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| In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots |
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| brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors |
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| an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community |
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| Guibert of Nogent (1055-1124) |
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| extensive autobiographical memoirs and personality which provide insight into medieval life |
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| initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy |
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| he abbots of Cluny supported the revival of the papacy and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII |
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| Peace of God/Truce of God |
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| movement of the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions to limit the violence of private war in feudal society |
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| wrote three volumes of visionary theology. saw visions was crazy |
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| successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England |
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| set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the West-Saxon king, Alfred the Great, and the Danish warlord, Guthrum |
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| king of Denmark, England, Norway, and parts of Sweden |
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| married Cnut the Great (1017-1035), she became the Queen Consort of England, Denmark, and Norway. |
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| first wife of King Cnut of England and Denmark |
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| son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England |
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| Fought against William the Conquorer and died. |
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| was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 |
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| epicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. |
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| is a manuscript record of the great survey, completed in 1086 on orders of William the Conqueror, of much of England and parts of Wales |
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| between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold II, during the Norman conquest of England. |
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| Norman Invasion & conquest |
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| 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror. |
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| also known as the House of France |
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| was the first "King of the Franks" |
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| one of the last French abbot-statesmen, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture. |
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| one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages |
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| ruled over an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries |
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| was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages |
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| literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry |
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| He engaged in conflict with Henry II of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral |
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| was all the land, which was retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and support, |
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| the first crusade there was an intermittent 200-year struggle for control of the Holy Land, with six more major crusades and numerous minor ones |
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| He is best known for initiating the First Crusade |
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| was a Greek princess, scholar, physician, hospital administrator, and the daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium |
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| a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France. Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade. |
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| a medieval Frankish knight who was one of the leaders of the First Crusade |
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| a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. |
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| Richard the Lionheart had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.[1] Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, |
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| Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. |
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