Term
| Two most important factors in aquarium health? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name for the group of cartilaginous fishes on our PP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the elasmobranchs: |
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Definition
| -primitive -cartilaginous -pre-date dinosaurs and formation of bone -no swim bladder to maintain buoyancy -includes sharks, skates, rays -subclasses include chimaera and lamprey |
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Term
|
Definition
"ghost fish"
-400 million years before sharks
-deep water |
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Term
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Definition
| small hole behind the eye that draws oxygenated water to the eyes and brain; specialized gill |
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Term
| How to sharks maintain buoyancy? |
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Definition
| no swim bladder, instead have oil-filled liver |
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Term
| What specialized sense do sharks, skates, and rays have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skate:
-no barb
-smaller, "chubbier"
-fatter tail with dorsal fins
-thornlike formations on tail/back
Ray:
-tapered, whip-like tail
-barb
-don't have thornlike projections on tail/back |
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Term
| The sawfish is a type of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name for the bony fish on our PP? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-bony
-flat, discoid scales with thin skin and mucus
-operculum over gills
-very flexible spine
-swim bladder to maintain buoyancy |
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Term
| How do skates and rays maintain buoyancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do teleosts maintain buoyancy? |
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Definition
| swim bladder (filled with air) |
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Term
| First line of defense against pathogens for a teleost? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What purpose do nostrils serve in fish? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In teleosts, where does waste exit the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Teleosts have a ______ heart. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hard scale that covers the gills in teleosts |
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Term
| How does a teleost get O2? |
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Definition
| water flows through the mouth, over the gills, and out the operculum |
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Term
| Fins provide ___ and ___ in teleosts. |
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Definition
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Term
| __% of forward thrust is from the ___ in teleosts. |
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Definition
| 40% of forward thrust from caudal tail fin |
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Term
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Definition
| tube filled with jelly that runs the length of the fish's body; senses movement/vibrations in the water |
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Term
| What organ give fish the ability to school and move in unison? |
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Definition
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Term
| Teleosts fall into what categories: |
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Definition
Freshwater (coldwater or tropical)
Marine (coldwater, tropical, reef)
Brackish (puffers) |
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Term
| Examples of coldwater freshwater fish: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of tropical freshwater fish: |
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Definition
| guppies, mollies, swordfish, betas |
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Term
| Examples of coldwater marine fish: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of tropical marine fish: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Examples of reef fish/creatures: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are marine fish not as hearty in tanks? |
|
Definition
Need:
-high flow
-good filtration
-salt |
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Term
| Equipment needed for fish: |
|
Definition
-filter
-heater +/-
-thermometer +/-
-water conditioner (sodium thiosulfate) +/-
-salt +/- |
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Term
|
Definition
| usu. the size of the tank |
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Term
| Why use water conditioner? |
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Definition
| chlorine blocks absorption of oxygen from water |
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Term
| Is tap water safe for fish? |
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Definition
| add water conditioner (sodium thiosulfate) or leave out for 24 hr |
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Term
| How long does tank establishment take? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the point of tank establishment? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a tank is established, how do you maintain it? |
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Definition
-regular changes of 10-20% water in tank, every 1-3 weeks
-don't wipe algae off filter |
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Term
| In terms of fish compatibility, what temperaments should go together? |
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Definition
| agressive with aggressive |
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Term
| Most ornamental marine fish don't ___ in captivity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally, you should put __ fish per __ in a tank. Exceptions? |
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Definition
1 fish per genus
exceptions: mated pairs |
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Term
| What may happen if you put two closely related fish species in a tank together? |
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Definition
-territory fights
-harassment
-stealing food |
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|
Term
| Examples of a territorial/aggressive fish? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of good beginner fish: |
|
Definition
-clownfish / damselfish
-dotty back |
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Term
| 5 main concerns about water quality: |
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Definition
Dissolved O2
1. species specific requirements
Temperature
2. amount of O2 that can be absorbed
3. photosynth. rate
4. metabolic rate
5. sensitivty of organisms to pathogens, toxins, parasites, repro. timing, migration |
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Term
| Temperature can be defined as... |
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Definition
| average sum of H2O molecules |
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Term
| Increasing the tempature in the tank does what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| As temperature goes up, photosynthesis goes... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sodium (Na+)
calcium (Ca++)
potassium (K+)
magnesium (Mg++) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chloride (Cl-)
sulfate (SO4--)
carbonate (CO3--)
bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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Term
| Dissolved ions have an impact on ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-salinity
-ions
-pH
-turbidity
-nitrogen cycle
-oxygen |
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Term
| There is a narrow pH range for... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Extreme ends of the pH range cause: |
|
Definition
| physical damage to gills, exoskeletons, fins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pH decreases below ____, what happens? |
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Definition
| below 6, increases mercury solubility |
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|
Term
| If pH increases above ____, what happens? |
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Definition
| above 8.5, converts nontoxic ammonium to toxic ammonia |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of increased turbidity? |
|
Definition
-diffuse sunlight and absorb heat
-clogs gills
-carries pathogens and pollutants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-tachypneic
-gasping at surface
-jumping, rubbing |
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Term
| How to prevent ammonia toxicity? |
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Definition
| don't overstock or overfeed |
|
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Term
| How to treat ammonia toxicity? |
|
Definition
| remove 25-50% of water and replace with fresh dechlorinated water; correct primary cause |
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Term
| A fish that is tachypneic and gasping at the surface, jumping out of the tank, or rubbing against things probably has... |
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Definition
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Term
| A fish that gasps at the surface, followed by sudden death and brown blood trailing in the water probably has... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gasping at surface
-sudden death
-brown blood trailing in water |
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Term
| How to prevent nitrite toxicity? |
|
Definition
-don't overstock/overfeed
-watch temp
-monitor if using Abx |
|
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Term
| How to treat nitrite toxicity? |
|
Definition
| move fish to clean, de-chlorinated, well-oxygenated water |
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Term
| Oxygen depletion occurs in... |
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Definition
| outside ponds (eg plants compete with fish) |
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Term
| How to prevent/treat oxygen depletion? |
|
Definition
-correct # fish and plants
-aerator
-temp control |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6.5-8.5 depending on fish |
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|
Term
| What fish thrive in neutral to slightly acidic water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What fish thrive in neutral to slightly alkaline water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What fish thrive in a water of pH 8.0 - 8.2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fish thrive in alkaline water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to perform skin scrapes? |
|
Definition
do 3:
-lateral line
-dorsal (by dorsal fin)
-ventral |
|
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Term
| Why should you view skin scrapes and gill clips immediately? |
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Definition
| parasites stop moving after about 5 min |
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Term
| Term for how we move fish around while recovering from anesthesia? |
|
Definition
"ram" ventilation:
-fish mouth open
-move in figure 8 motion to pass water over gills |
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Term
| How to perform blood draw? |
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Definition
think of how we draw blood from cow tail
-ventral surface, needle toward spine |
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Term
| Fish wastes, uneaten food, dead fish, and decomposing plants are broken down into ___. |
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Definition
ammonia (if pH 7 or up)
or ammonium (if pH under 7) |
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Term
| Nitrosomonas oxidize ___ into ___. |
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Definition
| ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2) |
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Term
| Ammonia levels will be high at ___ of tank establishment. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What oxidizes ammonia into nitrites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrite levels will rise when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts nitrites to nitrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrates (are / are not) toxic at low levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ammonium harmful? Ammonia? |
|
Definition
ammonium = no
ammonia = yes |
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Term
| Routine partial water changes keeps ___ levels low. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Live plants will use up some ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-routine partial water changes
-live plants |
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|
Term
| Describe the nitrogen cycle: |
|
Definition
| poop/detritus > ammonia (ammonium) > nitrite > nitrate |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrosomonas vs Nitrobacter |
|
Definition
Nitrosomonas oxidizes ammonia into nitrite.
Nitrobacter converts nitrite into nitrate. |
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Term
| Humans concerns with aquarium veterinary medicine: |
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Definition
-zoonotic diseases
-venemous animals |
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|
Term
| How often does the Shedd do routine exams on its animals? |
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Definition
| most animals every 1 to 2 years |
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Term
| What fish at the Shedd gets regular dentals? Why? |
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Definition
| puffers; teeth overgrow in captivity, fish start to bite each other |
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Term
| How to get HR from a ray or other animal at the Shedd? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name of the anesthetic used at the Shedd? |
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Definition
| MS-222 / Tricaine / Finquel |
|
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Term
| How does one anesthetize a fish? |
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Definition
-powder anesthetic dissolved in water
-dose is by volume of water, not size of fish
-must add buffer because anesthetic changes pH
-oxygenate water |
|
|
Term
| What buffer is used for freshwater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What influences the anesthesia dose? |
|
Definition
-alkalinity/pH
-temp
-type of fish
-physical condition of fish |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Light Sedation
-slight loss of reactivity
-opercular rate decreases slightly
-normal equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deep Sedation
-only react to strong stimuli
-opercular rate decreases slightly
-normal equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Partial Loss of Equilibrium (Excitement)
~loss muscle tone
-erratic swimming
-increased opercular rate
-reacts only to strong tactile/vibe stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total Loss of Equilibrium
-no muscle tone, equilibrium
-opercular rate slow but regular
-loss of spinal reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Most fish will be operated on in what stages of anesthesia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loss of Reflex Reactivity
-no reactivity
-very slow HR
-slow, irregular circular movements
-no reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medullary Collapse
-no opercular movement
-cardiac arrest usually follows quickly |
|
|
Term
| What parameters do you measure during anesthesia? |
|
Definition
-HR, RR
-temp of water
-CO2 / blood gases
-ventilation- keep patient moist and oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| Instead of manually squirting water into the patient's mouth, what can you use? |
|
Definition
| recirculating pump- insert tube only to gills, or place over operculum |
|
|
Term
| Most common parasite in fish? |
|
Definition
freshwater: Ichthyiophthirius multifillis
saltwater: Cryptocaryon irritans |
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|
Term
| What parasite causes little white dots to appear on the skin and gills? |
|
Definition
Ichthyiophthirius multifillis
Cryptocaryon irritans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase temp to kill tomonts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cyst form of protozoans Ich / Crypto that live on pebble, decor in tank |
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|
Term
| Ich/Crypto thrive in tanks at around ___ degrees. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to ID Ich/Crypto from skin scrape / gill clip? |
|
Definition
-ciliates
-slow, circular movement
-Ich tomont: roundish with crescent moon darker area inside
-Crypto tomont: round with blobby stuff inside |
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Term
| What parasite causes white/grey fuzzy patches on the skin/gills? |
|
Definition
freshwater: Chilodonella
saltwater: Brooklynella hostilis |
|
|
Term
| How to ID Chilodonella/Brooklynella from a skin scrape / gill clip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite causes open sores on the body? |
|
Definition
freshwater: Tetrahymena corlissi
saltwater: Uronema marinum |
|
|
Term
| What does a fish with Ich/Crypto look like: |
|
Definition
| little white spots on skin and gills |
|
|
Term
| What does a fish with Chilodonella/Brooklynella look like: |
|
Definition
| large fuzzy white/grey patches on body |
|
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Term
| What does a fish with Tetrahymena/Uronema look like? |
|
Definition
| wounds / open sores on body |
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|
Term
| What parasite is normally found on a fish but can opportunistically infect it? |
|
Definition
Tetrahymena corlissi
Uronema marinum |
|
|
Term
| How to ID Tetrahymena/Uronema? |
|
Definition
-ciliates
-look pretty similar to Ich/Crypto and Childonella/Brooklynella |
|
|
Term
| A skin scrape from a fish with a fungal infection may contain what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite likes skin and grows on stalks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite looks like "scrubbing bubbles"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite is okay in low numbers but can build up in the gills of immune compromised fish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viral infection can fish get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a fish with Lymphocystis look like? |
|
Definition
| clumps of stuff growing on edges of fins, or cysts on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-supportive care
-remove from tank to protect other fish
-may have future outbreaks |
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|
Term
| What parasite can be seen with the naked eye in the gills? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Tx for parasitic copepods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasitic copepods cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the parasitic copepods species from the PP: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasitic worms were mentioned in the PP? |
|
Definition
Acanthocephalans
Monogenetic Trematodes
Nematodes |
|
|
Term
| Examples of monogenetic trematodes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of an extracellular flagellate from PP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nematodes may live in a fish's ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals arriving at the Shedd receive 3-5 anti-parasitic drugs regardless of whether or not they show CS. Name the 7 drugs from PP: |
|
Definition
-Furazone Green
-37% Formaldehyde
-Praziquantel
-Copper
-Metronidazole
-Chloroquine
-Levamisole |
|
|
Term
| Parasites that live in the gills are usually found... |
|
Definition
| at the gill tips, not the gill arch |
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