Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Final
Repro Lectures 7-8
55
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/14/2016

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is gynandromorphism? Does it occur in birds?
Definition
-half one sex and half the other
-yes
Term
What is the typical sex ratio in an avian population? Explain?
Definition
-50:50
-old females often become masculanized and can change from female to male to even out the population
Term
Are female or male avians heterozygous? What about homozygous?
Definition
-females are heterozygous
-males are homozygous
Term
What is the function of FSH in the bird? Where does it come from?
Definition
-regulates follicle growth in females and spermatogenesis in males
-from pituitary
Term
What is the function of LH in the bird? Where does it come from?
Definition
-regulates testosterone and estrogen levels
-from the pituitary
Term
What is the function of testosterone and estrogen in the bird?
Definition
-regulates repro behavior and the development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
Describe the avian kidney.
Definition
-typically trilobated
Term
Describe the avian testes by location and appearance?
Definition
-at cranial pole of kidneys
-cream colored and inc 400-500 times their size during the breeding season
Term
How do male birds produce viable sperm considering their very high body temp?
Definition
-go through spermatogenesis at night and it is stored in cloaca
Term
Fertilization is a hit or miss in birds. How do they compensate?
Definition
-bery high frequency of copulation and testes inc drastically in size
Term
Is delayed fertilization common or rare in birds? Explain.
Definition
-very common, espectialy in fowl
-sperm can remain viable for weeks (1-2w common)
Term
What does the avian ovary look like?
Definition
-bunch of grapes
Term
Do most female birds retain the left or right ovary?
Definition
-left
Term
Which cells deposit the yolk in bird eggs? When does this occur?
Definition
-cells lining the follicle
-yolk deposition begins 8-16 days before laying
Term
Where is yolk produced?
Definition
-liver
Term
Describe the pattern of yolk deposition. Describe its composition.
Definition
-concentric spheres
-high in proteins and lipids
Term
What are the two types of yolk? When are each deposited?
Definition
-yellow: deposited during the day
-white: deposited during the night
Term
Which portions of the female avian urogenital system are made of smooth muscle? What about skeletal muscle?
Definition
-all portions of the female urogenital system are smooth muscle except the vagina
Term
How frequently do peristaltic contractions occur in chickens?
Definition
-every 2-3 minutes
Term
How long does passage of an egg take in a chicken?
Definition
-24 hours
Term
What happens in the infundibulum of the female urogenital tract?
Definition
-fertilization
-lays down yolk membrane
Term
What happens in the magnum of the female urogenital tract?
Definition
-chalaza are formed
-albumin is secreted
Term
What are the chalaza?
Definition
-suspend the yok within the albumin
Term
What are the two types of albumin?
Definition
-watery and dense
-it is elastic and absorbs shock
Term
What happens in the isthmus of the female avian urogenital tract?
Definition
-inner and outer shell membranes formed
-outer membrane lnes inside of shell
Term
What happens in the uterus of the female bird?
Definition
-large amounts of water is added (plumping) and hard shell is laid down
Term
What mainly composes the hard shell in chicken eggs?
Definition
-CaCo3
Term
What happens in the avian vagina?
Definition
-voluntary action expels the egg
Term
During when are most eggs laid?
Definition
-in the morning
-one to two day intervals
Term
What are some of the causes of egg binding?
Definition
-obstructions
-necrotic eggs
-senility
-infections
-obesity
-all seed low calcium diets
Term
What is our major concern for egg bound birds?
Definition
-do not break the egg! yolk is very fertile media for bacterial growth
Term
How does energy intake change in female birds at laying? Why does this change occur?
Definition
-increase daily energy intake by 16-30%
-E inc for yolk production and Ca demand inc
Term
Why do female birds at laying dec non-foraging activities?
Definition
-they become sedentart
-preening inc
-vitamin D production increases
Term
There are three times in a bird's life when they need a lot of calcium. What are they?
Definition
-during egg laying
-while growing
-when egg binding is a problem
Term
What can we feed laying hens for calcium?
Definition
-oyster shells or liquid calcium in water
Term
What are the two types of laying systems in birds?
Definition
-indeterminate and determinate
Term
In which situation do we utilize an indeterminate laying system in hens?
Definition
-for propogating endagered species
Term
What is indeterminate laying in birds?
Definition
-indeterminate layers strive to keep a full clutch and if eggs are removed early enough in the cycle, the eggs will be replaced
Term
What is determinate laying in birds?
Definition
-lay only a fixed number of eggs per season
Term
What hormone stimulates incubating behavior and brood patch formation?
Definition
-prolactin
Term
What difference does it make whether incubation starts with the first egg laid or when the clutch is complete?
Definition
-if incubation starts with the first egg laid will result in range of sized babies
-occurs with owls, raptors, and some passerines
Term
What are brood/incubation patches?
Definition
-loss of feathers for birds that have no mid-ventral apteria
-callus formation
Term
Why does a callus form on brood hens?
Definition
-egg shells are rough so callus keeps the female's skin from being abraded
Term
In addition to callus formation, what other changes occur to the mid-ventrum of brooding hens?
Definition
-inc vascularization at patch location
-swelling and infiltration with lymphocytes
-inc cellular water at patch location
Term
Anseriformes do not develop a brood patch. What do they do to compensate?
Definition
-the pluck their own feathers and line their nest them
Term
What is the range of incubation temps for brooding?
Definition
-99-100 F
Term
Why is egg candling an essectial skill for aviculturists?
Definition
-to see if eggs are fertile
-to sort out dead embryos, cracks, addled eggs, etc
Term
What is the purpose of egg turning in the first half of the incubation process?
Definition
-prevents premature adhesion of the membranes
-helps develop proper vascularization on the inner surface of the shell
-optimizes the fluid dynamics of the albumin so the chick can absorb it properly
-eggs are moved from periphary to center for temp regulation
Term
Why do birds excrete insoluble uric acid crystals?
Definition
-because they are trapped and they would be toxic to babies
Term
When do the egg membranes fuse during egg development?
Definition
-about half way through incubation
-turning also ceases
Term
When does a chick breathe air for the first time?
Definition
-chick uses its egg tooth to puncture the membrane and breathe the air cell in the egg
Term
What activates the hatching muscle in the chick?
Definition
-high CO2 activates it
Term
During hatching, the chick uses the powerful contractions of the hatching muscle and its egg tooth to pip and puncture the shell. What happens if the pip is down?
Definition
-the chick emits a distress call and the parent will rotate the egg to ensure the pip hole is up
Term
What happens to the yolk just prior to hatching?
Definition
-it is retracted into the thoracoabdominal cavity
Term
Why is proper humidity important to hatching?
Definition
-prevents the chick from sticking to the shell
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