Term
| When did aquaculture begin and how? |
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Definition
in China around 2,000BC
Fan Lai found he could make a lot of money selling carp. He found putting in "islands" (animal enrichment), plants (animal enrichment and polyculture) and turtles (predator control and polyculture) |
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Term
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Definition
It is a greater use of resources (sustainability)
ex. plants and turtles in pond |
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Term
| Why is fish the most important protein source in the world? |
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Definition
fish provide >1.5 billion people with at least 20% of their average per capita animal protein
-humans consumed >110M tonnes of fish.
-16.7 kg per capita |
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Term
| about ___% of world's food fish comes from aquaculture |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two key trends about aquaculture industry? |
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Definition
-consumption per capita is increasing
-capture fisheries has stabilized |
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Term
| What is the fastest growing primary industry? |
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Definition
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Term
Since 1970, global aquaculture has grown by ____% pa
What is Ausralia's growth rate pa? |
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Definition
8.7%
aus- has grown 4% per year |
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Term
Where is aquaculture practiced?
Who is the world leader? |
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Definition
everywhere
-China
~300 aquatic species (94 families) |
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Term
| Does Australia sell high in weight or by price? |
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Definition
| Australia produces high value species and makes more money this way, rather than by weight |
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Term
| What are australia's big 5 aquaculture species? |
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Definition
| pearl oysters, prawns, southern blu fish tuna, edible oysters, atlantic salmon |
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Term
What are protoandrous hermaphrodites?
What are the production implications of this? |
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Definition
they start their life as males then switch to female to contribute to next generation
-need to routinely source males from wild
-inhibits selective breeding programs
ex. barramundi do this |
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Term
| What is a concern for housing multiple fish together? |
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Definition
many are cannibalistic
not by teeth or chewing. they suck them to the buccal cavity
ex. barramundi |
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Term
| What is a way to avoid cannibalism? |
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Definition
-continual grading to ensure small size variation
-grading is stressful for fish, reduces productivity, and labor intensive |
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Term
| The Australian ornamental fish industry is worth __________/year |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of fish in regards to genetics? |
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Definition
| of all the most studied/understood species. zebrafish is 7th, medaka is the 16th, atlantic salmon is the 20th and channel catfish is the 27th |
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Term
| What are the three steps of aquaculture? |
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Definition
1. farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and plants
2. some sort of intervention in rearing process to enhance production such as regular stocking, feeding, protection
3. farming implies ownership of stock
goal --> make a profit |
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Term
| what are the pros and cons of intensive tank-based farms? |
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Definition
pros:
-control of stocking densities
-control water quality and aeration
-control feed ration
-easy to monitor
cons:
-high production costs
-expensive equipment
-specialized skills |
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Term
| what are the pros and cons of intensive marine farms? |
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Definition
pros:
-much less production cost, cheap to set up and operate
cons:
-subject to "mother nature"
-little or no control over water quality
- |
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Term
| What is the oldest and most popular form of aquaculture and why? |
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Definition
pond-based aquaculture
can be freshwater to estuary
very cheap to operate |
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Term
| what is feed conversion ratio and how i a fish's FCR? |
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Definition
amount of feed eaten: amount of weight gain
fish are very efficient |
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Term
| Why do fish have a good FCR? |
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Definition
they are ectothermic (dependent on external heat source)
to maintain position, they require very little energy b/c of the buoyancy of water and swim bladder |
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Term
| What are the two negative aspects of feeding fish? |
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Definition
diets to achieve low feed efficiencies are expensive
usually contain a fish protein crouce |
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Term
| What are the 5 key factors for successful aquaculture? |
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Definition
1. husbandry
2. water quality --> day to day
3. genetics
4. environment
5. nutrition |
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Term
| What is the most important aspect of aquaculture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 aspects of fish monitoring? |
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Definition
-daily observation with weekly assessment
-preventative health
-most efficient and cost effective drug is oxygen
-quarantine and bio-security |
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Term
| What is "truly domesticated" mean and name the 5 species that are |
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Definition
close lifecycle with no wild input. the broodstock has been subjected to intense genetic selection.
1. rainbow trout
2. atlantic salmon
3. common carp
4.channel catfish
5. tilapia |
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Term
| What is an example of a polyploid animal and what are the benefits? |
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Definition
triploid oysters
-poor gonad development is desirable
-genetic programs are successful for sydney rock oysters |
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Term
| How does the diet formulation change with fish in regards to age? |
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Definition
larval: bones
older: muscle and fat |
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Term
| when choosing an ideal fish for aquaculture, what are the 5 aspects and how does an ideal fish relate? |
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Definition
1. husbandry
-growth rates
-optimal stocking density
2. water quality
-physiological tolerances
-minimum oxygen requirements
3. genetics
-high fecundity
-ease of breeding in captivity
4. environment
-thermal range
-"hardy-ness"
5. nutrition
-herbivores and omnivores preferred
-acceptance of artificial feeds
-feed and protein efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
1ppm=1:1,000,000
1ppm=1mg/L
1ppm=μL/L
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Term
| How much chloramine-T would you need to treat your koi at a dose of 10 mg/L in an 8 L tank? |
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Definition
We have an 8 L tank and want the dose to be 10 mg/L, therefore multiple 8 L by the dose rate, 10 mg/L and
you get the amount required = 80 mg |
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Term
If you wanted to treat your koi with formalin at the dose rate of 1:6000, how much formalin would you use?
(8L of H2O in the container) |
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Definition
First change the ratio to ppm
1:6000 = ? : 1000000
1000000 / 6000 = 167 ppm
Now we have the ppm, this is the same as 167 µL/L. This is the dose rate and can simply be multiplied by the
size of the tank. 167 µL/L x 8 L = 1336 µL. |
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Term
If we treat the koi with hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (3% solution) at a dose rate of 7.5 ppm, how much is
needed?
(There is 10.5 H2O in the container) |
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Definition
(7.5ppm/3) x 100= 225ppm
225ppm x 10.5L (amount of H2O in the container)=
2625 μL |
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Term
Why would we anesthetize fish? |
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Definition
| transport, gill sample, skin scraping |
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Term
| What is the UV light in the pluming used for |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 things that need to be monitored with fish? |
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Definition
1. O2 saturation
(if hypoxic, will go to top, gills will distend and turn blue, and will crowd near bubbler)
2. pH
3. temperature
4. ammonia
5. CO2 levels |
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Term
| To ease O2 stress, what are two things you can do? |
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Definition
use heated water (less disolved O2)
decrease stocking density |
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Term
| What are signs of stressed fish? |
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Definition
hyper activity
swimming in odd patterns
hypoxic behavior |
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Term
| When do we do salt baths? |
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Definition
- for external parasites
-after treatments --> Chloramine T (can be toxic and irritate) |
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