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| An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on the education and classics |
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| Artist who made sketches of nature, learned about the human body |
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| Discovered theory of why planets move, gravity (By the apple falling from the tree) |
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| Wrote a book for rulers on how to gain and maintain power |
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| The northern Renaissance began in the city of “Flanders”… The Renaissance later spread from Flanders to France Belgium and north Netherlands |
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| Discovered that the universe was centered around the sun |
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| city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance |
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| A subgroup of a major religious group |
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| Government run by religious leaders |
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| Started protestant sect called the Calvinists: Calvinists believed in simplicity. |
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| German Monk and professor in theology |
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| Prevention against change |
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| Pardon from sins committed during a person’s lifetime paid in money to the Catholic church |
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| A group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church |
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| Allowed German princes to decide on their own religion for their city state |
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| Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbit times of planets |
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| Henry VII, Anglican Church |
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| New church of England around the 1540s |
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| Careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and prove or disprove a hypothesis |
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Inherited the crowns of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands)
- When Charles V abdicated he gave central europe, Hapsburg lands to his brother Ferdinand (Holy Roman Empire) and Spain, and Netherlands to his son, Phillip II |
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Inherited Spain, Spain’s American colonies, and Netherlands
He mainly expanded Spanish influence and strengthened the Catholic church |
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| Members of the Protestant reformed church of France. Called French protestants or Calvinists |
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| Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms |
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| lasted around 50 years, triggered the greatest political revolution in English history |
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| Thought that poor men should have as much say in government as anyone else |
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| The forces of Parliament, their leader was Oliver Cromwell |
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| Results of the Glorious Revolution |
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| Limited monarchy and an English Bill of Rights |
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| Series of peace treaties that ended the 30 years war. |
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| Charles VI’s daughter who took the throne in the early 1700s |
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| Pushed for reforms that Theresa would not. He went in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems |
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| Expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the Baltic Sea, created a mighty army, ended Russia’s long period of isolation, but he reforms were quickly ignored. |
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| New leader that took control of Russia after Peter. |
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| French absolute monarch who ruled in the late 1500s |
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| Official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
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| Louis's brilliant finance minister imposed new ideas on how to improve the economy |
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| Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver |
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| Member of an English Protestant group who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by making it more simple and more morally strict |
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| People who supported the Society of Jesus; They supported disciplined, rigorous religious training, and obedience to the Church. |
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| A series of wars that began in Bohemia. Wars caused massive loss of life. In the end combatants accepted a series of treaties know as the Peace of Westphalia. |
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| Prussian ruler who came to power upon the death of his father in 1713. He gained power of the nobles to increase his own power |
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| A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.Ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were blended into a worldview that inspired revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. |
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| Rules of conduct discoverable by reason. |
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| A well-known British critic. Argued and Fought for Women's Rights. |
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| Absolute Ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change. |
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| Born in April 1588, in England, Died in Dec. 1679. An English philosopher who wrote Leviathan. |
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| An Early and Influential thinker. Studied government of Europe, from Italy to England. Published Spirit of Laws. He Believed in Seperation of Powers. |
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| Published The Social Contract. He believed that people in their natural state were basically good. But European monarchs were angry at him and didn't like him. |
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| The most famous of the Philosophes. Born in 1694, in Paris. Died in 1778. Best known as a Witty playwright and author of Candide. |
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| Arguments against natural rights |
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| Since people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress each other. Life with natural laws would be bad because everyone would be out of control. |
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| Was France's King at the time of the time of their 1789 revolution. He was a monarch who was executed during the 1789 French Revolution. He inherited a looming financial crisis. Because of the 1789 Revolution, Louis XVI and his family was removed from their palace at Versailles and taken closer to Paris. In 1791 they were caught trying to flee Paris. Later they were held under house arrest and then Louis XVI was executed. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| A document that was issued by the National Assembly in 1789 after having overthrown the the established government in the early stage in the French Revolution. The basic principles of the French Declaration were Freedom and Equality of all male citizens before the law. |
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| A governing assembly of the French Revolution in 1792. It sought to provide new constitution for France. National Convention fought against the monarchy and then made new and more fair constitutions. |
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| Famous oath made on a hand ball court by members of the Third Estates in France. |
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| Legislative Body made up of representatives of the three estates in prerevolutionary France. |
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| First Class, Who were the highest and the wealthiest. The Middle Class, who had professional jobs and Senior executives of companies. The Lower Class, who works in food-service jobs or work in retail, usually the poorest class, most unemployed. |
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| Time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolutions and many were executed. |
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| Jacobins, member of a radical political club during the French Revolution. Girondins, a group of deputies in the assembly and Legislative Convention , many of them from the Gironde area around Bordeaux, established during the French Revolution. |
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| Assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together, met from September 1814 to June 1815. |
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| Known as a French Revolutionary leader during the Reign of Terror. On July 1794, he was arrested and trialed. Then he was executed. |
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| A finantial expert of Louis XVI and an advisor. He urged Louis XVI to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade. He proposed Louis XVI to give taxes to First and Second class. Later the First and Second class made King Louis XVI to dismiss Jacques Necker. |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| 12 member committee that had almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution. The Committee prepared France for all-out war. They issued a tax that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort. The Committee was in charge of all trials and executions. |
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| British economist and democrapher. Born into a prosperous family, he studied at the University of Cambridge and was elected a fellow of Jesus College in 1793. In 1798 he published an Essay on The Principles of Population, in which he argued that population would one day outrun food supply. |
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| Born in 1818 in Prussia (Germany). Died in 1883. He was the "Founder of Communism". He published The Communist Manifesto in 1848. He was known as one of the founders of economic history and sociology. |
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| Born in Feburary 1748 in London, England. Died in June 1832. He was known as "Father of Utilitarianism". He was the author of The Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislature. |
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| Born in May 1772 in Newton. Died in November 1858. He was known as the campaigner against the abuses of the industrial revolution. He was a Utopian Socialist. He is described as "Father of British Socialism". |
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| Born in April 1772 in London, England. Died in September 1823. He was a British Economist. He created the work of The principles of political Economy and Taxation. He was a founder of Political Economy. |
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| System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses. |
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| Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. |
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| Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole. |
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| Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. |
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| A system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. |
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| Movement of people from rural areas to cities. |
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| Made improvements to Thomas Newcomen's steam engine, perfecting it, making it more efficient |
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| A business orginazation in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. |
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| Private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll, or free, to travelers who used it. |
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| Multistory building divided into crowded apartments. |
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Allowed the making of the Steam Locomotive which made the growth of railroads possible... Also as the industrial revolution got under way, it triggered a chain of reactions:
~New machines > more goods > Lower prices on goods > More people could buy the goods > demand for the goods went up > wave of economic and social changes |
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| When big time farmers enclosed the land that they spread out to lots of different farmers to make one big farm that allowed farmers to produce more crops easier. |
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| Short and long term impact of IR |
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Short term impact of IR
-Great riches to most of the entrepreneurs
-Money for the workers who flooded the new factory jobs
-Harsh living conditions for workers
-Poverty
-People moved to cities instead of farms
-New social class, the Industrial Middle class
Long term impact of IR
-Set the economy in motion for the better
-Wages rose so workers could buy extra things like family trips
-Railroad travel cost lowered so people could visit family with extra money
-Horizons widened and opportunities increased |
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| Agreement that supported political and social order that has existed before Napoleon and the French Revolution |
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| A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
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| In February 1848 when government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings against the French government |
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| In June 1848 when upper and middle class won control of the government despite the resistance that the government set fourth |
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| King chosen by the moderate liberals to rule France by a constitutional monarchy; He was a cousin of Charles X. Also, in Louis's youth he fought in the revolution. |
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| Inherited the throne from his older brother Louis XVIII; He was a strong believer in absolutism... In 1830 he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press... Cousin of Louis Philippe |
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| A young creole who traveled in Europe and were inspired by the ideals of liberty equality and fraternity. |
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| Creole priest in Mexico who supported freedom |
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| Self educated former slave who was a brilliant general and inspiring commander. He lead an army of former slaves who fought armies send by France, Spain, and Britain. In 1798 rebels had achieved abolition of slavery |
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| Polish Revolution of 1830 |
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| Nationalists in Poland lead revolts, but later failed to gain independence. |
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| Highest social class in Latin America, only people who could hold top jobs in government and the Church |
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| European-descended Latin Americans who owned the ranches and mines. Did not like that they were "second class" |
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| People of Native American and European descent |
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| People of African and European descent |
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| Economic union created by Prussia that stopped tariff barriers between many German states. |
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| Realistic politics based on the needs of the state; power is more important than principles. |
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| He became chancellor, or the highest official of a monarch of Prussia; he united the German states under Prussian rule. |
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| Obstacles to Italian unification |
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| Frequent warfare and foreign rule. The different states wanted nothing of eachother. |
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| Battle for civilization. The goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above the Church. |
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| Army of 1,000 volunteers who wanted to take control of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. |
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| Became prime minister in 1852. He was a good politician. Believed in Realpolitik. |
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| Longtime nationalist and ally of Mazzini who recruited a force of 1,00 red-shirted volunteers. |
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| Nationalist who founded Young Italy. Helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French forces soon toppled it. Mazzini spent most of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a unified Italy. |
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| Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its hight included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. |
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| Austria and Hungary dual monarchy |
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Political power of Austria and Hungary. The two countries were separate states, each had its own constitution, and parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.
-The two states also shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas. |
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