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Finals Review VET 1250
All quizzes and pop-quizzes.
89
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2010

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Cards

Term
The thoracic cavity contains what two major organs?
Definition
The heart and lungs.
Term
Name the attachments between each cardiac cell that allow them to transmit an impulse from one cell to another.
Definition
Intercalated discs.
Term
What is also known as the "pacemaker of the heart"?
Definition
The sinoatrial (SA) node.
Term
What vessel normally carries oxygen-rich blood?
Definition
Aorta
Term
The outer layer that forms a fibrous sac around the heart is called:
Definition
Pericardium
Term
The pulmonary circulation is under:
Definition
High pressure
Term
Which vein lies along the lateral aspect of the hind limb just above the hock?
Definition
Saphenous
Term
Diastole is:
Definition
Relaxation of the atria and ventricles.
Term
The heart lies in the ____________, the space between the two pleural cavities.
Definition
mediastinum
Term
The pathway of electrical conduction in the heart starts at the ___________, moves down to the AV node then to the ___________ and then to the Purkinje Fibers.
Definition
SA node, bundle of His
Term
Describe the path of blood flow once blood enters the heart via the cranial vena cava.
Definition
Vena Cava --> r. atrium --> tricuspid valve --> r. ventricle --> pulmonic valve --> pulmonary artery --> pulmonary capillaries --> pulmonary vein --> l. atrium --> mitral valve --> l. ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta
Term
Explain what is occuring during the QRS wave.
Definition
The atria repolarize and the ventricles depolarize.
Term
Explain what is occuring during the T wave.
Definition
The ventricles repolarize.
Term
This specie has the largest erythrocyte:
Definition
Canine
Term
You may see these immature granulocytes in circulation (horseshoe shaped nuclei):
Definition
Band neutrophil
Term
Rarely seen in horses, have purple to blue granules in their cytoplasm:
Definition
Basophil
Term
Small, anucleated, and can be found on the feathered edge in clumps:
Definition
Thrombocytes
Term
Red blood cell production is stimulated by hypoxia which targets what organ to release erythropoietin?
Definition
Kidney
Term
Typically what percentage of an animal's body weight is blood?
Definition
8%
Term
The function of the erythrocyte is to:
Definition
carry oxygen to tissue.
Term
What blood protein plays a role in hemostasis?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
An antigen may be destroyed in the body before the animal even shows clinical signs of sickness, because of this immunoglobulin:
Definition
IgM
Term
Lymph fluid contains:
Definition
Protein, hormones and lymphocytes.
Term
The largest leukocyte whose major function is phagocytosis:
Definition
Monocyte
Term
The leukocyte involved in antibody production and cellular immunity:
Definition
Lymphocyte
Term
This leukocyte has distinct pink/red staining granules:
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
What does oxygen attach to in the erythrocytes?
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
The main function of this cell is to maintain hemostasis and keep the integrity of the vessel walls:
Definition
Thrombocytes
Term
The largest lymphoid organ in the body:
Definition
Spleen
Term
This hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate erythropoiesis:
Definition
Erythropoietin
Term
Name the two types of Specific Immunity.
Definition
Humoral and cell-mediated.
Term
This structure is also known as the voice box.
Definition
Larynx
Term
If the pH level in the blood has decreased, carbon dioxide level in the blood is __________ and respiration should ___________.
Definition
high, increase
Term
Gas exchange occurs at the level of the:
Definition
alveoli.
Term
List some elements that regulate breathing.
Definition
Medulla oblongata, stretch receptors, pH.
Term
The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath.
Definition
Tidal volume.
Term
What muscles contract during inhalation?
Definition
External intercostals and the diaphragm.
Term
What are the two sinuses a dog and cat have?
Definition
Frontal and maxillary sinuses.
Term
What equine disease is commonly known as "roaring"?
Definition
Laryngeal Hemiplegia.
Term
Name the functions of the respiratory system.
Definition
Exchange O2 and CO2, voice production, body temperature regulation, acid-base regulation, and sense of smell.
Term
The sudden change in membrane potential that occurs with activity is called:
Definition
Action potential
Term
The part of the neuron that receives stimuli.
Definition
Dendrite
Term
T or F
A myelinated axon conducts a nerve impulse faster.
Definition
T
Term
Cranial nerve X is also known as:
Definition
vagus nerve.
Term
This part of the brain governs intelligence and learning.
Definition
Cerebrum.
Term
An imbalance of what minerals can affect nerve function?
Definition
Sodium and potassium.
Term
This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
Definition
Meninges.
Term
Cells that support neurons structurally and functionally, found in the central nervous system are called:
Definition
Oligodendrocytes.
Term
The part of the nervous system that controls conscious or voluntary movement functions.
Definition
Somatic nervous system.
Term
T or F
Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System.
Definition
F
Term
T or F
On a non-myelinated axon depolarization takes place at the Nodes of Ranvier.
Definition
F
Term
T or F
Neurotransmitters are hormones that get released into the synaptic cleft.
Definition
F
Term
T or F
The ventral horn of the spinal cord is where sensory nerve impulses enter.
Definition
F
Term
Name the common reflexes often assesed in practice.
Definition
Pupillary light reflex (PLR) and the palpebral reflex.
Term
If ADH is absent urine volume _________.
Definition
increases
Term
The majority of filtration occurs where in the kidney?
Definition
Glomerulus
Term
The urinary tract is lined with this type of cell.
Definition
Transitional epithelial cells.
Term
Which hormone causes reabsorption of sodium in the convoluted tubules?
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
Once fluid leaves the renal corpuscle and enters the PCT it becomes what type of fluid?
Definition
Tubular filtrate
Term
The basic functional unit of the kidney.
Definition
Nephron.
Term
Which kidney is more cranial?
Definition
Right.
Term
Name the three mechanisms by which the kidneys carry out waste elimination.
Definition
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Term
Ruminants gain much of their energy from a product produced by microbes during fermentation. What is the product?
Definition
Volatile fatty acids.
Term
Bile acids are important in the digestion of:
Definition
Lipids.
Term
Dental formula for an adult canine.
Definition
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
Term
What cell is responsible for the production and secretion of hydrochloric acid?
Definition
Parietal cells.
Term
Where are the following proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) produced?
Definition
Pancreas
Term
The wave of contractions that moves food down the GI tract.
Definition
Peristalsis.
Term
The three sections of the small intestine from cranial to caudal:
Definition
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Term
What abdominal organ is absent in the horse and rat?
Definition
Gall bladder
Term
Name the functions of the liver.
Definition
Produces bile, metabolizes drugs and toxins, Produces proteins, stores glucose, metabolizes fat into energy, and stores vitamins.
Term
The neurohypophysis is also known as the:
Definition
Posterior pituitary.
Term
Which gland has both exocrine and endocrine functions:
Definition
Pancreas
Term
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce the hormone ________.
Definition
Insulin
Term
This hormone is also known as somatotrophin.
Definition
Growth hormone.
Term
Hypoadrenocorticism is commonly referred to as:
Definition
Addison's disease.
Term
The gland that is known as the master endocrine gland.
Definition
The pituitary gland.
Term
What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?
Definition
ADH and oxytocin.
Term
An offspring is genetically male if an _____ spermatozoon fertilizes the ovum.
Definition
Y-bearing
Term
Where does fertilization usually take place?
Definition
Oviduct
Term
What term refers to animals that cycle continuously throughout the year?
Definition
Polyestrous.
Term
Testosterone is produced by _________________ in the male.
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
During an ovariohysterectomy, which ligaments are divided or cut to allow removal of the reproductive tract?
Definition
Suspensory ligament, round ligament, and the broad ligament.
Term
Spermatogenesis takes place in the ___________.
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
Identify the accesory reproductive glands of the stallion.
Definition
The prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles.
Term
Identify the accessory reproductive glands of the canine.
Definition
The prostate gland.
Term
Name the three layers of the uterus.
Definition
Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
Term
Name the five stages of estrous.
Definition
Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and anestrus.
Term
Describe what occurs to the ovary and hormone levels when an animal becomes pregnant.
Definition
The corpus luteum produces progesterone to help maintain pregnancy.
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