrhea, renal failure, starvation, excessive alcohol intake; low blood pH and low blood HCO3 levels
Term
What is metabolic alkalosis
Definition
caused by vomiting or suctioning of acidic gastric contents, excessive bicarb intake
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