Term
| what are fine motor movements |
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Definition
| movements produced by smaller muscle groups, often referring to hand movements |
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Term
| what are the 2 functions of the hands |
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Definition
| sensory/perceptual tool; motor/executive tool |
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Term
| touch - what is it and what does it do |
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Definition
| the sensation that defines the limits of the body and provides information about places and objects in our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory information with meaning attached to it |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to use touch alone to identify objects |
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Term
| what is it called when you feel and find something in your purse without having to look at it |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to use our hands and upper limbs effectively |
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Term
| is prehension a strong determinant of functional independence? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does prehension include |
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Definition
| visual regard, reach and grip formation, grasp, manipulation, release |
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Term
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Definition
| visual attention held on an object |
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Term
| what is reach and grip formation |
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Definition
| directing and grading arm position and preshaping hand to match object |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of closing and stabilizing the hand on an object |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of an object while it is being held |
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Term
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Definition
| manner in which an object leaves the hand |
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Term
| what 2 types of postural control are used for prehension |
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Definition
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Term
| what is proactive postural control |
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Definition
| contracting muscles and making anticipatory postural adjustments to prepare the body for movement |
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Term
| what is reactive postural control |
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Definition
| muscles responses to perturbations |
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Term
| why is postural control important for visual exploration and functional reachign |
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Definition
| prevents undesired movement, allows for adjustment of COG as upper limb moves through space, provides stability for completion of a task |
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Term
| give an example of how visual perception plays an important role in reach, grasp, and manipulation |
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Definition
| visual perception is needed for depth perception and for figure ground |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to pick out an object from everything else that's surrounding it. |
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Term
| what is visual motor control |
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Definition
| ability to use visual information for precise guidance of movement |
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Term
| does peripheral vision aid in reaching or in grasp and manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
| does central vision aid more in reaching or in grasp and manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
| when visual input is not available, what else can be relied on |
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Definition
| proprioceptive and tactile cues or visual memory |
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Term
| what part of the upper extremity is involved in reach and grip formation |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the shoulder's function in reach and grip formation |
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Definition
| moves hand in space over a wide area |
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Term
| what is the elbow's function in reach and grip formation |
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Definition
| places hand closer to or further from body |
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Term
| what is the wrist and forearm function in reach and grip formation |
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Definition
| position hand before grasp or initiation of weightbearing |
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Term
| what is the finger and thum function in reach and grip formation |
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Definition
| adjust position to accommodate the perceived spatial properties of the object |
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Term
| what determines the way you approach/grip an object that you want to pick up |
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Definition
| the size and shape of the object |
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Term
| what does grasp pattern depend on |
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Definition
| location, size, shape of object |
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Term
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Definition
| forcible movements of thumb and fingers that act against the palm to transmit a force to an object |
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Term
| 3 examples of power grasps |
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Definition
| cylindrical, spherical, hook grip |
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Term
| describe precision and pinch grasps |
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Definition
| forces are directed between the thumb and fingers, not against the palm |
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Term
| what are some examples of precision/pinch grasps |
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Definition
| pad to pad prehension, tip to tip prehension, pad to side prehension |
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Term
| what type of muscular contractions does sustained grasp require |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any form of grasp in which the object does not move within the hand, although proximal joint movement may occur |
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Term
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Definition
| object manipulation within the hand |
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Term
| is holding a key using a lateral pinch static or dynamic? |
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Definition
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Term
| is rolling a needle between fingers to locate the eye of the needle static or dynamic? |
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Definition
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Term
| what allows us to grade the force used during grasp |
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Definition
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Term
| at what wrist position are manipulative tasks best performed |
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Definition
| 20-30 deg extension, 10 deg ulnar deviatino. |
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Term
| why is 20-30 deg wrist extension and 10 deg ulnar deviation the best position for manipulative tasks |
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Definition
| finger flexors are at useful length-tension range; thumb moves into a plane of opposition in relation to the fingers. |
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Term
| what determines whether you sustain your grip/pinch? |
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Definition
| somatosensory receptors, experience for the development of internal representations, anticipatory control or planning |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of in-hand manipulation |
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Definition
| shift, rotation, translation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of an object on the finger pads or a mong the fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of an object around its axis using the fingers |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of an object from fingers to palm of from palm to fingers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is graded and cntrolled release |
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Definition
| intentional, controlled release |
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Term
| what is symmetrical bimanual coordination |
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Definition
| tasks in which there is a strong coupling between limbs, such as catching a ball |
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Term
| what is asymmetrical bimanual coordination |
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Definition
| tasks in which one hand stablizes an object while the other manipulates the object |
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Term
| what is an example of asymmetrical bimanual coordination |
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Definition
| one hand stabilizes paper while the other hand writes on it |
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Term
| at what gestational age do limb buds apper |
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Definition
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Term
| by what gestational age are upper limbs in appropriate position with defined fingers |
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Definition
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Term
| are upper limbs fully developed at bifth |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe prenatal upper extremity movements |
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Definition
| varied but not random; movements are targeted precursors to future movements, such as bringing hand to mouth |
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Term
| what strongly influences the development of upper limb and hand movements in infancy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe reaching at 4 months |
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Definition
| visually guided and anticipatory |
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Term
| what influences the delopment of reaching along with visual regard |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age are adult-like reaching patterns displayed |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the progression of anticipatory grip formation |
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Definition
| develops in infancy but does not become adultlike until childhood |
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Term
| describe the progression of grasp and manipulation |
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Definition
| voluntary grasp develops in the first 6 months as hand reflexes integrate. |
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Term
| when does thumb function in grasp and manipulation begin to initiate |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when do grasp patterns become more adult like |
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Definition
|
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Term
| for the next questions, list the age of the described stage of object manipulation in infancy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| translation of grasped objects |
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Definition
|
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Term
| vibrations/shaking of held objects |
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Definition
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Term
| bilateral hold of 2 objects |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 handed hold of a single object |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hand to hand transfer of an object |
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Definition
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Term
| coordinated action with object in which one hand holds and other manipulates |
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Definition
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Term
| coordinated action with 2 objects |
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Definition
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Term
| deformation of objects (ripping, tearing, shredding) |
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Definition
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Term
| instrumental sequential actions |
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Definition
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Term
| when does the ability for voluntary release progress |
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Definition
| as voluntary control of wrist, finger, and thumb extensors develop |
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|
Term
| when does voluntary release emerge |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when does graded/controlled release emerge |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe initial bimanual coordination |
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Definition
| initial lack of dissociation of one hand from the other |
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Term
| at what age is hand dissociation refined |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when is significant complexity of bimanual coordination reached |
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Definition
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Term
| describe prehensile skills and eye-hand coordination skills in preschool child |
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Definition
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Term
| describe reach and grip formation in preschool child |
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Definition
| adult like but continue to be refined through late childhood |
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Term
| describe grasp and manipulatoin in a preschool child |
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Definition
| utilized frequently. Use variety of grasps and manipulations |
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Term
| by what age is hand preference for prehension well established |
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Definition
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Term
| how does pencil grip change from 1- 4+ years |
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Definition
| palmar with supination, controlled by shoulder movement => digital grasp with pronated wrist, controlled by shoulder movement => static tripod, controlled by shoulder movement => dynamic tripod, moved by wrist and stabilized by upper arm |
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Term
| list some additional fine motor skills achieved by 5 years |
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Definition
| pours drink from pitcher; places pegs in small holes; strings small beads; manages buttons/zippers/snaps; puts key in lock and turns; dresses self; draws and copies shapes |
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Term
| by what age is hand dominance with consistent use of one hand over the other established |
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Definition
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Term
| by what age do children demonstrate mastery of pencil grip and handwriting |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| little force absorption, trap against chest, successful catching depends on skill of thrower, may turn away face and close eyes |
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Term
| describe proficient catching |
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Definition
| absorb forces, catch with hands, body moves to accommodate ball's location, appropriate hand orientation |
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Term
| what things influence catching |
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Definition
| task and environmental constraints: ball size, ball shape, location and speed of throw |
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Term
| does catching require anticipatoin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| for how long is prehension function maintained |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what affects prehension skills in adults |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does prehension change in adulthood |
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Definition
| hand strength declines, performance time increases, manual performance declines |
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|
Term
| what do prehension changes in older adulthood reflect |
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Definition
| adaptations to changes in visual, nervous, somatosensory, and musculoskeletal systems |
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Term
| what causes hemiparetic cerebral palso |
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Definition
| neurological insult before, during, or after birth that results in sensory and motor impairment on one side of the body |
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|
Term
| is the upper or lower extremity more often involved in hemiparetic cp |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what does the unaffected side do in hemiparetic cp |
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Definition
| compensates for affected side |
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Term
| what is a common cause of brachial plexus injuries in children |
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Definition
| compression or traction injury from difficult childbirth |
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Term
| what part of the brachial plexus is damaged in erb's palsy |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the brachial plexus is damaged in klumpke's palsy |
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Definition
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Term
| what symtoms are associated with brachial plexus injuries |
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Definition
| motor and sensory impairmnent on involved side |
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Term
| what determines severity of effects of brachial plexus injury? |
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Definition
| extent of damage to the nerves |
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|
Term
| what is the initial treatment of brachial plexus injury |
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Definition
| immobilization for 7-10 days, followed by specific ROM, precauations, and positioning |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| disruption of blood flow to the brain with resultant brain tissue damage |
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|
Term
| what is an ischemic stroke |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a hemorrhagic stroke |
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Definition
| leakage or bursting of a blood vessel |
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|
Term
| what is a transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
| temporary disruption of bloodflow to the brain |
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|
Term
| what does treatment of stroke involve |
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Definition
| focus of return of upper extremity function; protection and support of paretic upper extremity; CIMT, ADL training |
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