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| they were the most influential people in the Tigris-Euphrates region. By about 3500 B.C.E., the Sumerians had developed the first known case of human writing. They also were characterized by the development of astronomical sciences, intense religious beliefs, and tightly organized city-states. |
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| parallel courses through the heart of the Middle East. The lower portion of the region that they define, known as Mesopotamia (Greek: “Land Between the Rivers”), was one of the cradles of civilization. |
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| a large area of land in the middle east that is shaped like a crescent. It runs from the Persian Gulf , along the Tigres-Euphrates River , over to the Mediterranean Sea and down to the Nile River |
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| this is an independly governed region that is centered around a single powered city. The civilization of the Sumner was governed by many independent city-states |
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| Large temples usually located at the center of the Mesopotamian City. Ziggurats looked like Pyramids with a flat top |
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| a government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. In many theocracies, government leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law. Theocratic rule was typical of early civilizations. |
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| best known for his code of laws which is one of the earliest sets of the written law in the recorded history. Succeeded in extending Babylon's control of Mesopotamia through military campaigns.18th century b.c |
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| a large number of states or regions that are ruled by a single leader called the emperor or empress |
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| is the belief in and worship of many gods |
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| is a written language of wedge shaped symbols developed by the Sumerians in 5000. Before cuneiform, Sumerians used pictographs. |
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| is approximately 4,100 miles long and was historically thought to be the longest river in the world. |
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| (meaning "sacred writing") was coined by the ancient Greeks, who knew that the Egyptians sometimes called their writing "divine script". The 500 or so hieroglyphic signs that were in common use can be grouped into three classes: logograms, phonograms, and determinatives. |
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| a title of an ancient Egyptian king. (lowercase) any person who uses power or authority to oppress others; tyrant. |
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| a tall, aquatic plant, Cyperus papyrus, of the sedge family, native to the Nile valley: the Egyptian subspecies, C. papyrus hadidii, thought to be common in ancient times, now occurs only in several sites. |
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| A group of huge monuments in the Egyptian desert, built as burial vaults for the pharaohs and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramids have square bases and four triangular faces. Pyramid building began in Egypt (see also Egypt) about 2700 b.c. and required vast amounts of slave labor. |
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| A sedimentary material consisting of grains or particles of disintegrated rock, smaller than sand and larger than clay |
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| is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. Alternative terms for "dynasty" may include "house", "family" and "clan", among others |
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