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| United Lower and Upper Egypt |
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| Asiatic people that took over Egypt in 1650 and brought in horse-drawn chariots. |
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| One of the first woman rulers about whom written records have been found. |
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| Most powerful of the Akkadian kings. Ruled from about 2350 B.C. to 2300 B.C. Established the Akkadian Empire. |
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| Babylonian ruler that came into power around 1792 B.C. Conquered most of the upper Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Wrote the Code of Hammurabi, a code of very strict laws. |
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| Leader of the Chaldeans that rebuilt the city of Babylon and built the Hanging Gardensfor his wife. |
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| Leader of the Persians after leading a rebellion against Medes. Ruled from 559 B.C.- 529 B.C. Treatedeverone fairly and gave money to the Hebrews so that they could rebuild their temple. |
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| Cyrus' son. Ruled from 522- 486 B.C. Expanded empire west and reorganized government |
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| Patriarch leader of the Hebrews |
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| Lead the Hebrew people out of Egypt in 1290 B.C. |
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| pictures or symbols to indicate words or sounds |
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| a form of government headed by a king or queen |
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| family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary |
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| believes in the existence of many gods. |
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| groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances |
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| economic system based on the use of money rather than on barter |
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| form of government that consisted of a town or city and the surrounding land is controlled |
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| Sumerian method of writing using a stylus to make combinations of wedge shapes. |
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| military units of soldiers on horses |
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| exchange of one commodity or service for another. |
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| Neolithic culture develops in Nile Valley |
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| Upper and Lower Egypt are unified |
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| Israel is divided into kingdoms of Israel and Judah |
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| Assyrians conquer mesoptoamia |
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| Lydians invent coined money. |
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| The Old Kingdom existed from 2650 to 2180 B.C. |
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| The Middle Kingdom existed from 2040 to1650 B.C. |
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| The New Kingdom existed from 1570 to 1100 B.C. |
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| The Sumerians had the Major city states Ur, Erech, and Kish |
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| The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians in 2330 B.C. |
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| source that helped civilizations farm easier and develop a writing plant called paprus |
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| Land between river, many important civilizations such as the summerians,babylonians,assyrians, and chaldean established here |
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| country, where people developed a remarkable culture. It is the capital of the pyramids. The biggest pyramids of the wolrd are located here. |
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| Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad. |
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| here neolithic people settled, grew crops, and over time created what we call sumerian culture. |
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| One of history’s grates thinkers and teachers, lived in Athens from 470 B.C. to 399 B.C. The son of a sculptor and a midwife. Served as an infantry soldier during the Peloponnesian Wars before becoming a teacher. Socrates criticized Athenian education, especially the teachings of the Sophists. Socrates did not rely on the teaching method of memorization. He wanted people to think for themselves. Believed that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” He taught by engaging his students in logical discussions. Wanted people to understand the real meaning for them of love, friendship, duty, patriotism, honor, justice, and other concepts. His enemies accused him of denying the existence of many Greek gods. The Athenian leaders brought him to trial on charges of impiety and for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth. Did very little to defend himself and refused to allow any compromise in his sentencing and ultimately forced to drink hemlock and accept his fate of death. |
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| a wealthy young aristocrat and the greatest of Socrates’ students. Traveled throughout the Mediterranean region. Wrote dialogues on education, justice, virtue, and religion. Plato’s ideal “aristocrats” were philosophers, chosen for their wisdom, ability, and “correct” ideas about justice. |
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| Examined the acts and beliefs of individuals to learn what brought them the greatest happiness. He concluded that the Greek ideal of style in the arts balance, order, and restrains also represented the ideal in terms of human behavior. His perfect government harmonized the best aspects of the three types and was a kind of limited democracy. His political writings reflected his study of Greek culture and his experiences in public life. |
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| Became king. As a youth he was a hostage to the Thebes for three years. Wanted to be a strong king and to control the unruly Macedonian nobles and people. Instead of depending on the nobles to supply troops for an army, Philip recruited the first regular paid army in Macedonian history. One of the elements of Philip’s army was the cavalry, infantry, and phalanx. . As Philip and his army relentlessly marched south, traitors betrayed some city-states. This supported Philip’s boast that with enough gold he could take any fortress. One by one, other city-states fell to Philip’s army. Used his army to conquer surrounding people. Was assassinated in 336 B.C. at his daughter’s wedding. |
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| Tried to make Athenians aware of the danger he believed Philip II of Macedonia posed. He bitterly attacked Philip in a series of speeches to the Assembly and tried to get Athens to lead the Greeks once more in a fight for liberty. Demosthenes did spur the Athenians for action. As so often happed in Greek history, however, the city-states failed to present a unified defense. |
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| Received his military training in the Macedonia. Born in Pella, capital of Macedonia. Aristotle tutors 14-yr old Alexander. Alexander commands cavalry under Philip II at Battle of Chaeronea at 18 years of age. Never lost a battle in 13 years and had conquered much of the world known to him. He purposely spread Greek culture as he and his army traveled. He established more than 70 cities, encouraged integration of the Macedonians and the Persians into one ruling group to run his empire more efficiently, and wanted his subjects to consider him to be a diving monarch, a god-king. His achievements influenced Western civilization for centuries as we know it. |
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| Best remembered for his development of the Pythagorean Theorem. Was a philosopher with great contribution to Greek philosophy which encompassed all categories of knowledge, including what we know today as mathematics and science. |
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| considered the founder of medicine, taught that all disease comes from natural causes, not as punishment from the gods. He believe that res, fresh air, and proper diet made the best cures. Had high ideals for physicians. Today medical doctors still take the Hippocratic oath. |
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| An enthusiastic writer and the first historian of the Western world, visited Babylonia, Phoenicia, and Egypt. He included his impressions of these countries and their people in his histories. A fascination writer and a wonderful storyteller, He exaggerated at times but always carefully distinguished between the things he had personally seen or investigated and those he had been told. He often expressed doubt about legends but reported them for whatever they might be worth. Historians still consult his writing for information about the world during his time, and he is often called the Father of History. |
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| Became famous for his History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides believed that studying the past yields an understanding of human nature, and the strove to make his account of history reflect this belief. To aid this understanding, he tried to make his history unbiased and accurate. |
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| wrote of old religious beliefs concerning the relationship between gods and people. His three most famous plays centered on the murder of Agamemnon, the king who led the Greeks against Troy, and the revenge that followed. |
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| Another writer of tragedies who defended traditional values, Aristotle called Sophocles’ most famous play Oedipus Res, a perfect example of tragedy. |
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| He questioned many old beliefs and ideas. Earlier writers often glorified war for its deeds of courage and heroism. In The Trojan Woman, Euripides showed the reality of war, exposing all its pain and misery |
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| The finest writer of comedies. In Clouds he poked fun at Socrates for Aristophanes also disliked war and used comedy to make Athenians think about its causes and consequences. In some of his plays, women controlled the peace during war. This amused the Athenians greatly because of their opinion that women had no interest in and no skill at politics. |
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| culture founded on Greek ideas and features from other cultures of the Mediterranean region |
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| literally “lover of wisdom” one who studies philosophy |
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| study of the most fundamental questions of reality and human existence |
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| play containing action or dialogue and usually involving conflict and emotion |
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| form of Greek drama that shows the major character struggling against fate |
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| excessive pride in one self or one’s accomplishments often seen in heroes in greek drama |
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| early greek plays that mocked ideas and people |
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| groups of soldiers trained and equipped to fight on foot |
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| military formation composed of rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder and equipped with long spears |
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| Greek city states form Delian league |
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| Alexander the Great rules and dies |
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| Alexander's Empire is divided |
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| Alexander the Great defeats the persians |
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| Phillip II of Macedonia became king |
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| Phillip II was assasinated |
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| The powerful empire led by Alexander the Great . It fell to Rome in 168 B.C. |
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| Capitol and largest city in Greece. Had a lot of art, drama, and culture to it. A lot of philosophers came from Athens. Athens was sparts Rival. |
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| Country in Northern Africa that contained a lot of Pyramids. Along with being the home of the pyramids, it was the home of statues as well.Ex: Sphinx. The Nile River flows through Egypt. |
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| County in Southwest Asia between the Mediteranean Sea and Iraq. It is one of the three Kingdoms that Alexander's empire, Macedonia, was broken into. |
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| Site of earliest civilization located in present day Pakista |
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| A city state in Greece. It was very militaristic and was Athens rival. |
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| Was incorporated by Sargon the Great into his Akkadian Empire in 1330 B.C. |
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| According to legend, Romulus founded the city of Rome |
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| Roman slave who died in battle during the revolt in 73 B.C. |
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| Military hero who allowed people without property to join the army |
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| Consul who carried out a reform program aimed at restoring senatorial power with success |
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| Part of the first Triumvirate, was defeated by Caesar at the battle of Pharsalus |
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| Lover of Marc Antony, put on the throne in Egypt by Caesar |
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| Part of the Second Triumvirate, reconquered Asia Minor from the armies of Brutus and Cassius |
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| Hated Roman ruler, believed to have started the fire of 64 A.D., built Domus Aureus |
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| Responsible for building fortifications along the northern frontier of Britania |
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| The last of the 5 good emporers who preferred studying stoic philosophy to fighting wars |
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| A Roman physician once considered as the greatest authority on medicine |
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| He was a mathematician, an astronomer, a geographer, and a poet |
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| First Christain Roman emporer who issued religious tolerance in Rome and turned Byzantium into Constantinople |
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| Son of Marcus Aurelius, first time a son succeeds his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian |
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| Member of the First Triumvirate, nephew of Marius, very popular emporer, was killed on the Ides of March (March 15) by Marcus Brutus |
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| "First Augustus", divided the Roman world alongside Marc Antony, and defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium |
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| Anti-Nero, not of royal blood |
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| 10 officials elected by the assemblies that could refuse to approve senate bills and the actions of public officials if tey thought they were contrary to public interest |
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| two officials elected for one year terms. They served as chief executives who ran the government and served as military commanders. |
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| these officials were elected to aid consuls. In times of war, these officials commanded armies, and in times of peace, they oversaw the legal system. |
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| these officials were elected every 5 years for terms of 18 months. They categorized citizens according to wealth, and could appoint candidates to the senate. They also oversaw moral conduct of the citizens |
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| This time of peace was called Pax Romana or "Roman Peace". This was the most peaceful time in Roman history. |
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| This was a new type of agricultural worker. They began to replace slaves on large estates. They rented small plots of land from the owner, had to stay on the land for a certain time period, and payed the owner with a percentage of their crops. |
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| These people were put to death because they would not renounce their beliefs. |
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| These people assumed power over the church. They were the succesors to Peter who was the first Pope of the church |
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| this was an ancient trade association. This group was forced to stay at their jobs and was told to perform certain tasks. |
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| Roman Republic was founded |
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| City in Northern Africa. Went to war and was destroyed by Rome in the Punic Wars |
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| Battle where Octavius defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Eventually led to the fall of the republic and establishment of the empire |
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| Place from which Jesus came from, the Jewish prophet who started Christianity. |
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| Powerful city established under the rule of Constantine over the Greek capital of Byzantine. |
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