Term
| What is gynandromorphism? Does it occur in birds? |
|
Definition
-half one sex and half the other
-yes |
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Term
| What is the typical sex ratio in an avian population? Explain? |
|
Definition
-50:50
-old females often become masculanized and can change from female to male to even out the population |
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Term
| Are female or male avians heterozygous? What about homozygous? |
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Definition
-females are heterozygous
-males are homozygous |
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Term
| What is the function of FSH in the bird? Where does it come from? |
|
Definition
-regulates follicle growth in females and spermatogenesis in males
-from pituitary |
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Term
| What is the function of LH in the bird? Where does it come from? |
|
Definition
-regulates testosterone and estrogen levels
-from the pituitary |
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Term
| What is the function of testosterone and estrogen in the bird? |
|
Definition
| -regulates repro behavior and the development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| Describe the avian kidney. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the avian testes by location and appearance? |
|
Definition
-at cranial pole of kidneys
-cream colored and inc 400-500 times their size during the breeding season |
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|
Term
| How do male birds produce viable sperm considering their very high body temp? |
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Definition
| -go through spermatogenesis at night and it is stored in cloaca |
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Term
| Fertilization is a hit or miss in birds. How do they compensate? |
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Definition
| -bery high frequency of copulation and testes inc drastically in size |
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Term
| Is delayed fertilization common or rare in birds? Explain. |
|
Definition
-very common, espectialy in fowl
-sperm can remain viable for weeks (1-2w common) |
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|
Term
| What does the avian ovary look like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do most female birds retain the left or right ovary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells deposit the yolk in bird eggs? When does this occur? |
|
Definition
-cells lining the follicle
-yolk deposition begins 8-16 days before laying |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the pattern of yolk deposition. Describe its composition. |
|
Definition
-concentric spheres
-high in proteins and lipids |
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Term
| What are the two types of yolk? When are each deposited? |
|
Definition
-yellow: deposited during the day
-white: deposited during the night |
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Term
| Which portions of the female avian urogenital system are made of smooth muscle? What about skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| -all portions of the female urogenital system are smooth muscle except the vagina |
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Term
| How frequently do peristaltic contractions occur in chickens? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does passage of an egg take in a chicken? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the infundibulum of the female urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
-fertilization
-lays down yolk membrane |
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|
Term
| What happens in the magnum of the female urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
-chalaza are formed
-albumin is secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -suspend the yok within the albumin |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of albumin? |
|
Definition
-watery and dense
-it is elastic and absorbs shock |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the isthmus of the female avian urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
-inner and outer shell membranes formed
-outer membrane lnes inside of shell |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the uterus of the female bird? |
|
Definition
| -large amounts of water is added (plumping) and hard shell is laid down |
|
|
Term
| What mainly composes the hard shell in chicken eggs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the avian vagina? |
|
Definition
| -voluntary action expels the egg |
|
|
Term
| During when are most eggs laid? |
|
Definition
-in the morning
-one to two day intervals |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of egg binding? |
|
Definition
-obstructions
-necrotic eggs
-senility
-infections
-obesity
-all seed low calcium diets |
|
|
Term
| What is our major concern for egg bound birds? |
|
Definition
| -do not break the egg! yolk is very fertile media for bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
| How does energy intake change in female birds at laying? Why does this change occur? |
|
Definition
-increase daily energy intake by 16-30%
-E inc for yolk production and Ca demand inc |
|
|
Term
| Why do female birds at laying dec non-foraging activities? |
|
Definition
-they become sedentart
-preening inc
-vitamin D production increases |
|
|
Term
| There are three times in a bird's life when they need a lot of calcium. What are they? |
|
Definition
-during egg laying
-while growing
-when egg binding is a problem |
|
|
Term
| What can we feed laying hens for calcium? |
|
Definition
| -oyster shells or liquid calcium in water |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of laying systems in birds? |
|
Definition
| -indeterminate and determinate |
|
|
Term
| In which situation do we utilize an indeterminate laying system in hens? |
|
Definition
| -for propogating endagered species |
|
|
Term
| What is indeterminate laying in birds? |
|
Definition
| -indeterminate layers strive to keep a full clutch and if eggs are removed early enough in the cycle, the eggs will be replaced |
|
|
Term
| What is determinate laying in birds? |
|
Definition
| -lay only a fixed number of eggs per season |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates incubating behavior and brood patch formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What difference does it make whether incubation starts with the first egg laid or when the clutch is complete? |
|
Definition
-if incubation starts with the first egg laid will result in range of sized babies
-occurs with owls, raptors, and some passerines |
|
|
Term
| What are brood/incubation patches? |
|
Definition
-loss of feathers for birds that have no mid-ventral apteria
-callus formation |
|
|
Term
| Why does a callus form on brood hens? |
|
Definition
| -egg shells are rough so callus keeps the female's skin from being abraded |
|
|
Term
| In addition to callus formation, what other changes occur to the mid-ventrum of brooding hens? |
|
Definition
-inc vascularization at patch location
-swelling and infiltration with lymphocytes
-inc cellular water at patch location |
|
|
Term
| Anseriformes do not develop a brood patch. What do they do to compensate? |
|
Definition
| -the pluck their own feathers and line their nest them |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of incubation temps for brooding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is egg candling an essectial skill for aviculturists? |
|
Definition
-to see if eggs are fertile
-to sort out dead embryos, cracks, addled eggs, etc |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of egg turning in the first half of the incubation process? |
|
Definition
-prevents premature adhesion of the membranes
-helps develop proper vascularization on the inner surface of the shell
-optimizes the fluid dynamics of the albumin so the chick can absorb it properly
-eggs are moved from periphary to center for temp regulation |
|
|
Term
| Why do birds excrete insoluble uric acid crystals? |
|
Definition
| -because they are trapped and they would be toxic to babies |
|
|
Term
| When do the egg membranes fuse during egg development? |
|
Definition
-about half way through incubation
-turning also ceases |
|
|
Term
| When does a chick breathe air for the first time? |
|
Definition
| -chick uses its egg tooth to puncture the membrane and breathe the air cell in the egg |
|
|
Term
| What activates the hatching muscle in the chick? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| During hatching, the chick uses the powerful contractions of the hatching muscle and its egg tooth to pip and puncture the shell. What happens if the pip is down? |
|
Definition
| -the chick emits a distress call and the parent will rotate the egg to ensure the pip hole is up |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the yolk just prior to hatching? |
|
Definition
| -it is retracted into the thoracoabdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Why is proper humidity important to hatching? |
|
Definition
| -prevents the chick from sticking to the shell |
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