Term
| what is the mechanism of action for sodium ion toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| decreased h2o intake--> dehydration (Na in blood increase)-->glycolysis and energy production inhibited-->active transport shut down (Na can't get out of CSF)--> brain draws water in by passive diffusion-->brain swelling and edems |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of Na Toxicosis |
|
Definition
1. thirsty
2. constipation, wandering, cession of eating
3. convulsive seizures (every 7 min)
4. continual seizures
5. recumbent and comatose |
|
|
Term
| Na toxicosis sings specific to cattle |
|
Definition
1. GI signs (diarrhea, abd pain, anorexia)
2. Neuro signs (blind, knuckling, rear feet dragging, convulsions) |
|
|
Term
| Na toxicosis signs specific to swine |
|
Definition
develope eosinophillic meningioencephilitis
-eosinophils line cerebral cortex and adjacent menenges (gone after 3 days)
-gastric irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx of limited water
2. clinical signs
3. Na content in serum and CSF
4. cerebral concentration >2200 ppm
5. cerebral lesions |
|
|
Term
| what causes cerebral lesions in swine with Na toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| eosinophils clog at vessels in cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| what are differentials for Na toxicosis? |
|
Definition
1. pseudorabies
2. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
3. gut edema disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the Tx for Na toxicosis? |
|
Definition
give small amounts of water frequently
*not very rewarding |
|
|
Term
| what happens when inorganic arsenicals or aliphatic organics are consumed? |
|
Definition
1. vomiting
2. bloody diarrhea
3. weakness
4. shocky
5. death |
|
|
Term
| what are phenylarsonic compounds |
|
Definition
| animal feed addatives for dz control and improved weight gain in pigs and poultry |
|
|
Term
| what chemicals fall under the phenylarsonic compound catagory? |
|
Definition
1.arsanilic acid
2. arsonic acid
3. nitro |
|
|
Term
| at what levels does poisoning occur with phenylarsonic compounds? |
|
Definition
| 100 ppm for 2 months or 250 ppm in 10 days |
|
|
Term
| what signs are produced with phenylarsonic poisoning? |
|
Definition
1. ataxia
2. paralysis
3. blind
4. continue to eat
5. red skin (white animals) |
|
|
Term
| what lesion is produced with phenyl poisoning? |
|
Definition
-degeneration of mylin in optic nerve
-axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| How do you Dx phenyl toxicosis?(4) |
|
Definition
1. ataxia and paralysis
2. continued eating
3. elevated feed arsenic level (>250 ppm arsanillic acid, >100 ppm nitro)
4. sections of nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are differentials for phenyl toxicosis (4) |
|
Definition
1. fracture, trauma, Ca:P imbalances
2. Vit B deficency
3. Hg poisoning
4. Na ion toxicity (convulsions, wont eat) |
|
|
Term
| what plant contains glossypol? |
|
Definition
| tiny glands inside cotton seed |
|
|
Term
| when do signs occur with glossypol toxicosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sings associated wiht glossypol toxicosis? (5) |
|
Definition
1. ventral edema
2. resp distress (thumpers in pigs)
3. convulsiond
4. decreased conception rates and milk production
5. death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. edema and fluid in body cavities
2. fluid in pericardial sac
3. pulmonary edema
4. congested liver
5. myocardial necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx of cotton seed ingestion
2. unthrifty
3. resp distress
4. lesions (heart necrosis)
5. glossypol levels in feed |
|
|
Term
| what are toxic levels of glossypol in feed for swine and calves? |
|
Definition
pigs- >400 ppm
claves- >500 ppm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. symptomatic
-diuretics
-antibiotics
-electrolytes
2. iron sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. contaminated forages
2. drinking water wiht high concentration
3. feed suppliments
4. plants in soil with high concentrations |
|
|
Term
| what areas does fluoride toxicity normally effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what species is fluoride tox normally seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what results in denatl lesions? |
|
Definition
| ingestion of fluoride during tooth development |
|
|
Term
| signs associated with fluoride tox |
|
Definition
1. mottled enamal, brown teeth, uneven wear
2. difficulty chewing
3. poor growth
4. emaciation
5. enlarged roughened bones (but not on articulate surfaces)
6. lameness
7. poor doers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. exposure hx
2. signs
3. dental and bone lesions
4. urine fluoride toxic levels
5. bone biopsies |
|
|
Term
| at what are normal and toxic levels of fluoride in the urine? |
|
Definition
normal: 2-6 ppm
toxic: 15-20 ppm |
|
|
Term
| what levels of fluoride are considered normal and toxic in bone biopsies? |
|
Definition
normal: 400-1000 ppm
toxic: 3000-5000 ppm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non specific
-remove source
-Aluminum sulfate
-aluminum chloride
-calcium carbonate |
|
|
Term
| under what conditions does blue-green algae tocicosis generally occur? |
|
Definition
1. late spring or fall
2. warm sunny weather followed by cool spell
3. ample nutrients
4. gentle constant breeze (concentrate algae at shore) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 type of algae associate with toxicity and which is the most common? |
|
Definition
1. microcyctis aeruginosa (mike)*
2. aphanizomenon flos-aquae (fanny)
3. anabaena flos-aquae (annie) |
|
|
Term
| acute sings of blue green algae tox (7) |
|
Definition
1. rapid death
2. muscle tremors
3. ataxia
4. bloody diarrhea
5. downers
6. icterus
7. photosensitization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute: nothing/ GI irritation
chronic: GI irritation, liver necrosis leading to photosensitization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. green scum on pond
3. test water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supposritve
2. IV fluids
3. activated charcoal
4. antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| blue green algae prevention |
|
Definition
1. fence farm ponds
2. check scum on ponds
3. use herbicides on toxic algae (CuSO4) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 different categories that OP have an effect on? |
|
Definition
1. muscarinic
2. nicotinic
3. CNS |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of OP on muscarinic |
|
Definition
1. salivation
2. colic signs
3. vomiting
4. excessive lacrimation
5. sweating
6. dyspnea
7. miosis
8. urinary incontinence |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of OP on nicotinic |
|
Definition
1. twitiching
2. genrealized tetnay
3. weakness
4. paralysis |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of OP on CNS |
|
Definition
cow
1. depression
2. some hyperactivity
3. no convulsions
dogs/cats
1. very excitable convulsions
2. periods of depression and convulsions |
|
|
Term
| why does death occur with OP? |
|
Definition
| hypoxia from bronchoconstriction, excessive secretions into bronchial tree, slow heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| thorugh what route does chronic OP poisning occur? |
|
Definition
| systemic: absorbed by skin, mucous membranes, GI tract |
|
|
Term
| what must the insecticides contain to be considered an OP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delyaed neurotoxicity with OP's |
|
Definition
| nerve damage, ataxia, and paralysis 2 weeks after exposure |
|
|
Term
| lesions associated with delayed neuro tox of OP's |
|
Definition
| spinal lesions: axonal degeneration and demyelination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are residues genreally associated with OP's? |
|
Definition
| No, not unless theyre chlorinated |
|
|
Term
| differentials associated with OP tox |
|
Definition
1. lead
2. claviceps
3. Rhizoctinia
4. AIP
5. gress tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hx
2. signs
3. lesions (pulmonary edema)
4. cholinesterase levels in brain or blood
5. OP in tissue or feed |
|
|
Term
| how do you test for OP tox? |
|
Definition
| add acetylcholine to unclotted blood sample or brain record pH and then check again after 1 hour. if pH is the same it means OP tox is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. emergency procedures (airway)
2.atropine sulfate (temporary relief)
3. 2-PAM-acetylcholinesterase liberator
4. activated charcoal
5. soap and water if dermal |
|
|
Term
| how to OP's work (simple) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do carbamates work (simple) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you reverse carbamates? |
|
Definition
| most of them yes, rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same as OP but shorter duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. emergency procedures
2. activated charcoal
3. washing skin, if dermal
4. atropine sulfate |
|
|
Term
| what is contraindicated as Tx in the case of carbamates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what adverse qualities cause us to stop usinf chlorinated hydrocarbons? |
|
Definition
1. persistent in environment
2. accumulate in biological and non bio media
3. undergo biological magnification
4. reproduction in wild birds decreased |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs wiht chlorinated hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
1. hypersensitivity, apprehensive
2. fasiciculations (tiny twitches)
3. muscles tremors
4. seizure and depression cycles
5. ataxic and aimless walking
6. increased salivation
7. comatose
8. death |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for chlorinated hydrocarbons sings to set in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chlorinated hydrocarbon dx |
|
Definition
1. hx
2. clinical signs
3. absence of lesions
4. liver and brain residues |
|
|
Term
| differintials for chlorinated hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
1. polioenchalomalacia
2. lead
3. grass tetany
4. rabies
5. coccidiosis
6. ketosis
7. Na ion tox
8. psedorabies
9. strychnine
10. fluoroacetate
11. OP |
|
|
Term
| chlorinated hydrocarbon tx |
|
Definition
treat symptomatically
1. barbiturates and traqulizers for convulsions
2. wash if dermal
3. activated charcoal after gastric lavage |
|
|
Term
| how does phenobarbital help with chlorinated hydrocarbon tox? |
|
Definition
| enhances metabolism of organochlorine compunds |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of botanical insecticides? |
|
Definition
1. nicotine
2. rotenone
3. pyrethrums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. excitment paralysis
2. rapid resp
3. salivation
4. diarrhea
5. emesis
6. muscle weakness
7. muscle twitching
8. coma
9. resp and cardiac arrest
10. death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor prognosis
1. wash if skin exposure
2. emetics
3. activated charcoal
4. atropine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gastric irritation
2. vomiting
3. neuroroxin
4. incoordination
5. muscle tremors
6. convulsions
7. resp failure |
|
|
Term
| what animals is sensitive to pyrethrums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dermatitis
2. asthma like rxn
3. excitment and convulsions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anorexia
2. depression
3. rumen atony
4. muscle weakness
5. diarrhea
6. general emaciation |
|
|
Term
| signs of herbicides specifically for dogs |
|
Definition
1. ataxia
2. posterior weakness
3. convulsions
4. vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. GI irritation
2. liver necrosis
3. kidney necrosis |
|
|
Term
| signs associated specifically with amide herbicides |
|
Definition
1. anorexia
2. salivation
3. depression
4. prostration
5. hemorrhage of abomasum and intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. exposure
3. tissue/source analysis for herbicides (liver, kidney, stomach contents, water, feed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. remove from source
2. gastrointestinal protectants
3. activated charcoal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. staggering
2. abdominal pain
3. dyspnea
4. cyanosis
5. death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx
2. brown color from methemoglobinemia
3. rule our nitrate via hx and GI problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anorexia
2. bloody diarrhea
3. weight loss
4. depression
5. uremia (chronic phase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. history
3. liver and kidney levels of arsenic
4. urine and fecal levels |
|
|
Term
| Diquat and paraquat signs and time frame |
|
Definition
(1-3 days) vomiting and depression
(3-7 days) resp abnormalities
-rapid
-dyspnea
-cyanosis
3. (1 week) death |
|
|
Term
| what animals are affected by diquat and paraquat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diquat and paraquat lesions |
|
Definition
1. dark congested lungs
2. AIP (bullous emphysematous areas
3. fibrosis (8-10 days) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hx
2. signs
3. lesions
4. toxic levels in stomach or lungs
5. urine test for c sodium dithionite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gastric lavage
2. bentonite or fuller's earth
3. diuresis
4. resp support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. incoordination
2. rapid breathing
3. tremors
4. hyperesthesia
5. convulsions
6. nystagmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
degeneration of ganglion cells in brain
degeneration of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. hx
3. analysisof stomach contents (acetaldehyde) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sedation (fror tremors/convulsions
2. gastric lavage
3. activated charcoal
4. fluid therapy
5. robaxin
6. diazepam
7. xylazine
8. control acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. apprehension
2. wide, anxious eyes
3. tense
4. walks stiff legged
5. exacerabated by loud noises
6. violent seizures
7. death 1-2 hours (anoxia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. rapid rigor mortis
2. gross or microscopic lesions
3. stomach filled wiht red or green material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. clinical signs
2. no lesions
3. rapid rigor mortis
4. stomach contents and liver concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hypocalcemia
2. metaldehyde
3. chlorinated hydrocarbon
4. fluoroacetate
5. lead poisoning
6. 2,4-D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. phenobarbital
2. robaxin
3. diazepam
4. gastric lavage
5. activated charcoal
6. short acting barbiturates
7. intubate and gas anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Bromethalin signs in rodents |
|
Definition
1. tremors
2. prostration
3. convulsions
4. hypothermia
5. paralysis
6. death |
|
|
Term
| Bromethalin signs in small animals |
|
Definition
1. nystagmus
2. tremors
3. seizures
4. vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vacuolation and edema of cerebellum
2. swelling of brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial
1. activated charoal
2. saline cathartic
Therapy
3. corticosteroids
4. osmotic diuretics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hemorrhage
2. acute death
3. anemic and weak
4. pale mucous membranes
5. dyspnea
6. epistaxis
7. bloody feces
8. hematemesis
9. weak heartbeat
10. hematomas over body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx of exposure
2. clinical signs
3. PT time elevated
4. increased bleeding time
5. increased clotting time
6. platelet count normal
7. fibrinogen normal
8. PCV is low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. correct hypovolemia
2. correct biochemical lesion (replace clotting factors and vit K) |
|
|
Term
| How are Diphacinone and pindone different than warfarin? |
|
Definition
longer half life
warfarin 48 hours
Diphacinone 15-20 days |
|
|
Term
| How much fluoroacetate (1080) does it take to be lethal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frenzied running
2. barking
3. runs up walls
4. very anxious appearance
5. vomiting and defecation
6. seizures and paddling
7. temp 105-108
8. coma
9. death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cardiac arrhythmia
2. ventricular fibrillation
3. staggering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. rapid rigor mortis
2. cyanosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx
2. clinicla signs
3. no other convulsants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. strychnine (don't vomit)
2. chlorinated hydrocarbons
3. lead
4. japanese yew, water hemlock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. non specific
2. supportive
3. glycerol monoacetate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lethargic
2. respiratory difficulty
3. vomiting
4. weakness
5. terminal hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take to see zinc phosphide signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lungs- congestion and edema with plural effusions
stomach- acetylene odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. hx of exposure |
|
|
Term
| what animals does norbormide affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lesion is associated with norbormide tox? |
|
Definition
| peripheral vasoconstriction leading to ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. GI irritation- severe pain and blood
2. apparent recovery
3. icterus and hepatic failure 1 week later |
|
|
Term
| Acute (1-4 days) signs of thallium |
|
Definition
1. gastric distress
2. vomiting
3. hemorrhage diarrhea
4. abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| subacute (4-7 days) signs of thallium |
|
Definition
1. GI signs
2. reddinging of skin
3. reddening of mm
4. injected conjunctiva
5. distemper like signs
6. hair loss |
|
|
Term
| Chronic (7-10 day) signs of thallium |
|
Definition
1. loss of hair
2. scaling of skin
3. dyspnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. thallium in urine |
|
|
Term
| differentials for thallium |
|
Definition
distemper
other heavy metals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. evacuate stomach and intestinal tract
2. diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) |
|
|
Term
| death occurs how quickly with cholecalciferol tox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anorexia
2. lethargy
3. vomiting
4. diarrhea
5. polyuria
6. sweating
7. polydipsia
8. CNS disturbances
9. Death (calcification of tissues) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. degeneration of renal tubular epithelium
2. materialization in renal tubules
3. calcification of coranary artery walls, gastric mucosa, intestine and urinary bladder
4. myocardial degerneration, necrosis, and minerialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. stimulating vomiting
2. activiated charcoal
3. monitor calcium
4. fluid therapy
5. lasix
6. avoid sunlight
7. low Ca diet
8. cortisone
9. calcitonin
10. pamidronate disodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute- 400-600 mg/kg calves
600-800 mg/kg cow
chronic- 7-10 mg/kg for weeks |
|
|
Term
| what species are sensitive to lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anorexia
2. depression
3. GI signs
4. circle
5. head press
6. ataxia
7. convulsions
8. tremors
9. blindness |
|
|
Term
| lead signs specific to horses |
|
Definition
1. GI involvment (colic, diarrhea)
2. roaring
3. weight loss |
|
|
Term
| lead signs specific to dogs |
|
Definition
1. GI signs
2. convulsions ataxia
3. blindness
4. masseter paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mild gastritis
2. pale muscle (anemia)
3. pale liver with degeneration
4. hyperemia of kidneys
5. edema of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. renal tubular damage
2. gastritis
3. vascular endothelial swelling in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hx of exposure
2. clinical signs
3. lesions
4. analyses
5. basophilic sippling of RBC
6. nucleated RBC
7. Low PVC
8. ALA level
9. > 35- 50 ppm in feces |
|
|
Term
| what 3 tissues do we analyze for lead and what are the toxic levels? |
|
Definition
blood > 0.35 ppm
kidney > 10 ppm
lkiver > 10 ppm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. rabies
2. distemper
3. hepatitis
4. other heavy metals
5. polio
6. coccidiosis
7. listeria
8. pesticides
9. roaring in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. remove from GI tract (MgSO4, laxative, activated charcoal, mineral oil)
2. remove from body (Ca disodium eythlenediamine tetraacetate, penicillamine)
3. thiamin HCL in cattle
4. fluids
5. barbiturates for seziures
6. mannitol for edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Death
2. intense abdominal pain
3. weak
4. staggering
5. trembling
6. diarrhea with blood
7. subnormal temp
8. recumbent
9. schocky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. diarrhea
2. anuria
3. subnormal temp
4. downers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. very red gastric mucosa or abomasum
2. very fluid appearance of gastric mucosa
3. very inflamed anterior intestinal tract
4. renal tubular degeneration
5. hepatocye necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. signs
2. several animals involved
3. several deaths
4. exposure
5. lesions
6. tissue levels of arsenic |
|
|
Term
| what are the tissue sampled for arsenic tox and the levels? |
|
Definition
kidney > 2-4 ppm
liver > 2-4 ppm
urine > 5 ppm (suspect)
feces > 25 ppm (suspect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. salmonella
2. coccidiosis
3. nitrate
4. cyanide
5. cloistrdial dz
6. urea
7. insecticide poison
8. chromate poisoning
9. thallium
10. lead
11. ethylene glycol, parvo, feline distemper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supportive (GI protectants, kao-pectat, activated charcoal, mineral oil, saline purgative)
2. sodium thiosulfate
3. BAL or DIMERCAOROL
4. thioctic acid
5. fluid therapy and electrolytes
6. gastric lavage or apomorphine
7. antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Acute signs of copper tox |
|
Definition
1. greenish diarrhea
2. blood in feces
3. shocky
4. recumbant
5. death |
|
|
Term
| Chronic signs of copper tox |
|
Definition
1. sudden onset of icterus
2. off feed
3. hemoglobinurea
4. weak
5. recumbant
6. tremors
7. death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. icterus
2. large blue-black kidneys
3. gun metal colored kidneys
4. blood levels normal (0.75-1.35 ppm)
5. liver (>150 ppm) and kidney (>15 ppm) levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lepto
2. rape poison
3. onion
4. post parturient hemoglobinurea
5. other metal (arsenic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. chelating agents (penicillamin in SA)
2. ammonium molybdate
3. Na thiosulfate with molybdenum
4. remove Cu from stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dont fee Cu
2. molybdenumized minerals or blocks |
|
|
Term
| species most sensitive to molybdemum |
|
Definition
| cattle- more so than sheep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. persistent scours "teart)
2. achromotrichia
3. weight loss
4. anemia
5. animals don't shed hair coat
6. unthrifty
7. decreased libido
8. pain in joints
9. fractures
10 enzootic ataxia, anemia, CNS signs
11. sway back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. clinical signs
2. Cu:Mo in forages
3. liver Mo (>5) and Cu (<30) levels
4. blood levels (< 0.6ppm Cu), (>0.1 ppm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nutritional
2. fescue
3. Johne's disease
4. parasites
5. chronic BVD
6. OP poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. 5% CuSO4
2. copper glycinate subcutaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Gastroenteritis
2. cough
3. nasal discharge
4. eczema
5. weakness
6. nephritis
7. ataxia
8. hypersenstivity
9. convulsions
10. blind |
|
|
